scholarly journals Oxygenation of Irrigation Water during Propagation and Container Production of Bedding Plants

HortScience ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 52 (11) ◽  
pp. 1608-1614 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erin J. Yafuso ◽  
Paul R. Fisher
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Dissolved Oxygen ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Oxygen Supply ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Ambient Water ◽  
Subsequent Growth ◽  
Substrate Solution ◽  
Bedding Plants ◽  
Oxygenated Water

Oxygen supply to the root zone is essential for healthy plant growth, and one technology that can potentially supply additional oxygen is the injection of purified oxygen (oxygenation) into irrigation water. The objective was to evaluate whether oxygenation of irrigation water affected plant growth and substrate dissolved oxygen (DO) levels during mist propagation of unrooted cuttings and subsequent growth in containers. Dissolved oxygen measured at source tanks for ambient tap water (averaging 7.1 mg·L−1) or oxygenated tap water (31.1 mg·L−1) was pumped through fine (69 µm) mist nozzles for propagation of Calibrachoa ×hybrid ‘Aloha Kona Dark Red’ and Lobelia erinus ‘Bella Aqua’. There were no measured differences in root length or root dry mass for Calibrachoa and Lobelia propagated using oxygenated water compared with ambient water because DO of ambient or oxygenated water reached ≈100% oxygen saturation in water (8.7 mg·L−1) after passing through mist nozzles. To evaluate subsequent growth without the effect on DO of fine emitters, rooted cuttings of these two plant species and Pelargonium ×hortorum ‘Patriot Red’ were grown in 10.2-cm diameter pots. The plants were irrigated with either ambient (6.0 mg·L−1) or oxygenated (27.7 mg·L−1) nutrient solutions, delivered by top watering or subirrigation when the substrate dried to ≈45% of container capacity (CC), measured gravimetrically. Oxygenated water did not enhance root or shoot growth compared with ambient water for the three bedding plants. In addition, Pelargonium growth was not enhanced when irrigated at high moisture level (maintained at 80% CC) with oxygenated water compared with ambient water. In container substrate without plants, it was possible to increase DO of the substrate solution by 68% when a high volume of oxygenated water (200% container volume or 850 mL) was applied by top watering because existing substrate solution was displaced. In contrast, when containers were subirrigated at 45% CC, the smaller 180-mL volume of oxygenated water was absorbed by the substrate and did not increase DO compared with ambient water. Overall, irrigating with oxygenated water did not enhance root or plant growth of three bedding plants grown in porous, peat-based substrate. To increase oxygen supply to roots in container production, growers should focus on having adequate air porosity in substrate and avoiding overwatering.

Influence of Saline Water on Plant Growth, Yield and Quality of Sunflower Hybrid

2013 ◽  
Vol 726-731 ◽  
pp. 3266-3271
Author(s):  
Long Wang ◽  
Pei Ling Yang ◽  
Shu Mei Ren ◽  
Hao Liang Yu ◽  
Xin He
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Saline Water ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Water Status ◽  
Growth Yield ◽  
Soil Salinization ◽  
Leaf Water Status ◽  
Yield And Quality ◽  
Salinity Levels

Sunflower is an important oil crop, which is tolerant to water and salt stress and can be planted in vast areas of China. In our studies, four salinity levels of irrigation were used to irrigate one kind of sunflower (TO01244) under two irrigation low limits (65%FC and 75%FC). Plant growth, Soil salinity and leaf water status, yield and quality were researched. The results showed the means of plant heights under 2g/L, 3.5g/L and 5g/L irrigation water were 9.07%, 12.45% and 18.35% lower than the tap water respectively. In soil salinization the means of ECe increased by 271.13%, 173.22%, 132.98% and 4.73% respectively under irrigation water of four salinity levels. It can be found that the seed under 3.5g/L irrigation water had more linoleic acid, which is healthy to human and contribute to address the cardiovascnlar and cerebrovascular diseases as an important part of the sunflower oil. Facing the increasingly serious lack of fresh water resources, development and utilization of underground saline water would play an important role in agricultural production.

scholarly journals Tolerance of Selected Bedding Plants to Four Herbicides in Irrigation Water

2009 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 546-552 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lyn A. Gettys ◽  
William T. Haller
Keyword(s):  
Catharanthus Roseus ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Visual Quality ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Sensitive Species ◽  
Treated Water ◽  
Bedding Plants ◽  
Impatiens Walleriana ◽  
Weight Data

