scholarly journals Inheritance of the Flower Types of Gerbera hybrida

2004 ◽  
Vol 129 (6) ◽  
pp. 802-810 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wesley E. Kloos ◽  
Carol G. George ◽  
Laurie K. Sorge

Cultivated gerbera daisies [Gerbera hybrida (G. jamesonii Bolus ex Adlam × G. viridifolia Schultz-Bip)] have several different flower types. They include single and crested cultivars that have normal florets with elliptical (ligulate) outer corolla lips and spider cultivars that have florets with laciniated (split) outer corolla lips appearing as several pointed lobes. The objective of this investigation was to determine the mode of inheritance of the major flower types of gerberas in the North Carolina State Univ. collection. The collection contained parents and four generations of progeny representing a wide range of single and crested cultivars and some spider cultivars. Genotypes of parents used in crosses were determined by testcrosses to single-flowered, ligulate floret cultivars similar in phenotype to the wild, parental gerbera species. Testcrosses indicated that the wild type was recessive to the crested and spider flower types and given the genotype crcrspsp. For each of the types, a series of crosses were made to produce PA, PB, F1, F2, BC1A, and BC1B progeny. Allelism was tested operationally by crossing genotypes in all possible combinations and observing single-gene-pair ratios. Linkage relationships among the crested and spider loci were tested using dihybrid crosses and testcrosses. Phenotypic segregation ratios suggested the presence of two dominant alleles, Crd and Cr, determining the enlarged disk and trans floret, male-sterile and enlarged trans floret, male-fertile crested types, respectively, and an unlinked dominant gene, Sp, determining the spider type. Dominance appeared to be incomplete due to the reduction of trans floret length in most Crdcr and Crcr heterozygotes compared to crested homozygotes and the appearance of the quasi-spider type (spider trans and disk florets and ligulate and/or slightly notched ray florets) among certain crested Spsp heterozygotes.

HortScience ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 40 (5) ◽  
pp. 1246-1251 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wesley E. Kloos ◽  
Carol G. George ◽  
Laurie K. Sorge

The cultivated gerbera daisy [Gerbera hybrida (G. jamesonii Bolus ex Adlam × G. viridifolia Schultz-Bip)] often contracts powdery mildew (PM) when grown under conditions of high humidity. During field and greenhouse performance trials conducted with gerberas of the North Carolina State University collection, two half-sib field plants and two of their greenhouse-grown progeny were identified as being highly resistant to PM caused by Podosphaera (Sphaerotheca) fusca (Fr.) Blumer emend. Braun & Takamatsu. These plants were also unusual in having smooth glossy leaves with very low numbers of bristle macrohairs (MHs) on the adaxial leaf surface compared to wild type. The primary objectives of this investigation were to determine the mode of inheritance of PM resistance and MH density traits and determine if there was a causal relationship between the phenotypes. Parental genotypes were determined by testcrosses to wild-type, PM-susceptible and MH-high-density leaf cultivars. For each trait, a series of crosses were made to produce PA, PB, F1, F2, BC1A, and BC1B progeny. Linkage relationships among PM resistance and MH density loci were examined by testcrosses. Phenotypic segregation ratios suggested the presence of a dominant allele, Pmr1, determining PM resistance and an unlinked dominant allele, Mhd, determining low density of adaxial bristle MHs and moderate reduction in abaxial smooth MHs. The Pmr1 allele appeared to be incompletely dominant in some heterozygotes where one parent was from a highly PM susceptible background. Modifying genes may have some affect on the level of PM resistance or susceptibility. The Mhd allele appeared to be incompletely dominant in some heterozygotes. Segregation ratios indicated that the wild-type alleles were recessive to the PM-resistance and MH-low-density alleles and given the designation pmr1 and mhd, respectively. Density of leaf MHs did not affect PM resistance.


