scholarly journals Light Absorption and Partitioning in Relation to Nitrogen Content in `Fuji' Apple Leaves

2000 ◽  
Vol 125 (5) ◽  
pp. 581-587 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lailiang Cheng ◽  
Leslie H. Fuchigami ◽  
Patrick J. Breen
Keyword(s):  
Nonphotochemical Quenching ◽  
High Light ◽  
Photon Flux ◽  
Photochemical Quenching ◽  
Light Conditions ◽  
Psii Efficiency ◽  
Fluorescence Measurements ◽  
Fuji Apple ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
Leaf N

Bench-grafted `Fuji' apple [Malus sylvestris (L.) Mill. var. domestica (Borkh.) Mansf.] trees on Malling 26 (M.26) rootstocks were fertigated for 6 weeks with N concentrations ranging from 0 to 20 mm. These treatments produced levels of leaf N ranging from 0.9 to 4.3 g·m-2. Over this range, leaf absorptance increased curvilinearly from 74.8% to 92.5%. The light saturation point for CO2 assimilation expressed on the basis of absorbed light increased linearly at first with increasing leaf N, then reached a plateau at a leaf N content of ≈3 g·m-2. Under high light conditions (photosynthetic photon flux of 1500 μmol·m-2·s-1), the amount of absorbed light in excess of that required to saturate CO2 assimilation decreased with increasing leaf N. Chlorophyll fluorescence measurements revealed that the maximum photosystem II (PSII) efficiency of dark-adapted leaves was relatively constant over the leaf N range, except for a slight decrease at the lower end. As leaf N increased, nonphotochemical quenching declined under high light, and there was an increase in the efficiency with which the absorbed photons were delivered to open PSII centers. The photochemical quenching coefficient remained high except for a decrease at the lower end of the leaf N range. Actual PSII efficiency increased curvilinearly with increasing leaf N, and was highly correlated with light-saturated CO2 assimilation. The fraction of absorbed light potentially going into singlet oxygen formation was estimated to be ≈10%, regardless of leaf N status. It was concluded that there was more excess absorbed light in low N leaves than in high N leaves under high light conditions. Nonphotochemical quenching was enhanced with decreasing leaf N to reduce both the PSII efficiency and the probability of damage from photooxidation by excess absorbed light.

Light Absorption and Partitioning in Response to Nitrogen in Apple Leaves

HortScience ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 541a-541
Author(s):  
Lailiang Cheng ◽  
Leslie H. Fuchigami ◽  
Patrick J. Breen
Keyword(s):  
High Light ◽  
Thermal Dissipation ◽  
Photochemical Quenching ◽  
Light Conditions ◽  
Psii Efficiency ◽  
Fluorescence Measurements ◽  
Free Radical Formation ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
Non Photochemical Quenching ◽  
Leaf N

Bench-grafted Fuji/M26 apple trees were fertigated with different concentrations of nitrogen by using a modified Hoagland solution for 6 weeks, resulting in a range of leaf N from 1.0 to 4.3 g·m–2. Over this range, leaf absorptance increased curvilinearly from 75% to 92.5%. Under high light conditions (1500 (mol·m–2·s–1), the amount of absorbed light in excess of that required to saturate CO2 assimilation decreased with increasing leaf N. Chlorophyll fluorescence measurements revealed that the maximum photosystem II (PSII) efficiency of dark-adapted leaves was relatively constant over the leaf N range except for a slight drop at the lower end. As leaf N increased, non-photochemical quenching under high light declined and there was a corresponding increase in the efficiency with which the absorbed photons were delivered to open PSII centers. Photochemical quenching coefficient decreased significantly at the lower end of the leaf N range. Actual PSII efficiency increased curvilinearly with increasing leaf N, and was highly correlated with light-saturated CO2 assimilation. The fraction of absorbed light potentially used for free radical formation was estimated to be about 10% regardless of the leaf N status. It was concluded that increased thermal dissipation protected leaves from photo-oxidation as leaf N declined.

