Effects of Yellow and Purple Nutsedge Time of Establishment on Their Distance of Influence on Bell Pepper

Field trials were conducted to determine the effect of yellow nutsedge (Cyperus esculentus) and purple nutsedge (C. rotundus) time of establishment on their distance of influence on bell pepper (Capsicum annuum). A single seedling of each weed species was transplanted 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 weeks after transplanting (WAT) bell pepper. Each weed was separately established in the center of plots within double rows of bell peppers. Crop height and yield were determined from bell pepper plants located at 6, 13.4, 24.7, and 36.5 inches away from each weed. Bell pepper height was unaffected by weed species, time of establishment, or the interaction between these factors. Marketable yield data indicate that yellow nutsedge was more aggressive than purple nutsedge interfering with bell pepper. When yellow nutsedge was established at 1 WAT, bell pepper yield reduction was between 57% and 32% for plants at 6 and 13.4 inches away from the weed respectively, which represents a density of ≈0.14 plant/ft2. One purple nutsedge plant growing since 1 WAT at 6 inches along the row from two bell pepper plants (0.43 plant/ft2) produced a yield reduction of 31%. These results indicate that low nutsedge densities, which are commonly believed to be unimportant, can cause significant bell pepper yield reductions.

Download Full-text

EFFECTS OF TIME OF EMERGENCE ON PURPLE AND YELLOW NUTSEDGE AREA OF INFLUENCE IN BELL PEPPER

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.40.3.889b ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 40 (3) ◽

pp. 889b-889

Author(s):

Bielinski M. Santos ◽

James P. Gilreath ◽

Camille Esmel ◽

Myriam N. Siham

Keyword(s):

Field Trials ◽

Cyperus Rotundus ◽

Bell Pepper ◽

Yield Reduction ◽

Yield Losses ◽

Yield Data ◽

Purple Nutsedge ◽

Yellow Nutsedge ◽

Area Of Influence ◽

Pepper Plants

Field trials were conducted in Bradenton, Fla., to determine the effect of purple and yellow nutsedge (Cyperus rotundus and C. esculentum) time of emergence on the area of influence of each weed on bell pepper (Capsicum annuum). Each weed-bell pepper complex was studied separately. A single weed was transplanted 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 weeks after bell pepper transplanting (WAT) and bell pepper yield was collected at 0, 30, 60, and 90 cm from each weed. Bell pepper yield data indicated that yellow nutsedge was more aggressive than purple nutsedge interfering with bell pepper. When yellow nutsedge emerged 1 WAT, bell pepper yield losses were between 32 and 57% for plants at 0 and 30 cm away from the weed, respectively, which represents at least a density of approximately 3.5 plants/m2. For purple nutsedge, one weed growing since 1 WAT between two bell pepper plants (0 cm; 10 plants/m2) produced a yield reduction of 31%. These results indicated that low nutsedge densities, which are commonly believed to be unimportant, can cause significant bell pepper yield reductions.

Download Full-text

Influence of Nitrogen on the Interference of Purple and Yellow Nutsedge (Cyperus rotundus and Cyperus esculentus) with Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum)

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.32.3.431c ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 32 (3) ◽

pp. 431C-431 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

J.P. Morales-Payan ◽

W.M. Stall ◽

D.G. Shilling ◽

J.A. Dusky ◽

T.A. Bewick

Keyword(s):

