scholarly journals Production Unit Trends and Price Characteristics within the United States Pecan Industry

2001 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 110-118 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruce W. Wood
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Production Efficiency ◽  
The United States ◽  
Northern Region ◽  
No Production ◽  
Price Variation ◽  
Biennial Bearing ◽  
Average Production ◽  
Production Area ◽  
Substantial Decline

The United States pecan [Carya illinoinensis (Wangenh.) K. Koch] industry is based on about 10,107,170 trees (about 15% nonbearing) comprising about 492,137 acres (199,168 ha) of orchards (34% in Texas, 27% Georgia, and 17% Oklahoma) dispersed among about 19,900 farm operations (36% in Texas, 16% Georgia, and 7% Oklahoma) in 24 states. Fifty-six percent of this acreage is on farms with ≥100 acres (40.5 ha) of trees (i.e., 5% of total farms). An evaluation of production related changes over the last decade indicate fundamental changes occurring in the nature of the U. S. industry. These include a) movement toward agricultural industrialization as reflected by fewer small-farms and more large-farms; b) reduced percentage of young (i.e., nonbearing) trees in most major producing states; c) substantial decline in number of farms and acres in the southeastern regionhistorically the primary production area-yet substantial growth in the northern region of production; d) a national 3% increase in the number of pecan farms and 14% increase in acreage; and e) substantial demographic changes, such as the enhanced importance of the southwestern region including New Mexico with diminished importance of many southeastern states. States also drastically differ in degree of biennial bearing, as measured by the biennial bearing index (i.e., K = 0.04 - 0.73; where 0 = no production variation and 1 = maximum variation), average production efficiency of both orchards [Epa = 192 - 1,224 lb/acre (215 - 1,374 kg·ha-1)] and trees [Ept = 19 - 60 lb/tree (8.6 kg/tree)], variation in grower prices (cv = 18 - 36%), and relationship between price and national supply of pecan (r2 = 0.94 - 0.03). For the pecan industry as a whole, average price received for nut-meats is as closely associated with national supply of pecan nut-meats as that of almond and pistachio and is far better than that of walnut-pecan's primary competitor. The supply of pecan meats on-hand at the beginning of the season, plus supply from the current season's crop, plus the price of walnut meats accounts for 80% of price variation in average United States pecan meat price.

NOAH WEBSTER INFORMS SCHOOL CHILDREN ABOUT THE ACUTE AND CHRONIC DISEASES OF THE UNITED STATES

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1971 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 90-90
Author(s):  
T. E. C.
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Chronic Diseases ◽  
School Children ◽  
The United States ◽  
Northern Region ◽  
Large Cities ◽  
History Of ◽  
Noah Webster ◽  
Great Mortality ◽  
General Mortality

Noah Webster's (1758-1843) talents were eclectic. Not only was he a superb lexicographer, a prolific writer of schoolbooks, but also a surprisingly keen epidemiologist. School children of the 1830's who read his History of the United States learned the following about acute and chronic diseases: Diseases of the United States. The ordinary diseases of the United States are the same as those which invade mankind in all similar climates. The usual epidemics are hooping cough (sic), measles, influenza, scarlet fever, with some milder eruptive diseases. These diseases are periodical, though the periods are not exactly uniform. The autumnal diseases are chiefly dysentery and bilious fevers of all grades, from slight intermittents to the malignant fever, which is denominated pestilence. The dysentery appears, in scattered cases every year; but in some autumns becomes epidemic with great mortality. It however never invades large cities with such general mortality, as it does particular parts of the country. The malignant bilious fever occurs occasionally, but chiefly in large towns on the sea coast, or on rivers, or near lakes and stagnant water. Chronic Diseases. In the northern region of the United States, and especially on the sea shore, the consumption is the most general and fatal chronic complaint; carrying off in some places, a fifth of the inhabitants. In the middle region it is prevalent, but in a less degree; and in the southern, is still less destructive. Rheumatic complaints, gout, and hypochondriac affections are common. In the country west of the mountains, between the Ohio and the lakes, the goiter, or swelling upon the throat, is very prevalent among the whites, but not among the natives.1

scholarly journals Ophthalmic medication price variation across the United States: Anti-inflammatory medications

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
pp. 251584141986363
Author(s):  
Anthony T. Scott ◽  
Paula E. Pecen ◽  
Alan G. Palestine
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Sodium Phosphate ◽  
The United States ◽  
Small Subset ◽  
Prednisolone Acetate ◽  
Loteprednol Etabonate ◽  
Price Variation ◽  
Drug Prices ◽  
Anti Inflammatory ◽  
Us Cities

