scholarly journals Environmental Effects on Blueberry Flower Size and Shape Are Minor

1994 ◽  
Vol 119 (5) ◽  
pp. 1043-1045 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul M. Lyrene
Keyword(s):  
Flower Development ◽  
Fruit Set ◽  
Corolla Tube ◽  
Flower Morphology ◽  
The Other ◽  
Style Length ◽  
Flower Bud ◽  
Aperture Diameter ◽  
Corolla Length ◽  
Tube Position

The effects of environmental factors, including chilling duration during dormancy and temperature during flower bud expansion, were studied on the following blueberry flower parameters: corolla length, corolla aperture diameter, stigma location relative to the apex of the corolla tube, position of the anthers relative to the stigma and to the apex of the corolla, and style length. Flowers on plants that were chilled over 1400 hours differed little from those that received only 310 chill units. Flowers that developed under warmer temperatures had significantly wider corolla apertures. In one experiment but not the other, corolla length and style length increased under warmer temperatures. For nearly every parameter in each of three experiments, there were significant environment × clone interactions. Overall, however, it appeared that neither lack of chill units during dormancy nor warm temperatures during flower development changed flower morphology enough to affect fruit set.

scholarly journals Variation within and among Blueberry Taxa in Flower Size and Shape

1994 ◽  
Vol 119 (5) ◽  
pp. 1039-1042 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul M. Lyrene
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Set ◽  
Corolla Tube ◽  
Style Length ◽  
Vaccinium Ashei ◽  
Aperture Diameter ◽  
Corolla Length ◽  
Tube Position ◽  
Large Clone ◽  
Southern Highbush ◽  
Vaccinium Elliottii

Variation was studied within and among five Vaccinium taxa for the flower parameters corolla length, corolla aperture diameter, stigma location relative to the apex of the corolla tube, position of the anthers relative to the stigma and to the apex of the corolla, and style length. The objective was to determine whether there was enough genetic variation to breed cultivars with flower shapes that might favor pollination by a wider range of bee species. The taxa studied were cultivated rabbiteye (V. ashei Reade), cultivated southern highbush (mainly V. corymbosum L. with up to 30% introgression from V. darrowi Camp), F1 V. ashei × V. constablaei A. Gray hybrids, V. darrowi, and V. elliottii Chapm. Vaccinium elliottii flowers differed from all others in having short styles that were not exserted from the corolla tube. Vaccinium elliottii was also unusual in that the end of the anther tube extended nearly to the stigmatic surface. Vaccinium ashei corollas were longer and had smaller apertures than those of southern highbush, possibly making them less suitable for honeybee (Apis) pollination. For corolla length and aperture diameter, F1 V. ashei × V. constablaei hybrids were similar to southern highbush, indicating that V. constablaei introgression could be used to breed hexaploid cultivars with shorter, more open flowers. Large clone-to-clone variation within taxa for each flower characteristic indicates much potential for changing the shape of the blueberry flower by breeding, if the shape that maximizes fruit set can be determined.

scholarly journals Flower Ontogenesis and Fruit Development of Synsepalum dulcificum

HortScience ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 51 (6) ◽  
pp. 697-702 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chen Xingwei ◽  
Thohirah Lee Abdullah ◽  
Sima Taheri ◽  
Nur Ashikin Psyquay Abdullah ◽  
Siti Aishah Hassan
Keyword(s):  
Flower Development ◽  
Fruit Set ◽  
Flower Morphology ◽  
Flower Bud ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Fruit Drop ◽  
The Family ◽  
Self Fertilization ◽  
Microscopic Techniques ◽  
Days After Anthesis

Synsepalum dulcificum from the family Sapotaceae is known as miracle fruit and is a valuable horticultural species. All plant parts are of medicinal importance whereas the fruit known as magic berry, miracle berry, or sweet berry is consumed fresh. Surprisingly, very little is known on the species in terms of flower morphology and flower development. In this study, an observation on the flower morphology and flower development of miracle fruit has been made with the aid of microscopic techniques. Miracle fruit flower requires 100 days to develop from reproductive meristem to full anthesis. The flower development can be divided into six stages based on the size and appearance of the flower bud. The fruit with persistent style developed and ripened 90 days after anthesis. Heavy fruit drop was observed at 40–60 days after anthesis which contributed to the final fruit set of average of 5.06% per plant. Through this study, miracle fruit is strongly insect pollinated and prevents self-fertilization. A study on pollination ecology is needed to identify the pollinator for miracle fruit, as this is important in manipulating fruit loading in the future.