Stomatal aperture can compensate altered stomatal density in Arabidopsis thaliana at growth light conditions

2006 ◽  
Vol 33 (11) ◽  
pp. 1037 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dirk Büssis ◽  
Uritza von Groll ◽  
Joachim Fisahn ◽  
Thomas Altmann
Keyword(s):  
Arabidopsis Thaliana ◽  
Stomatal Conductance ◽  
Stomatal Density ◽  
Co2 Assimilation ◽  
High Light ◽  
Stomatal Aperture ◽  
Photochemical Quenching ◽  
Light Conditions ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Light Intensities

Stomatal density of transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana plants over-expressing the SDD1 (stomatal density and distribution) gene was reduced to 40% and in the sdd1-1 mutant increased to 300% of the wild type. CO2 assimilation rate and stomatal conductance of over-expressers and the sdd1-1 mutant were unchanged compared with wild types when measured under the light conditions the plants were exposed to during growth. Lower stomatal density was compensated for by increased stomatal aperture and conversely, increased stomatal density was compensated for by reduced stomatal aperture. At high light intensities the assimilation rates and stomatal conductance of SDD1 over-expressers were reduced to 80% of those in wild type plants. Areas beneath stomata and patches lacking stomata were analysed separately. In areas without stomata, maximum fluorescence yield (Fv / Fm) and quantum yield of photosystem II (Φ PSII) were significantly lower than in areas beneath stomata. In areas beneath stomata, Fv / Fm and Φ PSII were identical to levels measured in wild type leaves. At high light intensities over-expressers showed decreased photochemical quenching (qP) compared with wild types. However, the decrease of qP was significantly stronger in areas without stomata than in mesophyll areas beneath stomata. At high CO2 partial pressures and high light intensities CO2 assimilation rates of SDD1 over-expressers did not reach wild type levels. These results indicate that photosynthesis in SDD1 over-expressers was reduced because of limiting CO2 in areas furthest from stomata at high light.

scholarly journals Genotypic Variability in Photosynthesis, Water Use, and Light Absorption among Red and Freeman Maple Cultivars in Response to Drought Stress

2003 ◽  
Vol 128 (3) ◽  
pp. 337-342 ◽  
Author(s):  
William L. Bauerle ◽  
Jerry B. Dudley ◽  
Lawrence W. Grimes
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Drought Stress ◽  
Light Absorption ◽  
Acer Rubrum ◽  
Stress Conditions ◽  
Photochemical Quenching ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
Psii Efficiency ◽  
Fluorescence Measurements ◽  
Water Stress Condition

Cultivars of red (Acer rubrum L.) and Freeman maple (Acer ×freemanii E. Murray) are popular ornamental plants which are commonly placed in a variety of landscapes. To date, little information quantifies the capacity to tolerate and recover from drought among cultivars of red and Freeman maple. The objective of this study was to compare the effects of water stress on the physiology of five different maple cultivars of marketable size including four red maple genotypes, `Summer Red', `October Glory' (October Glory), `Autumn Flame', and `Franksred' (Red Sunset), as well as one hybridized Freeman maple genotype, `Jeffersred' (Autumn Blaze). Two-year-old cloned genotypes of red and Freeman maple were subjected to two treatments: irrigated daily to container capacity or irrigation withheld for one drought and recovery cycle. Light absorption, gas exchange, and chlorophyll fluorescence measurements were conducted under well-watered and drought stress conditions that approached 0.070 m3·m-3. Compared to well-watered conditions, drought stress conditions of 0.090 m3·m-3 had a significant main effect that reduced the amount of light absorption in four of the five genotypes. Additionally, absorption among genotypes was different under both well-watered and water stress conditions. Over the course of drought stress and a recovery phase, net photosynthesis and stomatal conductance were different among genotypes. Maximum photosystem II (PSII) efficiency of dark-adapted leaves (Fv/Fm) was lowered by the water stress condition. The efficiency of excitation capture by open PSII reaction centers (Fv`/Fm') was variable among genotypes. Photochemical quenching was higher in Autumn Blaze, October Glory, and `Summer Red' under drought conditions, which corresponded with a low degree of closure of PSII centers. Additionally, the fraction of excess excitation energy was also lower. Lastly, water deficit caused an increase in PSII efficiency in all genotypes except Autumn Blaze. This research demonstrated physiological variation among commercially available red and Freeman maple genotypes that may be selected for drought tolerance based on site moisture characteristics.

