scholarly journals FaRCa1 Confers Moderate Resistance to the Root Necrosis Form of Strawberry Anthracnose Caused by Colletotrichum acutatum

HortScience ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 55 (5) ◽  
pp. 693-698 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natalia Salinas ◽  
Zhen Fan ◽  
Natalia Peres ◽  
Seonghee Lee ◽  
Vance M. Whitaker
Keyword(s):  
Reference Genome ◽  
Dna Marker ◽  
Screening Method ◽  
Fruit Rot ◽  
Colletotrichum Acutatum ◽  
Dna Test ◽  
Root Necrosis ◽  
Strawberry Anthracnose ◽  
Moderate Resistance

FaRCa1 is a major locus conferring resistance to anthracnose fruit rot (AFR) caused by Colletotrichum acutatum, an important pathogen of strawberry (Fragaria ×ananassa). The objective of this study was to characterize the effects of FaRCa1 on anthracnose root necrosis (ARN) via root inoculations and DNA marker characterization of the locus. A subgenome-specific high-resolution melting (HRM) marker for an insertion/deletion (InDel) near FaRCa1 was designed using the ‘Camarosa’ octoploid reference genome. The marker was used to genotype cultivars and advanced selections studied in two seasons. A root disease screening method was developed in which roots were cut and dipped in a spore suspension before planting, using a mixture of three local isolates of the C. acutatum species complex. ARN was indirectly scored by calculating image-based leaf area differences among inoculated and noninoculated plants. The allele of FaRCa1 conferring resistance to AFR also conferred a significant reduction in ARN. Thus, a robust and easily scored DNA test is now available to breeders for selecting for resistance to both the fruit and root forms of strawberry anthracnose.

scholarly journals Anthracnose Fruit and Root Necrosis of Strawberry Are Caused by a Dominant Species Within the Colletotrichum acutatum Species Complex in the United States

2019 ◽  
Vol 109 (7) ◽  
pp. 1293-1301 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nan-Yi Wang ◽  
Bruna B. Forcelini ◽  
Natalia A. Peres
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Species Complex ◽  
The United States ◽  
Fruit Rot ◽  
Limiting Factors ◽  
Colletotrichum Acutatum ◽  
Genetic Characteristics ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Root Necrosis ◽  
Strawberry Anthracnose

Strawberry anthracnose fruit rot and root necrosis, caused by Colletotrichum acutatum, are primary limiting factors in fruit production fields in the United States. Recent research focusing on the phenotypic and genetic characteristics of this species has shed light on the diversity of the C. acutatum species complex. In this study, we performed multilocus sequence analysis of four genetic loci to characterize 217 C. acutatum isolates collected over a 23-year period from symptomatic plant tissues of strawberry from six different states. The results revealed two Colletotrichum spp. (C. nymphaeae and C. fioriniae), with 97.7% of the isolate collection (212 of 217) belonging to C. nymphaeae as a dominant clonal linage, regardless of the isolation source. No correlation between species groups and geographical origins of the isolates was observed. Further sequence comparison between historical and contemporary isolates showed the same populations being widely distributed throughout the strawberry nurseries and production fields in the United States and Canada. Subsequently, a subset of 12 isolates representing different quinone-outside inhibitor fungicide resistance profiles from root or fruit tissue of strawberry was selected for comparison of pathogenicity on strawberry. In this test, isolates of different resistance groups or different isolation sources exhibited a similar degree of aggressiveness and caused indistinguishable symptoms on strawberry crowns (P = 0.9555 and 0.7873, respectively) and fruit (P = 0.1638 and 0.1141, respectively), although a significant difference among individual isolates was observed in detached-fruit assays (P = 0.0123). Separate pathogenicity tests using isolates of the two species revealed C. nymphaeae being more aggressive than C. fioriniae in infecting strawberry roots and crowns (P = 0.0073). Therefore, given the occurrence and pathogenicity of C. nymphaeae, this species is likely the sole cause responsible for strawberry anthracnose in the United States.