Tomato Fruit ◽

Field Trials ◽

Fruit Yield ◽

Cyperus Rotundus ◽

Yield Reduction ◽

Purple Nutsedge ◽

Yellow Nutsedge ◽

Yield Values ◽

Fresh Tomato ◽

N Rates

Field trials were conducted in Gainesville, Fla., to determine the influence of nitrogen fertilization on the interference effect of purple or yellow nutsedge on the yield of fresh tomato. Nitrogen (N) rates of 50, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, and 350 kg·ha–1 were applied broadcast to the soil. Before transplanting, 1-m-wide soil beds were covered with plastic and fumigated with methyl bromide to suppress the growth on undesired weeds. Nutsedge-free and purple or yellow nutsedge-infested tomato plots were separately established. `Solar Set' tomatoes were transplanted in the middle of the soil beds, 50 cm apart in a single row. In nutsedge-infested plots, weed densities known to cause significant yield reduction in tomato (100 purple nutsedge plants/m2 and 50 yellow nutsedge plants/m2) were uniformly established perforating the plastic and transplanting viable tubers in the perforations. Purple and yellow nutsedge tubers were transplanted the same day as tomatoes and were allowed to interfere during the whole crop season. Results indicate that N rates had a significant effect on tomato fruit yield in both nutsedge-free and nutsedge-infested treatments. The presence of either purple or yellow nutsedge significantly reduced the fruit yield of tomato at all N rates. As N rates increased, tomato fruit yield reduction caused by the interference of either nutsedge species also increased. When yellow nutsedge was allowed to interfere with tomato, fruit yield loss was as low as 18% at 50 kg N/ha and as high as 42% at 350 kg N/ha. In purple nutsedge-infested tomato, fruit yield reductions ranged from 10% at 50 kg N/ha to 27% at 350 kg N/ha. N effects on nutsedge-free and nutsedge-infested tomato yields were described by quadratic equations, with maximum tomato fruit yield values being reached between 200 and 250 kg N/ha in both nutsedge-free and nutsedge-infested treatments.

Download Full-text

Weed Management in Transplanted Bell Pepper (Capsicum annuum) with Pretransplant Tank Mixes of Sulfentrazone, S-metolachlor, and Dimethenamid-p

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.43.5.1492 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 43 (5) ◽

pp. 1492-1494 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Darren E. Robinson ◽

Kristen McNaughton ◽

Nader Soltani

Keyword(s):

Weed Management ◽

Chenopodium Album ◽

Fruit Size ◽

Field Trials ◽

Amaranthus Retroflexus ◽

Ambrosia Artemisiifolia ◽

Bell Pepper ◽

Weed Species ◽

Marketable Yield ◽

Excellent Control

Pepper growers currently have limited access to many effective broadleaf herbicides. Field trials were conducted over a 3-year period in Ontario to study the effect of tank mixtures of sulfentrazone (100 or 200 g·ha−1 a.i.) with either s-metolachlor (1200 or 2400 g·ha−1 a.i.) or dimethenamid-p (750 or 1500 g·ha−1 a.i.) on transplanted bell pepper. Under weed-free conditions, there was no visual injury or reduction in plant height, fruit number, fruit size, or marketable yield of transplanted pepper with pretransplant applications of sulfentrazone applied in tank mixtures with s-metolachlor or dimethenamid-p. The tank mixture of sulfentrazone + s-metolachlor gave greater than 85% control of redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus) and eastern black nightshade (Solanum ptycanthum), but only 70% to 76% control of velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti), common ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia), and common lambsquarters (Chenopodium album). The combination of sulfentrazone + dimethenamid-p provided good to excellent control of all weed species except velvetleaf. Based on this study, sulfentrazone and dimethenamid-p have potential for minor use registration in pepper.

Download Full-text

Resurgence of Soilborne Pests in Doublecropped Cucumber after Application of Methyl Bromide Chemical Alternatives and Solarization in Tomato

HortTechnology ◽

10.21273/horttech.15.4.0797 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 15 (4) ◽

pp. 797-801 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

James P. Gilreath ◽

Timothy N. Motis ◽

Bielinski M. Santos ◽

Joseph W. Noling ◽

Salvadore J. Locascio ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Methyl Bromide ◽

Field Studies ◽

Cyperus Rotundus ◽

Residual Effects ◽

Marketable Yield ◽

Yield Data ◽

Purple Nutsedge ◽

Yellow Nutsedge ◽

Long Term Effect ◽

Cropping Seasons

Field studies were conducted during four consecutive tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) -cucumber (Cucumis sativus) rotations to examine the longterm residual effects of tomato methyl bromide (MBr) alternatives on soilborne pests in double-cropped cucumber. Four treatments were established in tomato fields: a) nontreated control; b) MBr + chloropicrin (Pic) (67:33 by weight) at a rate of 350 lb/acre; c) tank-mixed pebulate + napropamide at 4 and 2 lb/acre, respectively, followed by 1,3-dichloropropene (1,3-D) + Pic (83:17 by volume) at 40 gal/acre; and d) napropamide at 2 lb/acre followed by soil solarization for 7 to 8 weeks. Each of the following seasons, cucumber was planted in the same tomato plots without removing mulch films. For nutsedge [purple nutsedge (Cyperus rotundus) and yellow nutsedge (C. esculentus)] densities, napropamide followed by solarization plots had equal control (≤15 plants/m2) as MBr + Pic during all four cropping seasons. However, nematode control with solarization was inconsistent. Marketable yield data proved that fumigation in tomato fields with either MBr + Pic or pebulate + napropamide followed by 1,3-D + Pic had a long-term effect on double-cropped cucumber.

