scholarly journals Sulfur Deficiency Influences Vegetative Growth, Chlorophyll and Element Concentrations, and Amino Acids of Pecan

1991 ◽  
Vol 116 (6) ◽  
pp. 974-980 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hening Hu ◽  
Darrell Sparks ◽  
John J. Evans
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Vegetative Growth ◽  
Free Amino ◽  
Chlorophyll Concentration ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Sulfur Deficiency ◽  
Protein Amino Acid ◽  
Deficiency Symptoms ◽  
S Deficiency

Greenhouse-grown pecan [Carya illinoensis (Wangenh.) C. Koch] seedlings were treated with S as SO4-2 (0 to 4 mm) to determine the effect of S on its vegetative growth, chlorophyll concentration, nutrition, and free and protein amino acid content. Sulfur deficiency symptoms occurred when leaf S was ≈1.5 mg·g-1 dry weight or less. Chlorophyll concentration and growth increased curvilinearly with leaf S and had not peaked when leaf S was 2.7 mg·g-1 dry weight. The N : S ratio in the leaf and leaf S were equally reliable indicators of the S status of the plant, but the optimum ratio was less than the value of 15 found in other plant species. Calcium and Mg decreased with S application, suggesting a direct SO4-2 or NH4+ effect. The concentration of all other elements determined was elevated, in one or more plant parts, when S deficiency symptoms were visible. The most conspicuous effect of S deficiency on N metabolism was a greatly expanded free amino acid pool, mainly arginine. The concentration of free amino acids decreased exponentially with leaf S. Conversely, protein amino acid was inhibited by S deficiency and increased with leaf S concentration or, perhaps more specifically, with methiouine.

Resistance of different host plants and cultivars of cassava to the mealybug Phenacoccus manihoti: Effect of infestation on leaf extract composition

1995 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-81
Author(s):  
M. Tertuliano ◽  
B. Le Rü
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Free Amino Acid ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Free Amino ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Phenacoccus Manihoti ◽  
Total Dry Weight ◽  
Cassava Varieties

AbstractThe effect of a 2-month infestation by the cassava mealybug (Phenacoccus manihoti Mat. Ferr.) on the metabolism of nitrogen (amino acids) and carbon (carbohydrates), leaf area and total dry weight of five cassava varieties (Manihot esculenta Crantz), faux-caoutchouc (a hybrid of M. esculenta and M. glaziovii Muell, Arg.), poinsettia (Euphorbia pulcherrima Wild) and talinum (Talinum triangulare Jack) was studied. Free amino acid and free sugar contents as well as relative free amino acid composition in the leaf extracts, although found to be very different from one plant to another, were not significantly modified by P. manihoti infestation, except for the total amino acid contents of the cassava variety 30M7. Variations in one particular amino acid induced by mealybug infestation were not linked to the antibiotic resistance of these plants. Infestation by the cassava mealybug did not modify the total dry weight but reduced the total leaf area although this reduction was only significant in cassava varieties 59M2, 30M7 and M'pembe, and in faux-caoutchouc. Within the genus Manihot, the reduction in leaf area was strongly correlated (r= -0.878, P≤0.05) to the degree of antibiotic resistance and was coupled to an increase in the ratio of sugars to amino acids, suggesting a similarity between the effects of water stress and those of mealybug infestation.

Intracellular free amino acid patterns in duodenal and colonic mucosa

1990 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 378-381 ◽  
Author(s):  
G Ollenschläger ◽  
K Langer ◽  
H M Steffen ◽  
M Schrappe-Bächer ◽  
H Schmitt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Free Amino ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Medical Patients ◽  
The Mean ◽  
First Time ◽  
Duodenal Biopsies ◽  
Hiv Negative