Background: Cost-related nonadherence to medication can impact ophthalmic treatment outcomes. We aimed to determine whether medication prices vary between US cities and between different types of pharmacies within one city. Methods: We conducted a phone survey of eight nationwide and five independent pharmacies in five cities across the United States: Boston, Massachusetts; Charlotte, North Carolina; Denver, Colorado; Detroit, Michigan; and Seattle, Washington. A researcher called each pharmacy asking for price without insurance for four common anti-inflammatory ophthalmic medications: prednisolone acetate, prednisolone sodium phosphate, difluprednate (Durezol™), and loteprednol etabonate (Lotemax™). Results: Prednisolone sodium phosphate price could only be obtained by a small subset of pharmacies (45.2%) and was excluded from additional analysis; however, preliminary data demonstrated lower cost of prednisolone sodium phosphate over prednisolone acetate. Three-way analysis of variance revealed no interaction between pharmacy type (chain versus independent), city, and drug ( F = 0.40, p = 0.92). A significant interaction was identified between pharmacy type and drug ( F = 5.0, p = 0.008), but not city and pharmacy type ( F = 0.66, p = 0.62) or city and drug ( F = 0.27, p = 0.97). Average drug prices were lower at independent pharmacies compared with chain pharmacies for difluprednate (US$211.36 versus US$216.85, F = 1.09, p = 0.297) and significantly lower for loteprednol etabonate (US$255.49 versus US$274.86, F = 14.7, p < 0.001). Prednisolone acetate was cheaper at chain pharmacies, but not statistically significantly cheaper (US$48.82 versus US$51.61, F = 0.34, p = 0.559). Conclusions: Medication prices do not differ significantly between US cities. High variation of drug prices within the same city demonstrates how comparison shopping can provide cost savings for patients and may reduce cost-related nonadherence.

The Body Politic and the Politics of Two Bodies: Abraham and Mary Todd Lincoln in Death

Prospects ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 22 ◽  
pp. 109-132 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gary Laderman
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Collective Memory ◽  
Public Memory ◽  
Body Politic ◽  
The United States ◽  
Abraham Lincoln ◽  
Northern Region ◽  
The Body ◽  
Two Bodies ◽  
American Nation

Abraham Lincoln has been mythologized and deified in the American imagination, occupying a preeminent place in the collective memory of the nation. He occupies this place because he is believed to embody the ideals and values of the country and because he seemed to preside with grace, equanimity, and wisdom over one of the most destructive conflicts in America's history. In life, but even more consequently in death, his presence – as “rail splitter,” “Great Emancipator,” and “Father Abraham” – conjures up an array of events, symbols, and myths that give definition and meaning to the American nation. When he died, an unprecedented funeral celebration occurred in the Northern region of the United States that solidified his privileged place in the country's pantheon of great heroes. The series of events that took place after his assassination, as well as his emplotment in public memory since then, suggest that his death, as tragic and painful as it was, added to the cohesion, unity, and the very life of the nation when it was most seriously threatened by chaos and degeneration.

RESPONSE TO THE GROUNDING OF THE F/V El JYU MARU NO. 211

1993 ◽  
Vol 1993 (1) ◽  
pp. 225-229
Author(s):  
Vance Bennett ◽  
Don Noviello
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Northern Region ◽  
Coast Guard ◽  
Nesting Sites ◽  
Response Team ◽  
Spill Site ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Republic Of Palau ◽  
Marine Safety

ABSTRACT On December 2, 1991, the Japanese fishing vessel Ei Jyu Maru No. 21 ran hard aground near a remote, sparsely populated island in the northern region of the Republic of Palau, a Trust Territory of the United States. The grounding caused fractures in the hull, through which bilge oil, diesel fuel, and lubricating oils leaked out. The spilled oil, and the fuel remaining in the vessel, threatened environmentally sensitive reefs and bird nesting sites on nearby islands. Coast Guard Marine Safety Office Guam and the Coast Guard Pacific Strike Team sent personnel to Palau to mitigate the effects of this spill. The response team, after six weeks of effort under less than ideal conditions, removed the fuel remaining on the vessel and prevented any further pollution. The remote location of Palau, about 7,000 miles from the west coast of the United States, and the undeveloped character of this region of Palau made this response a complex, costly, and time-consuming endeavor. These factors contributed to the problems that hindered this response—for example, long distances between the spill site and support areas, lack of infrastructure at the spill site, unreliable communications systems, and misunderstandings over the role of the Coast Guard.