scholarly journals First Report of Anthracnose Fruit Rot of Strawberry Caused by Colletotrichum acutatum in Montenegro

Plant Disease ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 96 (7) ◽  
pp. 1066-1066 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Latinovic ◽  
N. Latinovic ◽  
J. Tiodorovic ◽  
A. Odalovic
Keyword(s):  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Its Region ◽  
Fruit Rot ◽  
Colletotrichum Acutatum ◽  
Pathogenicity Test ◽  
Centraalbureau Voor ◽  
First Report ◽  
Strawberry Anthracnose ◽  
Production Area ◽  
Ascigerous Stage

Strawberries (Fragaria × ananassa) in Montenegro have become an increasingly important economic crop in recent years. During May 2011, severe fruit damage in strawberry cv. Clery was observed in two fields in the Podgorica region. Fruit symptoms were typical for strawberry anthracnose: sunken, dark brown to black circular lesions appeared on maturing fruits. However, no stem, crown, or foliar symptoms were observed. Under wet conditions, orange masses of conidia were produced in acervuli in the center of lesions. Conidia were hyaline, aseptate, cylindrical, with pointed ends, measuring 9.8 to 17.2 (mean 14.3) × 2.5 to 6.1 (mean 4.4) μm. Colonies on potato dextrose agar (PDA) were initially white, then turned gray as conidia formed in orange to salmon pink masses around the center of the culture. Setae or an ascigerous stage were never observed in culture or on the host. Koch's postulates were fulfilled by inoculating ripe and unripe asymptomatic fruits (20 of each, removed from strawberry plants cv. Clery) with the isolated fungus. Fruits were sprayinoculated (106 conidia/ml). An equal number of noninoculated fruits were used as a control. After incubation time of 2 to 3 days at 25°C in a moist chamber, symptoms appeared on inoculated ripe fruits. On unripe fruits, the lesions developed only 3 to 4 days after the inoculation. No symptoms were found on control fruits. The fungus was reisolated from fruits, after which typical morphological characteristics developed in culture as described above. On the basis of the symptoms, the morphological and cultural characteristics of the fungus, and the pathogenicity test, the disease was identified as strawberry anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum acutatum, which is in accordance with previous reports (1,2,3,4). The isolate was submitted to the Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures in the Netherlands (CBS 131813). The internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of the fungal DNA was amplified with ITS1F and ITS4 primers, sequenced, and submitted to NCBI GenBank (Accession No. JQ424934). BLASTn searches of GenBank using the ITS sequence revealed 99% similarity with database sequences of C. acutatum. Since the pathogen was found in the main Montenegrin strawberry production area, it poses a threat to strawberry production in Montenegro. To our knowledge, this is the first report of anthracnose fruit rot of strawberry in Montenegro. References: (1) S. G. Bobev et al. Plant Dis. 86:1178, 2002. (2) F. M. Dai et al. Plant Dis. 90:1460, 2006. (3) U. Nilsson et al. Plant Dis. 89:1242, 2005. (4) A. Stensvand et al. Plant Dis. 85:558, 2001.

scholarly journals First Report of Anthracnose Fruit Rot Caused by Colletotrichum acutatum on Strawberry in Korea

Plant Disease ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 92 (8) ◽  
pp. 1247-1247 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. H. Nam ◽  
T. I. Kim ◽  
M. L. Gleason ◽  
J. Y. Song ◽  
H. G. Kim
Keyword(s):  
Pcr Amplification ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Fruit Rot ◽  
Colletotrichum Acutatum ◽  
Pathogenicity Test ◽  
First Report ◽  
Strawberry Anthracnose ◽  
Dark Green ◽  
Average Size ◽  
Species Specific

