Cucumber Cultivars Differ in Their Response to Chilling Temperatures

The physiological responses associated with chilling of horticulturally mature cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) fruit were examined using 13 lines that differ in chilling sensitivity. The low correlation coefficient between pitting and decay suggested that these two early manifestations of chilling injury are not significantly related. Likewise, fruit pitting and decay were not highly correlated with the tolerance of seedlings to chilling, suggesting that fruit and seedlings of the same line may have dissimilar sensitivity to chilling temperatures. Exudates from fruit cut in half transversely were collected on filter paper. The amount of exudate showed a significant correlation with pitting, decay, and percent ion leakage after 10 days of chilling. The fresh and dry weight of the exudates from fruit kept for 8 days at 12.5C ranged from 141- to 346-mg fresh weight and from 15 to 47-mg dry weight, respectively. Cucumber lines that were more sensitive to chilling had watery exudate, as indicated by their lower dry weight and percent solids. The conductivity of exudates from sensitive lines was higher (60 μsiemen/cm) than from chilling resistant lines (30 μsiemen/cm). Chilling-induced ethylene production was higher in sensitive than in resistant lines, and chilling caused a greater loss of ethylene forming enzyme activity in resistant lines than from chilling sensitive lines.

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Photoinhibition at Chilling Temperatures

Functional Plant Biology ◽

10.1071/pp9880207 ◽

1988 ◽

Vol 15 (2) ◽

pp. 207 ◽

Cited By ~ 21

Author(s):

RM Smillie ◽

SE Hetherington ◽

J He ◽

R Nott

Keyword(s):

Low Temperatures ◽

Chilling Injury ◽

Leaf Tissue ◽

Pigeon Pea ◽

Tropical Fruit ◽

Fruit Species ◽

Wide Range ◽

Chilling Sensitivity ◽

Chilling Temperatures ◽

Warm Temperate

Relative susceptibilities of chilled leaves to photoinhibition were determined for 15 species of crop annuals showing a wide range of chilling tolerance. Leaf tissue at 7°C was exposed to a moderate photon irradiance of 300 �mol m-2 s-1 and photoinhibition was measured by the decrease in chlorophyll fluorescence (Fv/Fm) measured at 77K. All chilling-resistant plants surveyed (barley, broad bean, oat, pea and wheat) were photoinhibited at chilling temperatures. The chilling-sensitive plants (bean, cucumber, lablab, maize, pearl millet, pigeon pea, sesame, sorghum and tomato) were more susceptible, the mean of values for susceptibility to photoinhibition being twice that of the chilling-resistant plants. Rice, however, showed a tolerance to photoinhibition at 7°C comparable to that of some of the chilling- resistant plants. Indica rices were more susceptible than japonica rices. Photoinhibition increased with decreasing temperature and with increasing photon irradiance in both the chilling-resistant and sensitive plants. In pea and cucumber, photoinhibition at 7°C was correlated linearly with the decrease in photosystem II activity assayed in chloroplast thylakoids isolated from similarly treated tissue. Relative tolerances of leaves of the same 15 species to chilling injury in the dark were also measured. No linear correlation was found between susceptibility of chilled leaves to photoinhibition and susceptibility to dark chilling injury. The pattern of differences between species for photoinhibition at 7°C was largely preserved when photoinhibitory treatments were given at a non-chilling temperature (21°C) by increasing the photon irradiance to 900 �mol m-2 s-1. We conclude that, while the chilling-sensitive plants were generally more susceptible than the chilling-resistant ones to photoinhibition at low temperatures, this arose from a greater sensitivity to the irradiance rather than from the chilling sensitivity. Photoinhibition associated with low temperatures was also demonstrated in the tropical fruit species, banana, pawpaw and Monstera. Low values of Fv/Fm recorded in leaves exposed to full sunlight during the winter month of July (range 0.39-0.56 compared with 0.70-0.79 in January) indicated that photoinhibition could adversely affect some tropical perennial fruit species cultivated in semitropical or warm temperate areas experiencing recurrent cool to cold winters.

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Distribution of Growth and Enzyme Activity in the Developing Grain of Wheat

Australian Journal of Biological Sciences ◽

10.1071/bi9610552 ◽

1961 ◽

Vol 14 (4) ◽

pp. 552 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

AHGC Rijven ◽

R Cohen

Keyword(s):

Enzyme Activity ◽

Nitrogen Content ◽

Total Nitrogen ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Total Nitrogen Content ◽

Fresh Weight

Ears of field-grown wheat were harvested on 12 occasions between anthesis and ripeness. Fresh weight, dry weight, and total nitrogen content of selected grains were determined.