Download Full-text

The Potential Use of Vinegar and a Clove Oil Herbicide for Weed Control in Sweet Corn, Potato, and Onion

Weed Technology ◽

10.1614/wt-08-002.1 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 23 (1) ◽

pp. 120-128 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

G. J. Evans ◽

R. R. Bellinder

Keyword(s):

Weed Control ◽

Sweet Corn ◽

Field Trials ◽

Clove Oil ◽

Weed Species ◽

Marketable Yield ◽

Yield Data ◽

Application Timing ◽

Time Of Application ◽

Potential Use

Natural products might provide an organic means of weed control. Our objective was to evaluate the potential use of vinegar and a clove-oil product with regard to how volume, concentration, and application timing affect weed control and crop response. Treatments included broadcast applications of 200- and 300-grain vinegar at 318 liters per hectare (L/ha), 150- and 200-grain vinegar at 636 L/ha, a 3.4% v/v clove oil mixture in water (318 L/ha), and a 1.7% clove oil mixture in 200-grain vinegar (318 L/ha). Field trials were conducted in sweet corn, onion, and potato. Weed control, weed biomass, crop injury, and yield data were collected. Corn treated at 15 and at 30 to 45 cm was initially burned and stunted by these products. By 4 wk after application much of the initial injury was outgrown. Late applications significantly reduced yields of early-maturing sweet corn ‘Trinity’. With the exception of the 200-grain vinegar (318 L/ha) treatment, early applications to sweet corn ‘Avalon’ did not reduce marketable yield. Two hundred-grain vinegar (636 L/ha) applied to pre-emergence–flag stage onion reduced the duration of the first handweeding by 59 to 67%. All treatments reduced onion yields when treated at the 2-leaf stage. Potato treated early (2 to 10 cm) and late (30 cm) were injured by all vinegar treatments 59 to 83%, 1 d after treatment (DAT). Potato yield losses were insignificant with applications of 3.4% clove oil and with some low-volume (318 L/ha) vinegar treatments. Product efficacy was dependent on the weed species and their size at the time of application. Weed control was greatest (83%, 1 DAT) with 200-grain vinegar (636 L/ha). Broadcast applications of vinegar and clove oil have potential for use on young, actively growing sweet corn, onion, and potato.

Download Full-text

Allyl Isothiocyanate: A Methyl Bromide Replacement in Polyethylene-Mulched Bell Pepper

Weed Technology ◽

10.1614/wt-d-10-00076.1 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 25 (1) ◽

pp. 90-96 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

Sanjeev K. Bangarwa ◽

Jason K. Norsworthy ◽

Edward E. Gbur ◽

Jingying Zhang ◽

Tsehaye Habtom

Keyword(s):

Weed Control ◽

Methyl Bromide ◽

Standard Treatment ◽

Allyl Isothiocyanate ◽

Field Trials ◽

Bell Pepper ◽

Marketable Yield ◽

Control Efficacy ◽

Yellow Nutsedge ◽

Potential Alternative

Methyl bromide has been a key fumigant for broad-spectrum weed control in polyethylene-mulched bell pepper. However, the ozone-depleting nature of methyl bromide has led to its scheduled phaseout from U.S. agriculture. Thus, an effective alternative to methyl bromide is needed. Field trials were conducted in 2007 and 2009 to evaluate the crop response and weed control efficacy of allyl isothiocyanate (ITC) in polyethylene-mulched bell pepper. The experiment included various combinations of two mulch types (low density polyethylene [LDPE] and virtually impermeable film [VIF] mulch) and six rates of allyl isothiocyanate (0, 15, 75, 150, 750, 1,500 kg ha−1). Additionally, a standard treatment of methyl bromide/chloropicrin (67 : 33%) at 390 kg ha−1 under LDPE mulch was included for comparison. Bell pepper injury was < 3% in all treatments, except 11% injury at 1,500 kg ha−1 allyl isothiocyanate under VIF mulch at 2 wk after transplanting (WATP). VIF mulch did not provide additional weed control and marketable pepper yield over LDPE mulch. Allyl isothiocyanate at 932 (± 127) kg ha−1 controlled yellow nutsedge (90%), Palmer amaranth (97%), and large crabgrass (92%) through 6 WATP and maintained the marketable yield equivalent to methyl bromide treatment. This research demonstrates that allyl ITC under an LDPE mulch can serve as a potential alternative to methyl bromide for weed control in polyethylene-mulched bell pepper.