Symptoms typical of anthracnose fruit rot; sunken, dark brown lesions on maturing fruits, were found in a commercial field of strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa) cv. Cal Giant in Yangyang County, Korea in May 2007. Masses of conidia were produced in acervuli in the center of lesions. The fungus was isolated on potato dextrose agar (PDA). Colonies grown on PDA were pale to mouse gray and became dark green to black in reverse. Conidia were formed in orange-to-salmon pink masses in the center of the culture. The average size of conidia on PDA was 15.2 × 4.6 μm, and they were hyaline, straight, cylindrical, with pointed ends, and aseptate (1). The fungus did not form an ascigerous stage in culture. Mycelial growth rate was 7.5 mm per day at 25°C on PDA. The identity of two isolates was confirmed as Colletotrichum acutatum J.H. Simmonds by PCR amplification using species-specific primers TBCA and TB5 (2), resulting in a characteristic 330-bp band on agarose gel. Morphological characters were in accordance with previous reports on C. acutatum. A pathogenicity test was conducted with five healthy plants of cvs. Cal Giant, Maehyang, Seolhyang, Kumhyang, Akihime, and Redpearl. After fruits and flowers were sprayed with a conidia suspension (105 conidia per ml), the plants were maintained at 10 to 25°C and 100% relative humidity in a greenhouse. As a control, five healthy plants were sprayed with sterile distilled water and incubated under the same conditions. Dark brown, water-soaked spots appeared on mature fruits of all cultivars after 5 days, and lesions on green fruits appeared on individual achenes. Flowers developed dark lesions, dried out, and died. No symptoms were found on the control plants. After the pathogen was reisolated from fruits and flowers lesions, the morphological characters developed in culture as described above. To our knowledge, this is the first report of C. acutatum causing strawberry anthracnose in Korea. References: (1) B. J. Smith and L. L. Black. Plant Dis. 74:69, 1990. (2) P. Talhinhas et al. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 71:2987, 2005.

scholarly journals Validation of a Florida Strawberry Anthracnose Fruit Rot (AFR) Warning System in Iowa

Plant Disease ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 103 (1) ◽  
pp. 28-33 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaoyu Zhang ◽  
Jean C. Batzer ◽  
Xun Li ◽  
Natalia A. Peres ◽  
Mark L. Gleason
Keyword(s):  
Warning System ◽  
Threshold Value ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Fruit Rot ◽  
Colletotrichum Acutatum ◽  
Action Threshold ◽  
Equivalent Control ◽  
Strawberry Anthracnose ◽  
Spray Timing ◽  
Disease Pressure

Field validation of a disease-warning system for strawberry anthracnose fruit rot (AFR), caused by Colletotrichum acutatum sensu lato, that was originally developed for use in Florida was conducted in Iowa from 2012 to 2014. Day-neutral strawberry (cv. Tristar) was artificially inoculated with the pathogen at the start of the fruit maturation period. A factorial combination in replicated trials of two spray timing methods (the Florida warning system and prescheduled, calendar-based timing) and two fungicides (captan and pyraclostrobin) was compared, along with a nonsprayed control. The calendar-based and warning system-based treatments provided statistically equivalent control of AFR incidence compared with the nonsprayed control, and the warning system treatments required an average of 1.7 fewer fungicide sprays annually than the calendar-based treatments. Further analysis of the field data suggested that the warning system might underestimate AFR risk under high disease pressure; in these circumstances, a lower action threshold value may need to be adopted. Overall, these results indicated that the Florida warning system can be valuable for helping Midwest strawberry growers control AFR with less reliance on fungicide sprays, but it may require modification to account for periods of high inoculum pressure, subject to results of further field trials.

scholarly journals Root Necrosis of Strawberries Caused by Colletotrichum acutatum

EDIS ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 2005 (9) ◽  
Author(s):  
J. C. Mertely ◽  
N. A. Peres
Keyword(s):  
Plant Pathology ◽  
Fruit Rot ◽  
Colletotrichum Acutatum ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Original Publication ◽  
Pathology Department ◽  
Root Necrosis