‘Cocktail Whiskey’ begonia (Begonia semperflorens), ‘Sun Devil Extreme’ vinca (Catharanthus roseus), ‘Million Gold’ melampodium (Melampodium paludosum), and ‘Super Elfin’ impatiens (Impatiens walleriana) plants were irrigated with water treated with quinclorac, topramezone, imazamox, and penoxsulam to identify herbicide concentrations that cause phytotoxic effects. Plants were irrigated four times over a 10-day period with the equivalent of 0.5 inch of treated water during each irrigation and were then irrigated with tap water until they were harvested 28 days after the first herbicide treatment. Visual quality and dry weight data revealed that melampodium was the most sensitive of the bedding plants to quinclorac, imazamox, and penoxsulam, whereas vinca was the most sensitive species to topramezone. Noticeable reductions in visual quality and dry weight of melampodium were evident after exposure to 240, 580, and 10 ppb of quinclorac, imazamox, and penoxsulam, respectively, while dry weight of vinca was reduced after exposure to 110 ppb of topramezone. Current irrigation restrictions on imazamox, penoxsulam, and topramezone are adequate to minimize damage to these bedding plants if herbicide-treated waters are used for four irrigation events. However, irrigation restrictions should be established for quinclorac to prevent damage to sensitive bedding plants such as melampodium.

scholarly journals Effect of Water Quality on Growth and Fertilization of Bedding Plants

HortScience ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 655a-655
Author(s):  
Jeff S. Kuehny ◽  
Blanca Morales ◽  
Patricia Branch
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Plant Growth ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Pine Bark ◽  
Plant Production ◽  
Irrigation Water Quality ◽  
Bedding Plants ◽  
Growing Medium

Irrigation water quality is an important factor in ornamental plant production; however, there is little information in this area. Saline (NaCl) and alkaline (NaHCO3) water have been shown to cause general chlorosis, tip burn, and defoliation of plants. The growing medium used in crop production may be an important factor when irrigating with saline and alkaline water. Our objectives were to determine the effects of increasing concentrations of NaCl: CaCl2 and NaHCO3 in irrigation water on growth and development of spring and fall bedding plants grown in peat, peat/pine bark, and pine bark media. Plant dry weight, height, and width were significantly lower at 300 and 400 ppm NaCl: CaCl2 and NaHCO3 levels. Early visible symptoms were necrosis of leaf tips, some leaf discoloration and finally plant death in the NaCl: CaCl2 experiment. The leaves of plants in the NaHCO3 experiment became water soaked and chlorotic, and some leaf abscission occurred. The best plant growth in the NaHCO3 experiment occurred in peat and the best plant growth in the NaCl: CaCl2 experiment occurred in pine bark. Decreased uptake of K+, Ca++, and Mg++ occurred when high levels of sodium were present.

scholarly journals FUNDAMENTAL STUDY ON DISSOLVED OXYGEN SUPPLY INTO DEEP LAYERS IN LAKE BIWA

2007 ◽  
Vol 63 (2) ◽  
pp. 144-153
Author(s):  
Hirokazu FURUKAWA ◽  
Kenji KAWAMURA ◽  
Toshiaki HARA ◽  
Kentaro KIDO ◽  
Shinya FUKUJU
Keyword(s):  
Dissolved Oxygen ◽  
Oxygen Supply ◽  
Lake Biwa ◽  
Fundamental Study ◽  
Deep Layers

Solute movement through undisturbed calcareous and dry region soils under differing water flow velocities 

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Selen Deviren Saygin ◽  
Hasan Sabri Ozturk ◽  
Ezgi Izci ◽  
Manoj Menon ◽  
Sina Maghami Nick ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Ion Exchange ◽  
Water Flow ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Colloidal Particles ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Water Application ◽  
Water Flow Velocity ◽  
Sodic Water ◽  
Flow Velocities