scholarly journals 588 Photosystem II Efficiency and CO2 Assimilation in Response to Light and CO2 in Leaves of Deciduous Tree Fruit

HortScience ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 548B-548
Author(s):  
Lailiang Cheng ◽  
Leslie H. Fuchigami ◽  
Patrick J. Breen
Keyword(s):  
Electron Transport ◽  
Photosystem Ii ◽  
Electron Flow ◽  
Nonphotochemical Quenching ◽  
Reaction Centers ◽  
Deciduous Tree ◽  
Photon Flux ◽  
Photon Flux Density ◽  
Similar Response ◽  
Psii Efficiency

Photosystem II (PSII) efficiency and CO2 assimilation in response to photon flux density (PFD) and intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci) were monitored simultaneously in leaves of apple, pear, apricot, and cherry with a combined system for measuring chlorophyll fluorescence and gas exchange. When photorespiration was minimized by low O2 (2%) and saturated CO2 (1300 ppm), a linear relationship was found between PSII efficiency and the quantum yield for CO2 assimilation with altering PFD, indicating CO2 assimilation in this case is closely linked to PSII activity. As PFD increased from 80 to 1900 μmol·m–2·s–1 under ambient CO2 (350 ppm) and O2 (21%) conditions, PSII efficiency decreased by increased nonphotochemical quenching and decreased concentration of open PSII reaction centers. The rate of linear electron transport showed a similar response to PFD as CO2 assimilation. As Ci increased from 50 to 1000 ppm under saturating PFD (1000 μmol·m–2·s–1) and ambient O2, PSII efficiency was increased initially by decreased nonphotochemical quenching and increased concentration of open PSII reaction centers and then leveled off with further a rise in Ci. CO2 assimilation reached a plateau at a higher Ci than PSII efficiency because increasing Ci diverted electron flow from O2 reduction to CO2 assimilation by depressing photorespiration. It is concluded that PSII efficiency is regulated by both nonphotochemical quenching and concentration of open PSII reaction centers in response to light and CO2 to meet the requirement for photosynthetic electron transport.

scholarly journals Zeaxanthin-dependent nonphotochemical quenching does not occur in photosystem I in the higher plant Arabidopsis thaliana

2017 ◽  
Vol 114 (18) ◽  
pp. 4828-4832 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lijin Tian ◽  
Pengqi Xu ◽  
Volha U. Chukhutsina ◽  
Alfred R. Holzwarth ◽  
Roberta Croce
Keyword(s):  
Arabidopsis Thaliana ◽  
Photosystem I ◽  
Light Stress ◽  
Photosynthetic Apparatus ◽  
Nonphotochemical Quenching ◽  
High Light ◽  
Higher Plant ◽  
Fluorescence Measurements ◽  
Kinetics Of

Nonphotochemical quenching (NPQ) is the process that protects the photosynthetic apparatus of plants and algae from photodamage by dissipating as heat the energy absorbed in excess. Studies on NPQ have almost exclusively focused on photosystem II (PSII), as it was believed that NPQ does not occur in photosystem I (PSI). Recently, Ballottari et al. [Ballottari M, et al. (2014) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 111:E2431–E2438], analyzing PSI particles isolated from an Arabidopsis thaliana mutant that accumulates zeaxanthin constitutively, have reported that this xanthophyll can efficiently induce chlorophyll fluorescence quenching in PSI. In this work, we have checked the biological relevance of this finding by analyzing WT plants under high-light stress conditions. By performing time-resolved fluorescence measurements on PSI isolated from Arabidopsis thaliana WT in dark-adapted and high-light–stressed (NPQ) states, we find that the fluorescence kinetics of both PSI are nearly identical. To validate this result in vivo, we have measured the kinetics of PSI directly on leaves in unquenched and NPQ states; again, no differences were observed. It is concluded that PSI does not undergo NPQ in biologically relevant conditions in Arabidopsis thaliana. The possible role of zeaxanthin in PSI photoprotection is discussed.