Colletotrichum acutatum is widely known as a fruit rot pathogen, but also infects other strawberry tissues, including the roots. Root necrosis has been observed in Florida since 2000.  This document is PP-211, one of a series of the Plant Pathology Department, UF/IFAS Extension. Original publication date August 2005. PP-211/PP128: Root Necrosis of Strawberry Caused by Colletotrichum acutatum (ufl.edu)

scholarly journals Relative Susceptibility of New Olive Cultivars to Spilocaea oleagina, Colletotrichum acutatum, and Pseudocercospora cladosporioides

Plant Disease ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 99 (1) ◽  
pp. 58-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Moral ◽  
M. Alsalimiya ◽  
L. F. Roca ◽  
C. M. Díez ◽  
L. León ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Laboratory Tests ◽  
Rating Scale ◽  
Fruit Rot ◽  
Colletotrichum Acutatum ◽  
Relative Susceptibility ◽  
Negative Linear Correlation ◽  
Olive Cultivars ◽  
New Cultivars ◽  
Do So

The evaluation of the relative susceptibility of new cultivars to the main diseases of a crop is a key point to consider prior to their release to the nursery industry. This study provides a rigorous characterization of the resistance of 15 new olive cultivars and their genitors (‘Arbequina,’ ‘Frantoio,’ and ‘Picual’) to the three main aerial diseases, peacock spot, anthracnose, and cercosporiosis caused by Spilocaea oleagina, Colletotrichum acutatum, and Pseudocercospora cladosporioides, respectively. To do so, developing leaves and detached green-yellowish fruit were inoculated in laboratory tests with S. oleagina and C. acutatum, respectively, using conidial suspensions of both pathogens. Additionally, a previously validated rating scale was used to assess the incidence of leaves with symptoms of S. oleagina or P. cladosporioides and the fruit rot incidence of C. acutatum in the trees for four years under field conditions. As a result, only two of the cultivars were susceptible to peacock spot, most likely because these new cultivars were previously screened for resistance to the disease on previous phases of the breeding program. Conversely, the 15 cultivars were susceptible or moderately susceptible to cercosporiosis. Five of the 15 new cultivars were classified as resistant to anthracnose, with four of them descendants of ‘Frantoio’ × ‘Picual’ crosses. In addition, the cultivars resistance to C. acutatum showed a negative linear correlation with the total phenols content of olive oil. This information regarding disease reaction of the new olive cultivars is essential for nursery industry and growers.

scholarly journals Identification of Colletotrichum Species Responsible for Anthracnose and Root Necrosis of Strawberry in Israel

1997 ◽  
Vol 87 (5) ◽  
pp. 516-521 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Freeman ◽  
T. Katan
Keyword(s):  
Selective Medium ◽  
Colletotrichum Acutatum ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Root Necrosis ◽  
The Us ◽  
Compatibility Group ◽  
Infested Field ◽  
Strawberry Anthracnose ◽  
Repetitive Motif ◽  
First Time

Strawberry anthracnose was observed for the first time in Israel in 1995. The disease reached epidemic proportions in Israeli nurseries and production fields in 1995 and 1996. Using morphological and cultural characteristics, the species responsible for anthracnose was identified as Colletotrichum acutatum. A reliable semi-selective medium, amended with iprodione and lactic acid, was used to isolate the fungus from infected tissues. In addition, C. acutatum was subsequently isolated from necrotic roots of stunted, chlorotic plants that exhibited no symptoms of anthracnose. High levels of the pathogen from naturally infested field soil and perlite growth substrate were quantified from the rhizosphere of diseased plants on the iprodione-amended medium. Both foliar- and rootinfecting isolates were equally pathogenic to strawberry, causing 95 to 100% plant mortality, when inoculated on roots and foliage. In complementation (heterokaryon) tests using nitrate nonutilizing mutants, 113 out of 115 isolates from different plant parts and locations belonged to a single vegetative compatibility group. Arbitrarily primed polymerase chain reaction of genomic DNA using four repetitive-motif primers produced nearly uniform amplified DNA banding patterns for 141 of the Israeli strawberry isolates from different sites, plots, plant tissues, and cultivars. When compared to reference isolates from the US, these band patterns suggested that a single introduction of C. acutatum was responsible for strawberry anthracnose on foliage and necrosis of roots in Israel.