Genetics ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 150 (1) ◽  
pp. 383-391 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hoang V Tang ◽  
Ruying Chang ◽  
Daryl R Pring

Abstract Defective nuclear-cytoplasmic interactions leading to aberrant microgametogenesis in sorghum carrying the IS1112C male-sterile cytoplasm occur very late in pollen maturation. Amelioration of this condition, the restoration of pollen viability, involves a novel two-gene gametophytic system, wherein genes designated Rf3 and Rf4 are required for viability of individual gametes. Rf3 is tightly linked to, or represents, a single gene that regulates a transcript processing activity that cleaves transcriptsof orf107, a chimeric mitochondrial open reading frame specific to IS1112C. The mitochondrial gene urf 209 is also subject to nucleus-specific enhanced transcript processing, 5′ to the gene, conferred by a single dominant gene designated Mmt1. Examinations of transcript patterns in F2 and two backcross populations indicated cosegregation of the augmented orf107 and urf209 processing activities in IS1112C. Several sorghum lines that do not restore fertility or confer orf107 transcript processing do exhibit urf209 transcript processing, indicating that the activities are distinguishable. We conclude that the nuclear gene(s) conferring enhanced orf107 and urf209 processing activities are tightly linked in IS1112C. Alternatively, the similarity in apparent regulatory action of the genes may indicate allelic differences wherein the IS1112C Rf3 allele may differ from alleles of maintainer lines by the capability to regulate both orf107 and urf209 processing activities.


2012 ◽  
Vol 29 (7) ◽  
pp. 933-943 ◽  
Author(s):  
Weinan Pan ◽  
R. P. Boyles ◽  
J. G. White ◽  
J. L. Heitman

Abstract Soil moisture has important implications for meteorology, climatology, hydrology, and agriculture. This has led to growing interest in development of in situ soil moisture monitoring networks. Measurement interpretation is severely limited without soil property data. In North Carolina, soil moisture has been monitored since 1999 as a routine parameter in the statewide Environment and Climate Observing Network (ECONet), but with little soils information available for ECONet sites. The objective of this paper is to provide soils data for ECONet development. The authors studied soil physical properties at 27 ECONet sites and generated a database with 13 soil physical parameters, including sand, silt, and clay contents; bulk density; total porosity; saturated hydraulic conductivity; air-dried water content; and water retention at six pressures. Soil properties were highly variable among individual ECONet sites [coefficients of variation (CVs) ranging from 12% to 80%]. This wide range of properties suggests very different behavior among sites with respect to soil moisture. A principal component analysis indicated parameter groupings associated primarily with soil texture, bulk density, and air-dried water content accounted for 80% of the total variance in the dataset. These results suggested that a few specific soil properties could be measured to provide an understanding of differences in sites with respect to major soil properties. The authors also illustrate how the measured soil properties have been used to develop new soil moisture products and data screening for the North Carolina ECONet. The methods, analysis, and results presented here have applications to North Carolina and for other regions with heterogeneous soils where soil moisture monitoring is valuable.


1970 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. P. McPhee ◽  
Alan Robertson

SUMMARYA selection experiment for sternopleural bristles in Drosophila melanogaster was undertaken to measure the effect of suppressing crossing-over on chromosomes II and III using the inversions Curly and Moiré marked with a dominant gene, which severely reduce crossing-over. In one set of lines selected wild-type males were mated to selected females, heterozygous for Cy and Mé, and in a parallel set selected males carrying the inversions were mated to selected wild-type females. Because there is no crossing-over in the males in this species, crossing-over is much reduced in the first set and is at its usual level in the second. The effect of the selection was measured on flies which did not carry the inversions. The suppression of crossing-over reduced the advance at the limit by 28 ± 8% for selection upwards and by 22 ± 7% for selection downwards. The segregation ratios of the inversions were observed throughout the experiment. At the end, the proportion of wild-type flies emerging was not different in the two sets of lines. The results are consistent with an assumption of initial linkage equilibrium between loci affecting sternopleural bristles in the base population.


2009 ◽  
Vol 62 (3) ◽  
pp. 172
Author(s):  
Dorothy Hodder

Coastal North Carolina, and especially Wilmington and the Lower CapeFear area, has been the location for many exciting events for more than four centuries. This book provides a comprehensive tool for discovering these sites.  In this easy-to-use guide, author Jack E. Fryar, a native of Wilmington, offers an illustrated tour of the many historical tourism stops in the southeastern part of the state. The list of entries is color-coded by location and includes a wide range of sites, including the gardens, cemeteries, museums, and even the North Carolina Room at the New Hanover County Public Library.