scholarly journals Gas Exchange Responses of Papaya Leaves to Light Variation as Influenced by Drought

HortScience ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 881D-881
Author(s):  
Hiphil S. Clemente ◽  
Thomas E. Marler
Keyword(s):  
Gas Exchange ◽  
High Light ◽  
Photon Flux ◽  
Light Conditions ◽  
Low Light ◽  
Daily Water ◽  
The Mean ◽  
To Receive ◽  
Tracking Response ◽  
Mild Drought

Container-grown papaya plants were subjected to a slow drying cycle by replenishing a portion of the mean daily water loss. When light-saturated net CO2 assimilation (A) of stressed plants was ≈70% of well-watered plants, sun–cloud transitions were simulated by placing shadecloth between a lamp and the leaf cuvette. The cuvette was initially positioned to receive photosynthetic photon flux (PPF) of ≈1600 μmol–m–2–s–1. The shadecloth was placed over the cuvette for a 3-min period (250 μmol–m–2–s–1), then removed. Gas-exchange responses were recorded for another 3 min of high light. Within 20 sec of initiating low light on well-watered plants, A was <50% of the high-light value. Stomatal conductance (gs) of these plants began to decline by 60 sec and slowly declined to <90% of the high-light value. Both A and gs recovered to the original values by ≈2 min following return to the high-light conditions. For stressed plants, the decline of gs under low light began earlier and was of greater magnitude, and gs and A recovery following the return to high light was delayed. These results indicate that papaya has suntracking capabilities, and mild drought stress enhances the tracking response.

scholarly journals Gradual Response of Cyanobacterial Thylakoids to Acute High-Light Stress—Importance of Carotenoid Accumulation

Cells ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 1916
Author(s):  
Myriam Canonico ◽  
Grzegorz Konert ◽  
Aurélie Crepin ◽  
Barbora Šedivá ◽  
Radek Kaňa
Keyword(s):  
Single Cell ◽  
Thylakoid Membrane ◽  
Intermediate Phase ◽  
Light Stress ◽  
Fast Response ◽  
High Light ◽  
Photochemical Quenching ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
Ros Scavenging ◽  
Non Photochemical Quenching

Light plays an essential role in photosynthesis; however, its excess can cause damage to cellular components. Photosynthetic organisms thus developed a set of photoprotective mechanisms (e.g., non-photochemical quenching, photoinhibition) that can be studied by a classic biochemical and biophysical methods in cell suspension. Here, we combined these bulk methods with single-cell identification of microdomains in thylakoid membrane during high-light (HL) stress. We used Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 cells with YFP tagged photosystem I. The single-cell data pointed to a three-phase response of cells to acute HL stress. We defined: (1) fast response phase (0–30 min), (2) intermediate phase (30–120 min), and (3) slow acclimation phase (120–360 min). During the first phase, cyanobacterial cells activated photoprotective mechanisms such as photoinhibition and non-photochemical quenching. Later on (during the second phase), we temporarily observed functional decoupling of phycobilisomes and sustained monomerization of photosystem II dimer. Simultaneously, cells also initiated accumulation of carotenoids, especially ɣ–carotene, the main precursor of all carotenoids. In the last phase, in addition to ɣ-carotene, we also observed accumulation of myxoxanthophyll and more even spatial distribution of photosystems and phycobilisomes between microdomains. We suggest that the overall carotenoid increase during HL stress could be involved either in the direct photoprotection (e.g., in ROS scavenging) and/or could play an additional role in maintaining optimal distribution of photosystems in thylakoid membrane to attain efficient photoprotection.