Characterization of a deletion in theHsp70cluster in the bovine reference genome

2017 ◽  
Vol 48 (4) ◽  
pp. 377-385
Author(s):  
M. F. Suqueli García ◽  
M. A. Castellote ◽  
S. E. Feingold ◽  
P. M. Corva
Keyword(s):  
Reference Genome

scholarly journals First Report of Anthracnose Caused by Colletotrichum acutatum on Persimmon Fruit in the United States

Plant Disease ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 94 (5) ◽  
pp. 634-634 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. M. Williamson ◽  
T. B. Sutton
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Filter Paper ◽  
The United States ◽  
Grocery Store ◽  
Fruit Rot ◽  
Colletotrichum Acutatum ◽  
Diospyros Kaki ◽  
Japanese Persimmon ◽  
First Report ◽  
Persimmon Fruit

Persimmon trees are important for their fruit as well as their colorful fruit and foliage in the fall. Persimmon fruit (Japanese persimmon, Diospyros kaki cv. Fuyu) were collected in November 2008 from a tree in Windsor, NC, located in the Coastal Plain. Fruit were not symptomatic on the tree but developed dark lesions after harvest. Isolations from six fruit yielded seven isolates of Colletotrichum acutatum J. H. Simmonds. After incubation at 25°C under continuous light for 15 days on potato dextrose agar (PDA), all isolates had gray aerial mycelium, but the inverse sides of the plates of six isolates were maroon and one was beige. Masses of salmon-colored conidia were formed first in the center of the colonies, then were observed scattered across the colonies in older cultures. Conidia were hyaline, one-celled, elliptic with one or both ends pointed, and measured 8.1 to 16.3 × 3.1 to 5 μm. Setae and sclerotia were not observed. There were also dark structures measuring 1 to 10 mm that were partially embedded in the agar that contained conidia. Cultural and conidial characteristics of the isolates were similar to those of C. acutatum (3). PCR amplification was performed with the species-specific primer pair CaInt2/ITS4 (2) and genomic DNA from the original isolates and isolates obtained from inoculated fruit. An amplification product of approximately 490 bp, which is specific for C. acutatum, was observed. To fulfill Koch's postulates, persimmon fruit obtained from the grocery store were surface disinfested with 0.5% sodium hypochlorite and sterile filter paper disks dipped in conidial suspensions (1 × 105 conidia/ml) of two C. acutatum isolates (maroon and beige reverse) or sterile, deionized water were placed on the fruit. Three fruit were inoculated per treatment and the disks were placed on four locations on each fruit. Parafilm was wrapped around the diameter of the fruit to keep the filter paper disks moist and in place. Fruit were placed in moist chambers and incubated at 25°C. After 3 days, the Parafilm was removed and the fruit returned to the moist chambers. Small, dark lesions were observed on fruit inoculated with each isolate of C. acutatum when the filter paper disks were removed. Ten days after inoculation, dark lesions and acervuli with salmon-colored masses of conidia were observed on fruit inoculated with both isolates of C. acutatum and the fruit were soft. After 12 days, there were abundant masses of conidia and the inoculated areas were decayed. Control fruit remained firm and did not develop symptoms. Cultures obtained from the fruit and the conidia produced were typical of the isolates used to inoculate the fruit. C. acutatum has been reported to cause fruit rot on persimmon fruit in New Zealand (1). To our knowledge, this is the first report of C. acutatum on persimmon fruit in the United States. References: (1) R. Lardner et al. Mycol. Res. 103:275, 1999. (2) S. Sreenivasaprasad et al. Plant Pathol. 45:650, 1996. (3) B. C. Sutton. Page 523 in: Coelomycetes. Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux, Great Britain. 1980.

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