<p>The use of low-quality irrigation water in arid regions ensures the reconstruction of diverse physical and chemical dynamics in the soil profile. The objective of this study was to examine the efficacy of two water flow velocities of tap and sodic water for characterizing ion exchange of colloidal particles. Undisturbed samples were taken into the plexiglas columns with 40 cm in height and 6.9 cm in diameter from the dry area of Konya, Turkey. Two different water sources with varying qualities, tap water and poor quality sodic water (ESP≈20, obtained by preparing solution from analytically pure NaHCO<sub>3</sub>), were applied to the top of the columns as leaching water in two water flow velocities; close to saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ks) (fast, saturated condition) and unsaturated condition (slow). The number of the columns with duplicated experiments was 8. In each leaching, a quarter pore volume (350 ml) of water was regularly applied and leachates were collected from the outlet of columns. The water flux in the soil column decreased faster in the fast leaching application than in slow leaching as the sodic irrigation water was applied. This shows to destructive effect of Na+ on inner surface of water flow channels in the soil. Gradual increases for the pH of the leachates in both water quality and velocity experiments were detected. The EC of the leachates dropped very fast at the beginning of leaching in both water quality applications, and then, became steady. No effect of tap water treatment on Ca<sup>+2</sup> contents of the leachates was observed. However, sharp decreases in Ca<sup>+2 </sup>concentration were detected at the beginning of sodic water application, and then remained constant. All sodic water applications caused an increase in Na+ concentration of leachates till the end of treatments. In slow leaching applications, the increase in Na concentration in the leachates was slower compared to those of the fast leaching. While Ca<sup>+2</sup> concentrations in the leachates remained constant with tap water applications, although the soils are calcareous. Ca<sup>+2</sup> was transported remarkable high at the beginning of the sodic water application. As the leaching progressed, transport of Ca<sup>+2</sup> from the soil continued constantly due to the Na-Ca exchange processes. The effects of different leaching treatments were clearly observed from the pH-EC, Ca<sup>+2</sup> and Na<sup>+</sup>transports. Consequently, sodic water application caused significant changes in the pH values of the soils with the effect of time, and this effect was expressively marked from the changes in the salt and sodium contents of the soils.</p><p>Keywords: flux, ion exchange, leaching, saturated and unsaturated leaching, solute transport, water flow velocity</p><p>Acknowledgement: This work was supported by the Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey [Project number: TUBİTAK-118Y343].</p>

scholarly journals Influence of size and plant growth regulators on corm and cormel production of gladiolus (Gladiolus grandiflorus L.)

2018 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 91-98
Author(s):  
MHA Rashid
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Plant Growth Regulators ◽  
Growth Regulators ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Cut Flower ◽  
Combined Treatments ◽  
Maximum Weight ◽  
Major Constraint ◽  
Breaking Dormancy

Gladiolus is an excellent cut flower grown throughout the world for its spikes with florets of massive form, brilliant colours, attractive shapes, varying size and long shelf life. However, major constraint for gladiolus cultivation is the corm dormancy. Plant growth regulators (PGRs) play an important role in breaking dormancy and promote more number of quality corm and cormel productions in gladiolus. Therefore, an experiment was conducted to study the influence of corm size and plant growth regulators on corm and cormel production of gladiolus during the period from October 2017 to April 2018 at the Landscaping section of the Department of Horticulture, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh. The two-factor experiment included two corm sizes viz., 3-4 cm and 4.1-5 cm, and two PGRs viz., GA3 @ 250, 500 and 750 ppm; and NAA @ 100, 200 and 300 ppm along with tap water as control. The experiment was laid out in a randomised complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. The results revealed that the corm size and PGRs at different concentrations significantly influenced the corm and cormel producing attributes of gladiolus. Maximum number of corms and cormels per plant, maximum weight of single corm, maximum weight of corms and cormels per plant, biggest size of single corm, highest yield of corms and cormels per hectare were recorded from 4.1-5 cm sized corms and GA3 @ 500 ppm, compared to rest of the treatments. It was observed that combined treatments had significant influence on all the parameters studied. The treatment combination of 4.1-5 cm sized corms and GA3 @ 500 ppm was found to be best in terms of corm and cormel production of gladiolus.Progressive Agriculture 29 (2): 91-98, 2018

scholarly journals Evaluating a Controlled-Release Fertilizer for Plant Establishment in Floating Elements for Bioretention Ponds

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 199 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giampaolo Zanin ◽  
Carmelo Maucieri ◽  
Nicola Dal Ferro ◽  
Lucia Bortolini ◽  
Maurizio Borin
Keyword(s):  
Controlled Release ◽  
Plant Growth ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Nutrient Content ◽  
Routine Practice ◽  
Initial Growth ◽  
Plant Establishment ◽  
Controlled Release Fertilizer ◽  
Mentha Aquatica ◽  
Quality Of Water

In bioretention ponds proposed to manage urban runoff, floating elements with anchored macrophytes plants improve nutrient and pollutants removal and provide aesthetic benefits. To prompt the establishment and initial growth of plants in floating elements with substrate, the application of Osmocote (a controlled-release fertilizer) in tablet form was proposed. In a confined environment, eight treatments were compared, combining two substrates (peat and zeolite at a ratio of 1:1 or 2:1 v/v), two levels of fertilization (without or with addition of Osmocote plus tablets; 5 g plant−1), and the presence or absence of Mentha aquatica L. plants. For about 16 weeks, the amount and quality of water, along with plant growth and nutrient content, were monitored. The results showed better plant growth when Osmocote was supplied, with no effect of the substrate. The presence of the plant produced the almost total uptake of the nutrients contained in the tap water and released by the fertilizer. This indicates that the use of a controlled release fertilizer can improve plant growth without compromising water quality, hence being a valuable solution to promote plant establishment usable as routine practice when a bioretention basin is vegetated with floating elements with substrate.