Changes in the Stoichiometry of Photosystem II Components as an Adaptive Response to High-Light and Low-Light Conditions during Growth

1986 ◽  
Vol 41 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 597-603 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aloysius Wild ◽  
Matthias Höpfner ◽  
Wolfgang Rühle ◽  
Michael Richter
Keyword(s):  
Photosystem Ii ◽  
Functional Organization ◽  
Photosynthetic Apparatus ◽  
High Light ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Light Conditions ◽  
Low Light ◽  
Pigment System ◽  
Transport Chain ◽  
The One

The effect of different growth light intensities (60 W·m-2, 6 W·m-2) on the performance of the photosynthetic apparatus of mustard plants (Sinapis alba L.) was studied. A distinct decrease in photosystem II content per chlorophyll under low-light conditions compared to high-light conditions was found. For P-680 as well as for Oᴀ and Oв protein the molar ratio between high-light and low-light plants was 1.4 whereas the respective concentrations per chlorophyll showed some variations for P-680 and Oᴀ on the one and Oв protein on the other hand.In addition to the study of photosystem II components, the concentrations of PQ, Cyt f, and P-700 were measured. The light regime during growth had no effect on the amount of P-700 per chlorophyll but there were large differences with respect to PQ and Cyt f. The molar ratio for Cyt f and PQ between high- and low-light leaves was 2.2 and 1.9, respectively.Two models are proposed, showing the functional organization of the pigment system and the electron transport chain in thylakoids of high-light and low-light leaves of mustard plants.

Monitoring of cold and light stress impact on photosynthesis by using the laser induced fluorescence transient (LIFT) approach

2010 ◽  
Vol 37 (5) ◽  
pp. 395 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roland Pieruschka ◽  
Denis Klimov ◽  
Zbigniew S. Kolber ◽  
Joseph A. Berry
Keyword(s):  
Photosynthetic Efficiency ◽  
Light Stress ◽  
Pulse Amplitude ◽  
Laser Induced Fluorescence ◽  
High Light Intensity ◽  
High Light ◽  
Persea Americana ◽  
Effective Quantum Yield ◽  
Fluorescence Transient ◽  
Fluorescence Measurements

Chlorophyll fluorescence measurements have been widely applied to quantify the photosynthetic efficiency of plants non-destructively. The most commonly used pulse amplitude modulated (PAM) technique provides a saturating light pulse, which is not practical at the canopy scale. We report here on a recently developed technique, laser induced fluorescence transient (LIFT), which is capable of remotely measuring the photosynthetic efficiency of selected leaves at a distance of up to 50 m. The LIFT approach correlated well with gas exchange measurements under laboratory conditions and was tested in a field experiment monitoring the combined effect of low temperatures and high light intensity on a variety of plants during the early winter in California. We observed a reduction in maximum and effective quantum yield in electron transport for Capsicum annuum L., Lycopersicon esculentum L. and Persea americana Mill. as the temperatures fell, while a grass community was not affected by combined low temperature and high light stress. The ability to make continuous, automatic and remote measurements of the photosynthetic efficiency of leaves with the LIFT system provides a new approach for studying and monitoring of stress effects on the canopy scale.

Variation among slash pine families in chlorophyll fluorescence traits

2003 ◽  
Vol 33 (6) ◽  
pp. 1102-1109 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anita C Koehn ◽  
James H Roberds ◽  
Robert L Doudrick
Keyword(s):  
Photosystem Ii ◽  
Growth Traits ◽  
Pinus Elliottii ◽  
Nonphotochemical Quenching ◽  
Slash Pine ◽  
Photochemical Quenching ◽  
Full Sibling ◽  
Pretreatment Effects ◽  
Pattern Of Variation ◽  
Variance Profile

Photochemical quenching, nonphotochemical quenching, and yield of photosystem II were measured on seedlings of full-sibling, open-, and self-pollinated slash pine (Pinus elliottii Engelm. var. elliottii) families. Our results reveal that genetic variation in photochemical quenching and yield of photosystem II exists within this species. The pattern of variation found in these traits is consistent with the variance profile expected to occur as a result of segregation among nuclear genes. Variation among families accounted for 17% of the total variation observed in photochemical quenching, whereas the component for trees within families made up slightly more than 25% of the total. Less variation, both among families as well as among trees within families, was found for yield of photosystem II. A strikingly different pattern was observed for nonphotochemical quenching. Other than the error term, only pretreatment effects contributed significantly to the variation observed. This suggests that nonphotochemical quenching is largely influenced by environmental factors. With regard to associations between fluorescence and growth traits, both height and diameter growth were found to be positively correlated with photochemical quenching (0.36 and 0.33, respectively) when selfed and open-pollinated families were analyzed along with control-pollinated families.

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