Flowering and fruit set in lychee (Litchi chinensis Sonn.) in subtropical Queensland

1992 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 105 ◽  
Author(s):  
CM Menzel ◽  
DR Simpson
Keyword(s):  
Flower Development ◽  
Fruit Set ◽  
The Other ◽  
Litchi Chinensis ◽  
Panicle Development ◽  
Maximum Temperatures ◽  
The Times ◽  
Female Flowers

The pattern of panicle and flower development of lychee (Litchi chinensis Sonn.) trees was studied in subtropical Queensland (lat. 27�S.). The cultivars studied were Tai So at 3 sites, Bengal at 4 sites, Kwai May Pink at 2 sites, Salathiel at 3 sites, and Wai Chee at 2 sites. Tai So was the earliest cultivar, with panicle emergence in late May and flower anthesis in mid September. The other cultivars were 5-7 weeks later. Tai So had a longer period of flower anthesis than the other cultivars (4 weeks v. 1-3 weeks). Cultivars Tai So and Bengal generally had longer panicles than cvv. Kwai May Pink, Salathiel and Wai Chee (17-32 v. 10-14 cm), and more flowers per panicle (1800-3400 v. 400-900). Similarly, the number of fruit per panicle ranged from 7-33/panicle 2-3 weeks after the end of flowering, to 4-22/panicle at harvest. The proportion of female flowers setting fruit ranged from 2.1 to 19.5%. Similar estimates for fruit carried to harvest ranged from 0.8 to 6.8%. Variations in the times of panicle emergence, panicle development, and anthesis among the cultivars in relation to seasonal progressions in temperature affected the number of fruit set. The number of fruit set per panicle increased as the number of female flowers per panicle increased. Higher numbers of female flowers were associated with maximum temperatures during flower development of 18�C, with lower numbers at 23�C. Higher maximum temperatures during anthesis (30�C v. 24�C) increased the proportion of female flowers setting fruit.

scholarly journals Flower Bud Stage and Chill Hours Influence the Activity of GA3 Applied to Rabbiteye Blueberry

HortScience ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 316-318 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.S. NeSmith ◽  
Gerard Krewer
Keyword(s):  
Gibberellic Acid ◽  
Growth Regulator ◽  
Flower Development ◽  
Fruit Set ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Single Application ◽  
Flower Buds ◽  
Flower Bud ◽  
Vaccinium Ashei

Individual flower clusters of `Tifblue' rabbiteye blueberry (Vaccinium ashei Reade) were treated with 300 ppm GA at several flower bud stages to determine the activity of the growth regulator in promoting fruit set. Applications were made one time only at a specified stage of flower development, or once followed by a second application. A single application of GA when flower buds had elongated but corollas had not expanded (stage 5) led to the largest increase in fruit set. Two applications of GA, 10 to 18 days apart, increased fruit set compared with a single application at flower developmental stages other than stage 5. Fruit set promoted by a single spray of GA imposed on fully expanded corollas (stage 6) decreased with increasing number of chill hours (350, 520, 760, or 1150). Chemical names used: gibberellic acid (GA).

scholarly journals Flower morphology, floral development and insect visitors to flowers of Nepenthes mirabilis

2017 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 1624-1631
Author(s):  
TRI HANDAYANI
Keyword(s):  
Flower Development ◽  
Floral Development ◽  
Flower Morphology ◽  
Flower Senescence ◽  
Flower Bud ◽  
Flowering Pattern ◽  
Pitcher Plant ◽  
Open Flower ◽  
Inflorescence Development ◽  
Insect Visitors