Abstract We report for the first time the concentrations of free amino acids in human intestinal biopsies obtained by routinely performed endoscopy. We studied 15 medical patients with no changes of the mucosa and six HIV-infected persons with duodenitis. The mean (and SD) sum of all amino acids, taurine excepted, was 61.9 (5.4) mmol/kg dry weight in duodenal biopsies of HIV-negative subjects (n = 11) and 82.9 (0.6) mmol/kg in colonic specimens: 50% (44%) of the total (minus taurine) consisted of aspartate and glutamate and 14% (12%), of the essential amino acids. The relative amino acid pattern in duodenum and colon differed completely from that for muscle: aspartate was fourfold higher; glutamate, phenylalanine, glycine, valine, leucine, and isoleucine were about twofold higher. In contrast, glutamine amounted only to 4% (duodenum) to 14% (colon) of muscle glutamine. In duodenal biopsies of the HIV-infected persons, we found significantly (P less than 0.01, except glutamine: P less than 0.025) increased concentrations of glutamate (24.1 vs 17 mmol/kg dry weight), ornithine (1.4 vs 0.4), valine (2.2 vs 1.7), and glutamine.

scholarly journals Analysis of Ratio-based Responses

2007 ◽  
Vol 132 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy L. Righetti ◽  
David R. Sandrock ◽  
Bernadine Strik ◽  
Carmo Vasconcelos ◽  
Yerko Moreno ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Free Amino ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Fertilization Rate ◽  
N Fertilizer ◽  
Foliar N ◽  
Almond Trees ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Total Amino Acids

It is not appropriate to compare ratio-based expressions for different cultivars or treatments if a plot of the denominator versus the numerator of a ratio-based expression has a nonzero y-intercept and the values for either the denominators or numerators differ with cultivars or treatments. Whenever nonzero y-intercepts are encountered, the value for a ratio-based expression will be dependent on both the denominator and numerator. The “ratio problem” is demonstrated with shoot N concentration in blueberries (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) and amino acid accumulation in almonds [Prunis dulcis (Mill.) D.A. Webb]. Data were collected from the first and second growth flush of blueberry shoots on plants that were at two in-row spacings and two rates of N fertilizer. Free amino acid:total amino acid ratios were measured in dormant almond trees fertilized at different rates with and without foliar N supplements. Functions describing the relationship between dry weight and total N content in blueberry tissues have positive y-intercepts for both N fertilizer application rates. Functions describing the relationship between total amino acids and free amino acids in almond trees have a negative y-intercept. Differences attributable to fertilization rate in blueberries probably were the result of differences in N uptake and N utilization, but the effects of spacing and growth flush are indirect and can be accounted for by differences in dry weight. Likewise, effects of fertilization rate and foliar N supplement in almonds are indirect and can be accounted for by differences in the total amino acids in dormant trees. With regression one can determine if the relationship between the denominator and numerator differs for the groups or treatments being studied. When an analysis of covariance is used to account for differences in the denominators of ratio-based expressions, results are consistent with the regression analysis. When a conclusion is based on statistical differences of a ratio-based expression, it is the researcher's responsibility to determine whether these effects are direct or indirect.

scholarly journals Free and Total Amino Acid Composition of Maturing Seed from Six Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) Cultivars

1980 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 32-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. M. M. Basha ◽  
J. P. Cherry ◽  
C. T. Young
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea ◽  
Free Amino Acids ◽  
Free Amino ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Rate Of Change ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea L ◽  
Peanut Cultivars ◽  
Total Amino Acids

Abstract Maturing seeds of six peanut cultivars (Arachis hypogaea L.) varying in protein content at maturity showed differences in rate of change of dry weight, crude protein, and free and total amino acids. Seeds of the high-protein cultivars increased in dry weight and deposited protein at a more rapid rate between immature and low intermediate stages of maturation than did those of the low- and intermediate-protein cultivars. Free amino acid content in seeds classified as low-intermediate maturity from all cultivars was significantly less than was that of those at the immature stage. The greatest change was in seed of the high-protein group. The rate of change of content of selected free amino acids among seed was different for the three groups of cultivars. Similar observations were noted as the content of select total amino acids increased in maturing seeds. Variations in quantities of free amino acids in immature seeds and differences in the rate at which they are incorporated into proteins of seeds from various cultivars suggest that there is genetic variability in the mechanism for synthesis of selected proteins. These differences also indicate the potential for the development of peanut cultivars having seed with nutritionally desirable protein.