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Optimizing the Storage Temperature and Humidity for Fresh Cranberries: A Reassessment of Chilling Sensitivity

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.43.2.439 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 43 (2) ◽

pp. 439-446 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Charles F. Forney

Keyword(s):

Weight Loss ◽

Storage Temperature ◽

Chilling Injury ◽

Storage Conditions ◽

Storage Life ◽

Fresh Weight ◽

Fruit Storage ◽

Temperature And Humidity ◽

Chilling Sensitivity ◽

Marketable Fruit

Studies were conducted over three seasons to determine the relationship of temperature and humidity on the storage life of fresh cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon Aiton) fruit. Each year, cranberries harvested from four commercial bogs were stored at temperatures ranging from 0 to 10 °C in combination with relative humidities (RH) ranging from 75% to 98%. Fruit were stored under these conditions for up to 6 months and were evaluated monthly for marketability, decay, physiological breakdown, weight loss, and firmness immediately after removal and after an additional week at 20 °C. The percentage of marketable fruit declined substantially over time in all storage conditions with 41% to 57% becoming unmarketable after 2 months as a result of both decay and physiological breakdown. Relative humidity had a greater effect on fruit storage life than temperature and after 5 months, the amount of marketable fruit stored in high (98%) and medium (88%) RH was 71% and 31% less than that stored in low (75% to 82%) RH. Rates of fresh weight loss increased as RH in storage decreased and was 0.41%, 0.81%, and 0.86% per month in fruit stored in high, medium, and low RH, respectively. Fruit firmness was not significantly affected by RH. The effects of storage temperatures ranging from 0 to 7 °C on marketable fruit after 2 to 5 months of storage were not significant. Only fruit stored at 10 °C consistently had fewer marketable fruit when compared with fruit stored at lower temperatures. Storage temperature had no significant effect on decay incidence. However, physiological breakdown was greatest in fruit stored at 10 °C. Rates of fresh weight loss increased with storage temperature, ranging from 0.35% to 1.17% per month for fruit stored at 0 to 10 °C, respectively. Contrary to previous reports, no evidence of chilling injury was found in cranberry fruit stored at 0 °C. Results suggest that cranberry fruit should be stored at 0 to 7 °C and 75% to 82% RH to retain marketable fruit.

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Examination of BRT® Greenmoss, BRT® Evergreen and Fainsoil Bioactivator (FBA) in the Production of Tagetes patula L. ‘Csemő’

Acta Horticulturae et Regiotecturae ◽

10.1515/ahr-2016-0021 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 19 (s1) ◽

pp. 35-39 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Andrea Tilly-Mándy ◽

Anna Radó-Takács ◽

Z. Rab ◽

Péter Honfi

Keyword(s):

Enzyme Activity ◽

Chlorophyll Content ◽

Plant Height ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Organic Fertilizers ◽

Tagetes Patula ◽

Fresh Weight ◽

Growing Media ◽

Peroxidase Enzyme

AbstractThree kinds of recently developed plant growing media and organic fertilizers were studied separately or in combinations inTagetes patulaL. ‘Csemő’ production at the Szent István University, Budapest in 2014. Plant height and width; fresh weight and fresh/dry weight rate, chlorophyll content and peroxidase enzyme activity were detected. Highest and widest plants were obtained in BRT®GreenMoss, GreenMoss in combination with 10% BRT®Evergreen and in common growing mixture combined with 30% BRT®Evergreen in combination with Fainsoil Bioactivator treatment. All treatments increased fresh weight and chlorophyll content.

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Nitrous oxide production by manure samples collected from six manure-handling systems

Canadian Journal of Soil Science ◽

10.4141/s00-025 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 81 (1) ◽

pp. 33-38 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

M. Tenuta ◽

D. A. J. Barry ◽

G. Fairchild ◽

E G Beauchamp

Keyword(s):

Nitrous Oxide ◽

Enzyme Activity ◽

Laboratory Experiments ◽

Poultry Manure ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Storage Conditions ◽

Oxide Production ◽

Nitrous Oxide Production ◽

Highly Correlated ◽

Key Words Nitrous Oxide

Stored manures are often considered to be source of nitrous oxide (N2O). A study was done to identify manure characteristics and handling stages related to N2O production. In two laboratory experiments we investigated the production of N2O from several animal manures collected at different stages of manure handling or locations in stored-manure systems. Denitrifying enzyme activity, denitrification and CO2 production rates and chemical and fibre characteristics of manure samples were also determined. Most samples had low rates of N2O production. Exceptions were open piles of fresh beef manure and the moist surface layer near the base of an open pile of poultry manure. Production of N2O was most highly correlated with nitrite plus nitrate (NO2− + NO3−) content of manure regardless of whether results were expressed on a wet or a dry weight basis. Denitrification was the most probable source of N2O because N2O production with acetylene and denitrifying enzyme activities was higher than N2O production without acetylene. Stored manure is potentially an important source of N2O emissions, particularly when storage conditions are conducive to formation of (NO2− + NO3−). Key words: Nitrous oxide production, denitrification, denitrifying enzyme activity, manure