Handayani T. 2017. Flower morphology, floral development and insect visitors to flowers of Nepenthes mirabilis. Biodiversitas 18: 1624-1631. Nepenthes mirabilis Druce is a commercial ornamental pitcher plant belonging to the Nepenthaceae. This species is often used as a parent plant in artificial crossbreeding. The plant is also used in traditional medicine, rope-making, handicraft, and bouquets. Flower development and pollen maturity are important factors in pitcher plant crossbreeding. However, information about its flowering is still lacking. This study aimed to record the flower morphology, flower development, and faunal visitors to male inflorescences of N. mirabilis planted in Bogor Botanic Gardens, West Java, Indonesia. Twelve racemes of flowers were taken as a sample for observing the process of inflorescence development, while ten flowers on each raceme were observed for investigating the flowering pattern of individual flowers. The morphology of flowers, the process of inflorescence development, the flowering pattern for individual flowers, the number of open flowers, the longevity of anthesis, and the appearance of insect (and/or other faunal) visitors to flowers were observed and recorded, using naked eyes, a hand lens, and a camera. Six phases of inflorescence development were identified: inflorescence bud phase, raceme phase, the opening of the raceme-protecting sheath phase, inflorescence-stalk and flowerstalk growth phase, open flower phase and pollen maturity phase. Four phases of flower development were observed: growth of flower bud, the opening of tepals, pollen maturation, and flower senescence. The pattern of anthesis within an inflorescence was acropetal. The number of flowers per raceme was 56 to 163. The peak duration of anthesis of a flower was 11 days (30.7% of flowers). The length of the raceme-stalks was 17-31 cm. The length of the racemes was 23-38 cm. The most common visitors to the flowers were stingless bees, Trigona apicalis.

Flower Development and Yield of Cucurbita in Four Locations Differing in Temperature

HortScience ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 543d-543
Author(s):  
H.C. Wien ◽  
S. Cady ◽  
D.N. Maynard ◽  
C. McClurg ◽  
D. Riggs
Keyword(s):  
Flower Development ◽  
Cucurbita Pepo ◽  
Fruit Set ◽  
Female Flower ◽  
Flower Bud ◽  
Node Number ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
High Incidence ◽  
Yield Decrease

Preliminary greenhouse experiments indicated that Cucurbita pepo, when grown at high temperatures, shows a high incidence of female flower bud necrosis, preventing those flowers from reaching anthesis and thus delaying fruit set. This can lead to reduced yield in areas with short growing seasons. To determine if delayed fruit set also occurred under field conditions, replicated cultivar trials were conducted during the summer seasons of 1996 and 1997 in Ithaca and Albany, N.Y.; Wye, Md., and Bradenton, Fla. Mean growing season air temperatures were 20, 21, 24, and 28 °C, respectively, at the four locations. Delay in fruit set was indicated by the main stem node number at which the first fruit formed. In Ithaca and Albany, the six cultivars grown in both years formed their first fruit at node 17, while this was shifted to node 24 at Wye, and to node 26 or more at Bradenton. Fruit yields among the C. pepo cultivars ranged from 45 to 85 mt·ha–1 in all locations except Bradenton, where they ranged from 7 to 35 tons. Among C. pepo cultivars, `Appalachian' showed least yield decrease at Bradenton, and `Howden' and `Baby Bear' the most, in the hotter 1996 season. The C. maxima `Prize Winner' yielded well in all locations. The results indicate that delayed fruit set occurred most often in the highest temperature locations. There is scope for selecting for improved high temperature female flower development among C. pepo cultivars.