Distribution of cellular amino acids, protein, and total organic nitrogen during fruitbody development in Flammulina velutipes. I. Growth on sawdust medium

1982 ◽  
Vol 60 (8) ◽  
pp. 1330-1341 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hans E. Gruen ◽  
William M. Wong
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Free Amino Acids ◽  
Free Amino ◽  
Organic Nitrogen ◽  
Amino Nitrogen ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Flammulina Velutipes ◽  
Total Organic Nitrogen ◽  
Protein Amino Acid ◽  
Protein Amino Acids

Dry weights of stipes and pilei of Flammulina velutipes grown on nutrient-supplemented sawdust increased throughout the growth period. The pilei weighed only slightly less than the stipes. Amounts of total organic nitrogen, α-amino nitrogen, and alkali-soluble protein increased in the whole pileus and stipe as the fruitbodies elongated, but the concentrations on a dry weight basis decreased although they were always highest in the pileus. The concentration of alkali-insoluble nitrogen increased in both structures and was highest in the stipe. Concentrations of total nitrogen and protein in surface mycelium did not change significantly when fruitbodies formed but increased markedly when their growth ceased. An average of 8.3 mg dry weight of spores containing about 0.6 mg of nitrogen was released during the life of the fruitbody. Changes in 18 free and 17 protein amino acids were followed quantitatively in the pileus and stipe. Glutamic and aspartic acids and alanine were always among the four predominant free amino acids. Lysine and arginine concentrations remained low in the stipes but increased considerably in the expanding pilei. Ornithine levels increased strongly in the stipe during the early part of rapid elongation but remained almost constant and low in the pilei. Free proline was detected only in traces. Valine became the most abundant protein amino acid during elongation, especially in the stipe. There was very little bound methionine and cystine. In surface mycelium levels of free amino acids were low before fruiting and close to the end of fruitbody growth. Protein amino acids increased during that interval but their proportions remained virtually unchanged and valine was not predominant. The concentration of urea remained very low in both pilei and stipes during their growth.

AMINO ACIDS PRESENT IN MALE-STERILE COTTONS (GOSSYPIUM)

1968 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 369-373 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patricia Sarvella ◽  
B. J. Stojanovic
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Free Amino Acid ◽  
Acid Content ◽  
Protein Fraction ◽  
Free Amino ◽  
Amino Acid Content ◽  
Acid Fraction ◽  
Male Sterile ◽  
Protein Amino Acid

The leaves and flowers of several genetic and cytoplasmic male-sterile lines were examined for free and protein amino acid content. Fewer amino acids were observed in the leaves in the free amino acid fraction than in the protein fraction. In both samples leaves of all lines had a similar number and quantity of amino acids. Amino acid content in the protein fraction was lower in young buds than mature flowers. Differences in amino acids between normal and sterile flowers were more quantitative than qualitative.

Amino acids of Diclidophora merlangi (Monogenea)

Parasitology ◽  
1975 ◽  
Vol 70 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-46 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Arme ◽  
A. Whyte
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Free Amino ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Pool Analysis ◽  
Single Amino Acid ◽  
Parasite Protein ◽  
Total Pool ◽  
Host Blood

The level of free amino acids in Diclidophora merlangi is high, comprising over 500 μmoles/g ethanol extracted dry weight. A single amino acid, proline, constitutes some 70% of the total pool. Analysis of parasite protein and host blood and mucus revealed low proline levels, suggesting that the high free pool content was not related to a requirement for protein synthesis or to its abundance in the diet of the worm. Experiments revealed that proline was not involved specifically in osmoregulation, and the reasons for the large amounts present in Diclidophora remain unknown.