Download Full-text

Identification and Management of Colletotrichum acutatum on Immature Bell Peppers

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pdis.2004.88.11.1198 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 88 (11) ◽

pp. 1198-1204 ◽

Cited By ~ 55

Author(s):

Melanie L. Lewis Ivey ◽

Cristian Nava-Diaz ◽

Sally A. Miller

Keyword(s):

Field Trials ◽

Bell Pepper ◽

Colletotrichum Acutatum ◽

Nucleotide Sequencing ◽

Chain Reaction ◽

Pcr Assay ◽

Immature Fruit ◽

Bell Peppers ◽

Polymerase Chain ◽

Species Specific

Farmers in northwestern Ohio reported severe losses due to anthracnose in immature (green) bell pepper as early as 1998. Two fungal isolates (AN1 and AN2) were recovered from immature fruit showing severe anthracnose symptoms. The pathogen was identified as Colletotrichum acutatum based on morphological and cultural characteristics, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay with the C. acutatum species-specific primer (CaInt2), and nucleotide sequencing. Isolate AN1 was pathogenic on immature pepper, tomato, and strawberry. Twenty-two bell pepper cultivars evaluated in field trials were all susceptible to C. acutatum AN1 and AN2, but the degree of susceptibility varied among cultivars. ‘Crusader’, ‘Valiant’, and ‘ACX229’ were the most susceptible, while ‘North Star’ and ‘Paladin’ were least susceptible. The fungicides pyraclostrobin (Cabrio) alternated with manganese ethylenebisdithiocarbamate (Manex), chlorothalonil (Bravo Ultrex) alone, Manex plus copper hydroxide (Kocide 2000), and pyraclostrobin + boscalid (BAS 516 = Pristine) alternated with Manex significantly reduced anthracnose incidence and intensity in bell peppers compared with the untreated control.

Download Full-text

Integration of a Brassicaceae Cover Crop with Herbicides in Plasticulture Tomato

Weed Technology ◽

10.1614/wt-08-165.1 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 23 (2) ◽

pp. 280-286 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Sanjeev K. Bangarwa ◽

Jason K. Norsworthy ◽

Edward E. Gbur

Keyword(s):

Weed Control ◽

Cover Crop ◽

Fruit Yield ◽

Palmer Amaranth ◽

Marketable Yield ◽

Purple Nutsedge ◽

Yellow Nutsedge ◽

Full Rate ◽

Over The Top ◽

Large Crabgrass

Weeds are a major constraint in tomato production, especially in the absence of methyl bromide. Field trials were conducted in 2006 and 2007 to evaluate the integrated use of a mustard ‘Caliente’ (a blend of brown and white mustard) cover crop with one-half and full rate PRE/POST herbicides for weed control and crop response in polyethylene-mulched tomato. Caliente was flail mowed and incorporated into the soil prior to forming beds. PRE herbicides were applied under polyethylene mulch, and POST herbicides were sprayed over the top of tomato. Full rates for S-metolachlor, halosulfuron, and trifloxysulfuron were 1,600, 27, and 7.9 g ai/ha, respectively. Caliente had no effect on weed control or tomato injury and yield. Except for large crabgrass control and tomato injury and yield, only the main effect of herbicide selection and application rate affected these parameters. Tomato injury was minimal (< 6%) from PRE- and POST-applied herbicides. S-metolachlor applied PRE provided 66% purple nutsedge, 67% yellow nutsedge, and 77% Palmer amaranth control at 4 wk after transplanting (WATP). S-metolachlor–treated plots at the full rate produced the highest marketable fruit yield among herbicide treatments, with jumbo fruit yield equivalent to the hand-weeded treatment. Trifloxysulfuron was the best POST-applied herbicide based on marketable yield and weed control. POST-applied trifloxysulfuron provided 41% purple nutsedge, 58% yellow nutsedge, and 55% Palmer amaranth control at 8 to 9 WATP. Halosulfuron applied PRE controlled purple and yellow nutsedge 70 and 78%, respectively, at 4 WATP, and POST-applied halosulfuron controlled purple nutsedge 74% and yellow nutsedge 78% at 8 to 9 WATP. Halosulfuron applied either PRE or POST failed to control Palmer amaranth and large crabgrass. Greater weed control and marketable tomato yield were achieved with full rates of herbicides. This research demonstrates no additional advantage of Caliente mustard when used with herbicides in tomato. None of the PRE or POST herbicides applied alone were sufficient to maintain season-long, broad-spectrum weed control and optimum marketable yield in tomato. Therefore, integration of PRE and POST herbicides at full rates is suggested.