Reproductive Responses of Capsicum annuum to High Temperatures

HortScience ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 543c-543
Author(s):  
Ami N. Erickson ◽  
Albert H. Markhart
Keyword(s):  
Capsicum Annuum ◽  
High Temperatures ◽  
Fruit Development ◽  
Flower Development ◽  
Fruit Set ◽  
Fruit Production ◽  
Yield Reduction ◽  
Bud Size ◽  
Growth Chambers ◽  
Constant Growth

Fruit yield reduction due to high temperatures has been widely observed in Solanaceous crops. Our past experiments have demonstrated that Capsicum annuum cultivars Ace and Bell Boy completely fail to produce fruit when grown at constant 33 °C. However, flowers are produced, continually. To determine which stages of flower development are sensitive to high temperatures, pepper buds, ranging in size from 1 mm to anthesis, were exposed to high temperatures for 6 hr, 48 hr, 5 days, or for the duration of the experiment. Fruit set for each bud size was determined. Exposure to high temperatures at anthesis and at the 2-mm size stage for 2 or more days significantly reduced fruit production. To determine whether inhibition of pollination, inhibition of fertilization, and/or injury to the female or male structures prevents fruit production at high temperatures, flowers from pepper cultivars Ace and Bell Boy were grown until flowers on the 8th or 9th node were 11 mm in length. Plants were divided between 25 °C and 33 °C constant growth chambers for 2 to 4 days until anthesis. At anthesis, flowers from both treatments were cross-pollinated in all combination, and crosses were equally divided between 33 or 25 °C growth chambers until fruit set or flowers abscised. All flower crosses resulted in 80% to 100% fruit set when post-pollination temperatures were 25 °C. However, post-pollination temperatures of 33 °C significantly reduced fruit production. Reduced fruit set by flowers exposed to high temperatures during anthesis and pollination is not a result of inviable pollen or ovule, but an inhibition of fertilization or initial fruit development.

Effect of High Temperatures on the Postharvest Flowering of Specialty Floral Crop Species

HortScience ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 447f-448
Author(s):  
Millie S. Williams ◽  
Terri Woods Starman ◽  
James E. Faust
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Heat Tolerance ◽  
Flower Development ◽  
Consumer Satisfaction ◽  
The United States ◽  
Plant Canopy ◽  
Flower Number ◽  
Flower Bud ◽  
Crop Species ◽  
Mature Flower

Flower growers experience decreased consumer satisfaction with plant species that cease flowering during the summer. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the heat tolerance of four specialty floral crop species in order to predict their summer performance in the different climatalogical regions of the United States. The effect of increasing temperatures on the duration of postharvest flower development was determined for Ageranthemum frutescens `Butterfly' and `Sugar Baby', Brachycome hybrid `Ultra', and Sutera cordata `Snowflake'. Plants were grown in a 18 °C greenhouse until marketable with foliage covering the container and flowers distributed evenly across the plant canopy. Plants were then placed in a phytotron to determine their heat tolerance. Temperature set points of 18, 23, 28, and 33 °C were delivered serially at 2-week intervals, starting at 18 °C. Plants were then returned to 18 °C after the 33 °C treatment. Immature flower bud, mature flower bud, flower and senesced flower numbers were collected once per week. Sutera `Snowflake', and Brachycome `Ultra' had the greatest flower number at the 23 °C temperature, decreasing in the 28 °C environment. Argeranthemum `Butterfly' and `Sugar Baby' had greatest flower number at 28 °C, but flowers were smaller and of lower quality than at 23 °C. Flower development of all cultivars ceased at 33 °C, but when plants were returned to the 18 °C production greenhouse, flower development resumed. According to normal average daily temperatures in Knoxville, Tenn., Ageranthemum frutescens `Butterfly' and `Sugar Baby' would flower until mid-June, while Brachycome hybrid `Ultra' and Sutera cordata `Snowflake' would flower until mid-May.

scholarly journals Determination of Fertility-Related Traits in Muscadine Grape Population

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 1175
Author(s):  
Jiovan Campbell ◽  
Pranavkumar Gajjar ◽  
Ahmed Ismail ◽  
Fariborz Habibi ◽  
Ahmed G. Darwish ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Set ◽  
The Other ◽  
Average Yield ◽  
Number Of Clusters ◽  
Breeding Lines ◽  
Muscadine Grape