AMINO ACID ANALYSES OF THE SPECIES IN THE GENUS GOSSYPIUM

1968 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 362-368 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patricia Sarvella ◽  
B. J. Stojanovic
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Butyric Acid ◽  
Free Amino Acids ◽  
Free Amino ◽  
Protein Amino Acid ◽  
Amino Butyric Acid ◽  
Dna Base ◽  
Protein Amino Acids

The free and protein amino acid patterns present in the leaves of the species of the genus Gossy pium were determined. The presence or absence of the free amino acids except for glycine and γ-amino butyric acid did not appear to be of value for separation of the species. However, the patterns of the protein amino acids varied between the genomes, and seemed to separate the species. These patterns were separated into groups similar to those found for the DNA-base ratios and the cytotaxonomic grouping of the species.

PLASTID STRUCTURE, CHLOROPHYLL CONCENTRATION, AND FREE AMINO ACID COMPOSITION OF A CHLOROPHYLL MUTANT OF BARLEY

1963 ◽  
Vol 41 (7) ◽  
pp. 1053-1062 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sally Maclachlan ◽  
Saul Zalik
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Fine Structure ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Amino Acid Composition ◽  
Free Amino Acids ◽  
Free Amino ◽  
Chlorophyll Concentration ◽  
Biochemical Properties ◽  
Lamellar Structures ◽  
Free Amino Acid Composition

Biochemical properties and chloroplast fine-structure of a viridis mutant of Gateway barley are described. The mutant was deficient in chlorophyll and carotenoids when young but developed nearly normal levels of pigment with age (a virescens type). Etiolated mutant seedlings were low in protochlorophyll. In the young mutant, chloroplasts were small and irregular in shape and they contained large vesicles but no normal lamellae or grana. The level of free amino acids, particularly of serine, was extremely high. These disturbances were overcome with age. It is suggested that the mutation alters the lipoprotein of lamellar structures in the plastid, and that other effects are consequential.

Growth and metabolism of cells and tissue of jack pine (Pinus banksiana). 4. Changes in amino acids in callus and in seedlings of similar genetic origin

1976 ◽  
Vol 54 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 468-482 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. J. Durzan ◽  
V. Chalupa
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Free Amino Acid ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Free Amino ◽  
Pinus Banksiana ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Final Size ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Daughter Cells

Growth rates of callus from hypocotyls and radicles of jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.) seedlings were associated with the differential release and adherence of daughter cells. From 18 to 40% of the N in the medium was assimilated through the increasing surface area of callus and contributed nearly 6% of the total gain in dry weight. Sequential changes in free amino acid N leading to final size were similar for callus from both plant parts. Changes in N correlated significantly with growth rates and callus density (dry weight per cubic centimetre). When free amino acid N was expressed as a percentage of the total soluble N, correlations signified the relative proportions of the amino acid pool that gave different growth-rate forms. The balance of N metabolism during the autocatalytic growth of hypocotyl callus was under the influence of free glutamine, whereas the exponential growth of radicle callus was dominated by the synthesis of asparagine N. In callus from both plant parts 80 to 87% of the net gain in N was recovered in the bound (protein and nucleic acid) fraction. Percentage of free glutamine N decreased with the increase in bound N.Ways in which free amino acid N interacted with growth rates indicated that final size may be usefully defined not merely as an extreme of a growth function but in more sequential kinetic terms supported by a series of correlation coefficients. Correlations revealed the specific points at which free amino acids interacted strongly with rates.When amino acid N in callus was compared with N in seedlings from which callus was derived, the trends were strikingly similar. In seedlings the succession of amino acids was linked more to the uptake of N from the gametophyte by cotyledons and daughter cells in growing tissues rather than to their morphogenesis. Differences related mainly to the greater ability of the seedling to synthesize protein and to maintain higher levels of total soluble N than in callus.

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