scholarly journals Effects of Waterlogging with Different Water Resources on Plant Growth and Tolerance Capacity of Four Herbaceous Flowers in a Bioretention Basin

Water ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 1619 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wen-Chi Yang ◽  
Kuan-Hung Lin ◽  
Chun-Wei Wu ◽  
Yu-Jie Chang ◽  
Yu-Sen Chang
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Water Resource ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Ornamental Plants ◽  
Net Photosynthesis ◽  
Photosynthesis Rate ◽  
Extreme Weather Events ◽  
Waterlogging Tolerance ◽  
Water Shortages ◽  
Narrow Leaf

Extreme weather events have increased due to climate change. Bioretention basins can effectively alleviate urban flooding by short-term water retention. Reclaimed water (RW) is considered an alternative water resource during water shortages. In this study, the abilities for waterlogging tolerance of four herbaceous flowers (angelonia, narrow-leaf zinnia, celosia, and medallion flower) are investigated to screen suitable ornamental plants for bioretention basins, and the influence of RW on the plants is also evaluated. All plants were treated with 10 days of waterlogging (electrical conductivity (EC) of tap water = 110.0 μS·cm−1) followed by a seven-day recovery. Angelonia (Angelonia salicariifolia Humb. & Bonpl) was not affected by waterlogging and showed the best performance, judged from the ornamental quality, photosynthesis rate, and leaf malondialdehyde (MDA) among the tested flowers. Photosynthesis of the narrow-leaf zinnia (Zinnia angustifolia Kunth) decreased during waterlogging but soon recovered after being drained. Celosia (Celosia argentea L.) and medallion flower (Melampodium paludosum Kunth) were significantly affected by waterlogging and did not recover after drainage, in terms of responses to both external and physiological reactions. Moreover, waterlogging by the simulated RW (EC = 542.4 μS·cm−1) did not have negative impacts on angelonia and narrow-leaf zinnia, due to the reduced leaf malondialdehyde concentration of angelonia and retarded the decline in the net photosynthesis rate of narrow-leaf zinnia. Thus, RW could be used as an alternative irrigation water resource for bioretention basins during the dry season to maintain plant growth.

scholarly journals Water Scarcity Footprint Analysis of Container-Grown Plants in a Model Research Nursery as Affected by Irrigation and Fertilization Treatments

Water ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 2436
Author(s):  
Joshua Knight ◽  
Damon E. Abdi ◽  
Dewayne L. Ingram ◽  
R. Thomas Fernandez
Keyword(s):  
Water Use ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Water Scarcity ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Irrigation Treatments ◽  
Groundwater Source ◽  
Fabric Surface ◽  
A Minor ◽  
Container Capacity

Water scarcity footprint (WSF) was determined for irrigation experiments in 2017 and 2018 for container-grown plants in a specially designed research nursery in Michigan, USA. The system design allowed for the capture of irrigation water running off a fabric surface of a nursery bed and irrigation water that passed through the fabric surface and moved through a bed of sand under the fabric. The volume of irrigation water applied (IWA) from a groundwater source and the volume of water that would be necessary to dilute (WD) water leaving the system to tap water standards for NO 3 − and PO 4 3 − of 10 mg L−1 and 0.05 mg L−1, respectively, were determined. The sum of IWA and WD would be the consumptive water use (CWU) of each treatment. WSF was calculated by weighting these component volumes per plant grown in a 10.2 L container using the consumption-to-availability scarcity index for this river basin. The WSF of water requirements for dilution (WSFwd) for plants in 2017 (20 May to 25 September) were calculated as 150, 37, and 34 L per plant for control plants, those receiving 2 L per day, and those returned to container capacity daily, respectively. In 2018 (11 June to 12 October), WSF of irrigation water applied (WSFiwa) for control plants, those receiving daily water use replacement (DWU), and those returned to container capacity daily were calculated to be 116, 61, and 28 L. Control plants received 19 mm of irrigation daily through overhead sprinklers in both experiments. In almost all cases, the PO 4 3 − dilution requirements set the dilution coefficients for WSFwd calculations. The irrigation control treatment resulted in higher WSFwd than irrigation treatments through spray stakes providing 2 L per container per day, irrigation returning the substrate water content to container capacity daily, or daily irrigation based on DWU. Fertilizer treatments and substrate composition treatments across irrigation treatments had only a minor impact on WSF.

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