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Physiological Responses ofKosteletzkya virginicato Coastal Wetland Soil

The Scientific World JOURNAL ◽

10.1155/2015/354581 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 2015 ◽

pp. 1-9 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Hongyan Wang ◽

Xiaoli Tang ◽

Honglei Wang ◽

Hongbo Shao

Keyword(s):

Antioxidant Enzymes ◽

Salt Stress ◽

Coastal Wetland ◽

Physiological Responses ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Wetland Soil ◽

Osmotic Regulation ◽

Fresh Weight ◽

Kosteletzkya Virginica ◽

Relative Membrane Permeability

Effects of salinity on growth and physiological indices ofKosteletzkya virginicaseedlings were studied. Plant height, fresh weight (FW), dry weight (DW), and net photosynthetic rate (Pn) increased at 100 mM NaCl and slightly declined at 200 mM, but higher salinity induced a significant reduction. Chlorophyll content, stomatal conductance (Gs), intercellular CO2concentration (Ci), and transpiration rate (E) were not affected under moderate salinities, while markedly decreased at severe salinities except for the increasedCiat 400 mM NaCl. Furthermore, no significant differences ofFv/Fmand ΦPSII were found at lower than 200 mM NaCl, whereas higher salinity caused the declines ofFv/Fm, ΦPSII, and qP similar toPn, accompanied with higher NPQ. Besides, salt stress reduced the leaf RWC, but caused the accumulation of proline to alleviate osmotic pressure. The increased activities of antioxidant enzymes maintained the normal levels of MDA and relative membrane permeability. To sum up,Kosteletzkya virginicaseedlings have good salt tolerance and this may be partly attributed to its osmotic regulation and antioxidant capacity which help to maintain water balance and normal ROS level to ensure the efficient photosynthesis. These results provided important implications forKosteletzkya virginicaacting as a promising multiuse species for reclaiming coastal soil.

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Aglaonema Cultivars Differ in Resistance to Chilling Temperatures

Journal of Environmental Horticulture ◽

10.24266/0738-2898-19.4.198 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 19 (4) ◽

pp. 198-202

Author(s):

Jianjun Chen ◽

Richard W. Henley ◽

Richard J. Henny ◽

Russell D. Caldwell ◽

Cynthia A. Robinson

Keyword(s):

Genetic Variation ◽

Chilling Injury ◽

Visible Injury ◽

Ornamental Foliage Plants ◽

Chilling Sensitivity ◽

Young Leaves ◽

Chilling Temperatures ◽

Chilling Response ◽

High Degree ◽

New Cultivars

Abstract Aglaonema is considered one of the most chilling sensitive tropical ornamental foliage plants. However, information on resistance of the ever-increasing number of new cultivars to chilling temperatures is not available. In this study, the chilling response of 12 Aglaonema cultivars was evaluated after exposure to 1.7, 7.2, or 12.8C (35, 45, or 55F) for 24 hours. Results showed that a high degree of genetic variation existed among the cultivars. The cultivar ‘Silver Queen’ demonstrated the greatest sensitivity to chilling with 30% of leaves injured at 12.8C (55F). In contrast, three new cultivars, ‘Emerald Star’, ‘Stars’, and ‘Jewel of India’, were the most resistant, each showing no visible injury at 1.7C (35F). Data also indicated that chilling injury to young leaves was much less pronounced than in either mature or old leaves. Additionally, chilling sensitivity of the cultivars was reduced by pre-exposure to cooler temperatures that were slightly above the chilling range.