The Irish Hospitals Sweepstake in the United States of America, 1930–39

2006 ◽  
Vol 35 (138) ◽  
pp. 220-237
Author(s):  
Marie Coleman
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Great Britain ◽  
United States Of America ◽  
The United States ◽  
Overwhelming Majority ◽  
Hospital Service ◽  
British Government ◽  
Ticket Sales ◽  
Substantial Decline

From its foundation in 1930 until the end of 1934 the Irish Hospitals Sweepstake sold the overwhelming majority of its tickets in Great Britain. Alarmed at the success of an enterprise that was illegal in its jurisdiction and that resulted in a considerable financial drain to the Irish Free State’s hospital service, the British government enacted a Betting and Lotteries Act in 1934 to curtail the sale of Irish sweepstake tickets there. The result was a substantial decline in British contributions to the sweepstake and in the overall income from ticket sales. The British action threatened the continued existence and success of the venture.

Double Disadvantage

2016 ◽  
Vol 666 (1) ◽  
pp. 78-90 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jorge Durand ◽  
Douglas S. Massey ◽  
Karen A. Pren
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Labor Market ◽  
Labor Markets ◽  
Mexican Immigrants ◽  
The United States ◽  
Undocumented Migrants ◽  
Real Wages ◽  
Illegal Migrants ◽  
Secondary Sector ◽  
Substantial Decline

From 1988 to 2008, the United States’ undocumented population grew from 2 million to 12 million persons. It has since stabilized at around 11 million, a majority of whom are Mexican. As of this writing, some 60 percent of all Mexican immigrants in the United States are in the country illegally. This article analyzes the effect of being undocumented on sector of employment and wages earned in the United States. We show that illegal migrants are disproportionately channeled into the secondary labor market, where they experience a double disadvantage, earning systematically lower wages by virtue of working in the secondary sector and receiving an additional economic penalty because they are undocumented. Mexican immigrants, in particular, experienced a substantial decline in real wages between 1970 and 2010 attributable to their rising share of undocumented migrants in U.S. labor markets during a time when undocumented hiring was criminalized.

Islam and Muslims in the Southern Territories of the Philippine Islands During the American Colonial Period (1898 to 1946)

1998 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 340-356 ◽  
Author(s):  
Howard M. Federspiel
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Time Frame ◽  
Northern Region ◽  
Spanish American ◽  
Spanish American War ◽  
Manila Bay ◽  
Military Control ◽  
Military Campaign ◽  
Military Units

The United States gained authority over the Philippine Islands as a result of the Spanish-American War (1898) and the Treaty of Paris (1899), which recognized American wartime territorial gains. Prior to that time the Spanish had general authority over the northern region of the Islands down to the Visayas, which they had ruled from their capital at Manila on Luzon for nearly three hundred years. The population in that Spanish zone was Christianized as a product of deliberate Spanish policy during that time frame. The area to the south, encompassing much of the island of Mindanao and all of the Sulu Archipelago, was under Spanish military control at the time of the Spanish American War (1898), having been taken over in the previous fifteen years by a protracted military campaign. This southern territory was held by the presence of Spanish military units in a series of strong forts located throughout the settled areas, but clear control over the society was quite weak and, in fact, collapsed after the American naval victory at Manila Bay. The United States did not establish its own presence in much of the southern region until 1902. It based its claim over the region on the treaty with the Spanish, and other colonial powers recognized that claim as legitimate.

Nitrate in aquifers beneath agricultural systems

2007 ◽  
Vol 56 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-69 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.R. Burkart ◽  
J.D. Stoner
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Groundwater Vulnerability ◽  
The United States ◽  
Point Sources ◽  
Nitrate Contamination ◽  
Agricultural Systems ◽  
Fertilizer Use ◽  
Unconfined Aquifers ◽  
The World ◽  
Production Area