Download Full-text

Tolerance of Cantaloupe to Postemergence Applications of Rimsulfuron and Halosulfuron

Weed Technology ◽

10.1614/wt-05-175.1 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

pp. 30-36 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Jason K. Norsworthy ◽

Charles W. Meister

Keyword(s):

Field Trials ◽

Palmer Amaranth ◽

Weed Species ◽

Purple Nutsedge ◽

Leaf Stage ◽

Early Crop ◽

Pitted Morningglory ◽

Plant Injury ◽

Large Crabgrass

Field trials were conducted in the spring of 2004 and the spring and summer of 2005 to evaluate cantaloupe tolerance to rimsulfuron and halosulfuron applied to cantaloupe at the two-leaf stage, five- to six-leaf stage, plants having 30- to 40-cm vines, and plants having up to 5-cm-diam melons. Additionally, control of eight weed species was evaluated in these trials in 2005. Cantaloupe plant injury from rimsulfuron differed among application timings and trials, but applications were generally more injurious when applied at the two early crop stages. Halosulfuron was less injurious to cantaloupe, but 31 and 14% injury occurred following the two-leaf and five- to six-leaf applications, respectively, in the second trial in 2005. In the first trial of 2005, number of marketable melons the first week of harvest was lower for all halosulfuron applications compared with the nontreated control (30 to 37% reduction). In the second trial of 2005, total number of marketable melons was comparable to the nontreated control for each of the halosulfuron treatments, except the five- to six-leaf and up to 5-cm-diam melon applications. Injury estimates were poor indicators of occurrence or absence of delays in crop earliness or number of marketable melons. Rimsulfuron was generally effective (≥ 80% control) in controlling seedling Texas panicum, large crabgrass, tall morningglory, pitted morningglory, and Palmer amaranth, but was ineffective against yellow and purple nutsedge and goosegrass. Halosulfuron was effective in controlling yellow and purple nutsedge, but was ineffective against Texas panicum, large crabgrass, goosegrass, pitted morningglory, tall morningglory, and Palmer amaranth.

Download Full-text

Efficacy of Methyl Bromide Alternatives on Purple Nutsedge (Cyperus rotundus) Control in Tomato and Pepper

Weed Technology ◽

10.1614/wt-03-086r2 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 18 (2) ◽

pp. 341-345 ◽

Cited By ~ 31

Author(s):

James P. Gilreath ◽

Bielinski M. Santos

Keyword(s):

Methyl Bromide ◽

Untreated Control ◽

Field Trials ◽

Cyperus Rotundus ◽

Bell Pepper ◽

Growth And Yield ◽

Purple Nutsedge ◽

Fruit Number ◽

Methyl Bromide Alternatives ◽

Soil Fumigants

Field trials were conducted to compare the effect of various soil fumigants along with in-bed pebulate and row-middle metribuzin applications on purple nutsedge control and on tomato and bell pepper growth and yield. Treatments consisted of combinations of soil fumigants, pebulate, and metribuzin. Fumigants levels were (1) untreated control, (2) methyl bromide (MBr) + chloropicrin (Pic) (67 + 33%, respectively), (3) Pic, (4) metham, (5) dazomet, and (6) 1,3-dichloropropene (1,3-D) + Pic (83 + 17%, respectively). Pebulate levels were either applied in-bed or not applied. Row middles were either sprayed with metribuzin or untreated. In both crops, purple nutsedge populations were independently influenced by fumigants and pebulate applications, with the highest number of purple nutsedge plants in the untreated control. The addition of pebulate reduced purple nutsedge populations in all treatments. In tomato trials, the yield was affected by fumigants, with the highest losses (53 and 50% reductions in fruit number and weight) observed in the nonfumigated control. In pepper trials, fruit number and weight were individually influenced by fumigants and metribuzin sprayings. Application of metribuzin to row middles increased yields 10% relative to nontreated plots.

Download Full-text