In this study, fertility-related traits of 90 muscadine grape genotypes were evaluated. Selected genotypes included 21 standard cultivars, 60 breeding lines, and nine Vitis × Muscadinia hybrids (VM hybrids). The first fruiting bud (FFB), bud fertility (BF), bud fertility coefficient (BFC), number of flowers/flower cluster (N.F/FC), fruit-set efficiency (FSE), number of clusters/vine (N.C/V), and yield/vine (Y/V) traits were evaluated. The FFB trait did not show significant differences among genotypes. The muscadine genotype O28-4-2-2 (1.6 ± 0.2) displayed the FFB closest to the base; however, O17-16-2-1, O18-2-1, and VM A12-10-2 genotypes had the most distant FFB (3.6 ± 0.3). All the other fertility-related traits varied widely among the population. The BF, BFC, N.F/FC, FSE, N.C/V, and Y/V exhibited a range estimated at 35.1%, 81.5%, 259.7, 63.3%, 177 C/V, and 22.3 kg/V, respectively. The muscadine genotypes O42-3-1 (36.7% ± 1.3) and Majesty (34% ± 1.2) exhibited the highest BF; however, the VM A12-10-2 (1.6% ± 0.1) recorded the lowest BF. The VM genotype O15-16-1 (82.8% ± 4.1) displayed the highest BFC; however, the VM A12-10-2 (1.3% ± 0.1) showed the lowest BFC. The muscadine genotypes D7-1-1 (280.3 F/FC ± 21.7) and O17-17-1 (20.7 F/FC ± 5.5) showed the highest and lowest N.F/FC, respectively. The maximum and minimum FSE was observed for the Rosa cultivar (65.7% ± 2.4) and muscadine genotype D7-1-1 (2.4% ± 0.2), respectively. The minimum N.C/V was recorded for VM genotype A12-10-2 (6 C/V ± 0.2) and maximum noted for muscadine genotypes B20-18-2 (183 C/V ± 7.5) and O44-14-1 (176 C/V ± 7.3). Muscadine genotype O23-11-2 (22.6 kg ± 1.1) produced the highest Y/V; however, the lowest yield was recorded for O15-17-1, Fry Seedless, Sugargate, and the VM genotypes and A12-10-2, with an average yield among them estimated at 0.4 kg ± 0.2.

scholarly journals Heat unit accumulation and inflorescence and fruit development in ‘Ubá’ mango trees grown in Visconde do Rio Branco-MG

2018 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lorena Moreira Carvalho Lemos ◽  
Luiz Carlos Chamhum Salomão ◽  
Dalmo Lopes de Siqueira ◽  
Olinto Liparini Pereira ◽  
Paulo Roberto Cecon
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Development ◽  
Fruit Set ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Mangifera Indica ◽  
Developmental Cycle ◽  
Flower Bud ◽  
Ambient Temperatures ◽  
Heat Units ◽  
Mango Tree ◽  
Apical Bud

Abstract There are little information in the scientific literature on flowering and fruiting of ‘Ubá’ mango trees. These information enables to know the proportion of hermaphrodite flowers in inflorescence, fruit set percentage and developmental stages of the fruit. In this study evaluations on inflorescence and fruit development of the ‘Ubá’ mango tree (Mangifera indica L.) were carried out, as well as the determination of the required number of heat units for full fruit development. Thirty branches whose terminal buds were swollen were selected from five mango trees. With the aid of a camera and a caliper, the panicle and fruit development were evaluated weekly until full fruit development. A digital thermometer was used to record ambient temperatures during fruit development in order to estimate the number of heat units required for complete development of the fruits. Male and hermaphrodite flowers of the panicles were also identified and counted. The developmental cycle of ‘Ubá’ mango from the beginning of apical bud swelling to commercial harvest of the fruit lasted 168 days in 2011 and 154 days in 2012. The number of hermaphrodite flowers and the percentage of fruit set in the inflorescence in 2011 were 32.3 and 0.066%, respectively; and 122.1 and 0.099% in 2012, respectively. There was accumulation of 3,173 heat units from flower bud swelling to full development of the ‘Ubá’ mangoes.

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