Research from several regions of the world provides spatially anecdotal evidence to hypothesize which hydrologic and agricultural factors contribute to groundwater vulnerability to nitrate contamination. Analysis of nationally consistent measurements from the U.S. Geological Survey's NAWQA program confirms these hypotheses for a substantial range of agricultural systems. Shallow unconfined aquifers are most susceptible to nitrate contamination associated with agricultural systems. Alluvial and other unconsolidated aquifers are the most vulnerable and also shallow carbonate aquifers that provide a substantial but smaller contamination risk. Where any of these aquifers are overlain by permeable soils the risk of contamination is larger. Irrigated systems can compound this vulnerability by increasing leaching facilitated by additional recharge and additional nutrient applications. The system of corn, soybean, and hogs produced significantly larger concentrations of groundwater nitrate than all other agricultural systems because this system imports the largest amount of N-fertilizer per unit production area. Mean nitrate under dairy, poultry, horticulture, and cattle and grains systems were similar. If trends in the relation between increased fertilizer use and groundwater nitrate in the United States are repeated in other regions of the world, Asia may experience increasing problems because of recent increases in fertilizer use. Groundwater monitoring in Western and Eastern Europe as well as Russia over the next decade may provide data to determine if the trend in increased nitrate contamination can be reversed. If the concentrated livestock trend in the United States is global, it may be accompanied by increasing nitrogen contamination in groundwater. Concentrated livestock provide both point sources in the confinement area and intense non-point sources as fields close to facilities are used for manure disposal. Regions where irrigated cropland is expanding, such as in Asia, may experience the greatest impact of this practice on groundwater nitrate.

scholarly journals AMERICAN-MEXICAN BORDER CONFLICTS IN THE 1870–1910S

2021 ◽  
Vol 03 (07) ◽  
pp. 139-147
Author(s):  
V.V. Prilutskiy ◽  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
International Relations ◽  
The United States ◽  
Northern Region ◽  
Western Hemisphere ◽  
Spanish Colonization ◽  
Xixth Century ◽  
Border Conflicts ◽  
Territorial Claims ◽  
Two Stages

The article analyzes the border conflicts between Mexico and the United States at the turn of the XIXth and XXth centuries. American-Mexican relations were an important factor in the development of the regional subsystem of international relations in the Western Hemisphere. Historically, Mexico and the United States have had a complicated relationship. Mexico in the late XIXth – early XXth centuries was a secondary peripheral state, which was mainly agrarian in nature. There were both phases of acute confrontation (almost the entire XIXth century and the beginning of the XXth century), as well as periods of good neighborliness, relatively good, friendly, stable relationships and constructive cooperation. In relations with the United States at that time, it remained rather not a subject, but an object of influence. The extreme American expansionists proposed in the middle of the XIXth century to capture all of Mexico. In response to the aggressive aspirations of America, the Mexican radicals put forward their territorial claims to the neighboring country. They hoped to regain the vast northern region, that was lost during the wars of 1835-1848, which included Upper California, New Mexico, Utah, Arizona and Texas (which was called the "New Philippines" during the era of Spanish colonization). There are two stages of confrontation between the two countries: the 1870s – 1890s and the 1910s – 1920s. The most serious exacerbations on the border occurred in 1876, 1877, 1891-1893, 1896, 1906 and 1910-1919. Both government troops and irregular (militias, partisans, rebels) formations took part in the regional armed conflict. As a result, the situation stabilized for almost a century.

scholarly journals United States Forest Service Use of Forest Inventory Data: Examples and Needs for Small Area Estimation

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah S. Wiener ◽  
Renate Bush ◽  
Amy Nathanson ◽  
Kristen Pelz ◽  
Marin Palmer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Forest Inventory ◽  
Small Area ◽  
Service Use ◽  
Small Area Estimation ◽  
Simulation Models ◽  
The United States ◽  
Northern Region ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Area Estimation

Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA) data provides robust information for the United States Forest Service’s (USFS) mid-to-broad-scale planning and assessments, but ecological challenges (i.e., climate change, wildfire) necessitate increasingly strategic information without significantly increasing field sampling. Small area estimation (SAE) techniques could provide more precision supported by a rapidly growing suite of landscape-scale datasets. We present three Regional case studies demonstrating current FIA uses, how SAE techniques could enhance existing uses, and steps FIA could take to enable SAE applications that are user-friendly, comprehensive, and statistically appropriate. The Northern Region uses FIA data for planning and assessments, but SAE techniques could provide more specificity to guide vegetation management activities. State and transition simulation models (STSM) are run with FIA data in the Southwestern Region to predict effects of treatments and disturbances, but SAE could support model validation and more precision to identify treatable areas. The Southern Region used FIA to identify existing longleaf pine stands and evaluate condition, but SAE techniques within FIA tools would streamline analyses. Each case study demonstrates a desire to have FIA data on non-forested conditions and non-tree variables. Additional tools to measure statistical confidence would help maximize utility. FIA’s SAE techniques could add value to a widely used data set, if FIA can support key supplements to basic data and functionality.

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