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SENSITIVITY OF CUCUMBER LINES TO CHILLING INJURY

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.25.9.1174b ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 25 (9) ◽

pp. 1174b-1174

Author(s):

Roberto M. Cabrera ◽

M.E. Saltveit ◽

K. Owens

Keyword(s):

Cucumis Sativus ◽

Filter Paper ◽

Chilling Injury ◽

Ion Leakage ◽

Ion Content ◽

Cucumis Sativus L ◽

Mannitol Solution ◽

Cucumber Fruit ◽

Resistant Lines ◽

Solution Bathing

Cucumber fruit (Cucumis sativus L.) of 13 cultivars were chilled at 2.5C for up to 10 d, Pitting scores after 8 d at 2.5C and 6 d at 20C ranged from 0.0 (none) in `HP 138' to 7.7 (severe) in `Poinsett 76' fruit. Ion leakage, as the increase in conductivity in a 0.3 M mannitol solution bathing excised disks of mesocarp tissue and expressed as % of the total ion content of the tissue, was lowest in `MDR I' (4.5%) and highest in `HP 159' (11%) after 6 d at 2.5C. After 10 d at 2.5C, however, the lowest was in `Navajo' (5.5%) and the highest in `Poinsett 76' (15%). Resistant lines, e.g., `Dasher II' and `HP 138' showed ion leakage of 7.6% and 5.4% after 6 d, and 8.4% and 7.5% after 10 d. Exudates from cut fruit were collected on filter paper. The fresh and dry wt of exudates from fruit held 8 d at 12.5C ranged from 144 to 346 mg and 16 to 47 mg, respectively. Conductivity of the exudates was highest in `PS 34885' (177 uSiemen/cm) and lowest in `Rawa' (83 uS/cm). The fresh wt of exudate from 6 lines ranged from 99 to 164 mg after 10 d at 2.5C followed by an additional 2.4 d at 20C. The % solid-of the exudates was higher in more resistant lines, e.g., `Dasher II' (8%) and `HP 138' (4%) than in more sensitive lines, e.g., `Poinsett 76' (2%) and `MDR I`(2%). Conductivity of the exudates from chilling sensitive lines were higher than from resistant lines, 60 vs. 30 uS/cm, respectively.

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CHARACTERISATION OF FRUIT DEVELOPMENT AND RIPENING IN SOURSOP AND BREADFRUIT

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.25.9.1084d ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 25 (9) ◽

pp. 1084d-1084

Author(s):

Desmond B. Worrell ◽

C. M. Sean Carrington ◽

Donald J. Huber

Keyword(s):

Chilling Injury ◽

Fruit Size ◽

Growth Curves ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Fresh Weight ◽

Ethylene Evolution ◽

Tropical Fruit ◽

Artocarpus Altilis ◽

Maturity Indices ◽

Fruit Development And Ripening

Growth and development were characterised in two compound tropical fruit, soursop, Annona muricata L., and breadfruit, Artocarpus altilis (Park.) Fosb. The growth curves of both fruit were typically sigmoidal as determined by length, diameter, fresh weight and dry weight measurements. Soursop showed biphasic development with the flower/fruit remaining in an apparent resting state for some 12 weeks post anthesis before entering the second or true phase of growth leading to maturity. For both fruit, size increase extended over a 3 month period. Maturity indices were derived for each fruit and simple post harvest changes in texture, respiration and ethylene evolution investigated. storing either fruit under refrigeration down to 14°C significantly extended storage life though at temperatures below this chilling injury was evident.

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Salt Stress and Comparative Physiology in the Gramineae. III. Effect of Salinity Upon Ion Relations and Glycinebetaine and Proline Levels in Spartina × townsendii

Functional Plant Biology ◽

10.1071/pp9780831 ◽

1978 ◽

Vol 5 (6) ◽

pp. 831 ◽

Cited By ~ 19

Author(s):

R Storey ◽

RG Wyn Jones

Keyword(s):

Salt Stress ◽

Osmotic Pressure ◽

Weight Ratio ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Comparative Physiology ◽

Fresh Weight ◽

Ion Relations ◽

Salinity Levels ◽

External Salinity ◽

Highly Correlated

S. × townsendii was grown at a number of salinity levels ranging from 0 to 800 mol m-3. Growth was suppressed by all salt treatments, but in particular, above 300-400 mol m-3. The osmotic pressure of the extracted shoot sap paralleled the rise in the osmotic pressure of the medium. Osmotic compensation was attributed to Na+ and Cl- accumulation at low salinities and to a lowered fresh weight : dry weight ratio at the higher salinities. In the shoots sf plants grown in 50-100 mol m-3 NaCl, Na+ accumulation exceeded the K+ decline. Root K+ was unaffected by all salt treatments. The shoot glycinebetaine content rose in response to external salinity and the accumulation of glycinebetaine was highly correlated (r = 0.99; P < 0.01) with the increase in sap osmotic pressure. Proline also accumulated in response to salt stress and was correlated with sap osmotic pressure (r = 0.98; P < 0.01). However, proline levels were much lower than those of glycinebetaine and became quantitatively significant only in shoots exposed to high inhibitory salinities.

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