1996 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 149-153
Author(s):  
K.H. Widdup ◽  
J.R. Caradus ◽  
J. Green ◽  
Mueller Pennell

An ecotype collection of 98 populations of white clover (Trifolium repens L.) from pastures in the eastern USA together with five USA Ladino and five New Zealand cultivars were grown in grass swards at Raleigh, North Carolina; Palmerston North and Lincoln, New Zealand. The material was compared for leaf size, cyanogenesis, seasonal growth, % clover cover and persistence. When examined as a single group, the USA ecotypes consisted of a wide range of plant types from small-leaved acyanogenic to large-leaved cyanogenic types. This contrasted with the uniformly large-leaved acyanogenic USA Ladino cultivars which have been the principal cultivars sown in eastern USA. Various selection pressures over time together with introgression between Ladino and resident wild clover types has resulted in a wide array of plant types. At the North Carolina site, USA ecotype material generally demonstrated better growth and persistence compared to the USA Ladino and New Zealand cultivars. The best ecotype plots from the Piedmont (inland region) had 55% clover cover by the third spring compared to 12% cover from the USA cultivar, SRVR and 2% cover from the NZ cultivar, Huia. Selective pressures such as hot summers, viruses, root-feeding pests and other stresses on the local clover types have resulted in ecotype material with improved adaptive features. The USA ecotype collection is an important source of germplasm for development of improved white clovers for the eastern USA. At the New Zealand sites, the USA material demonstrated pooraverage yields compared to NZ cultivars. However, a small set of USA ecotypes showed good recovery following the dry 1995 summer at Lincoln and this material warrants closer examination to determine the adaptive mechanisms involved. As the USA ecotypes show a general lack of adaptation to New Zealand pastures, any desirable features such as heat tolerance, deeper nodal roots or virus resistance uncovered in this material will require hybridisation and backcrossing with selected elite New Zealand material to capture the benefits. Keywords: adaptation, eastern USA, ecotype populations,


HortScience ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 40 (7) ◽  
pp. 1992-1994 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wesley E. Kloos ◽  
Carol G. George ◽  
Laurie K. Sorge

The cultivated gerbera daisy [Gerbera hybrida (G. jamesonii Bolus ex Adlam × G. viridifolia Schultz-Bip)] produces flowers that have either a dark (shades of dark brown, brown-black, black-purple, or black) or light (shades of green-yellow, yellow-green, or light yellow) central disk. The dark-centered varieties have increased in popularity over the past 20 years and provided an exciting color contrast, especially in white, yellow, and various pastel-colored flowers. The objective of this investigation was to determine the mode of inheritance of disk color in gerberas. A series of crosses were made to produce PA, PB, F1, F2, BC1A, and BC1B progeny to complete the Mendelian genetic analysis. Phenotypic segregation ratios indicated that dark disk color was determined by a single dominant gene, designated Dc, and the light disk color by a recessive gene, dc. Dominance appeared to be complete in that the disk color was similar in both homozygous and heterozygous Dc plants.


HortScience ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 809B-809
Author(s):  
Dennis J. Werner ◽  
Michael A. Creller

Inheritance of male sterility in peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] Plant Introduction (PI) 240928 was investigated. Crosses of PI 240928 with five wild-type clones yielded all male-sterile offspring, indicating dominant gene action. Inheritance of the sweet kernel trait in peach was studied in F1 and F2 progeny of `Summer Beaut' nectarine (sweet kernel) × `Biscoe' peach (bitter kernel). All four F1 progeny were bitter. Segregation in an F2 of 80 progeny fit a ratio of 3 bitter: 1 sweet. We propose that the gene controlling the sweet kernel trait be designated sk. Sweet kernel (sk) was linked to nectarine (g) at a map distance of 17 cM. Evaluation of the peach PI collection showed that PI 129678 (`Stanwick' nectarine) and PI 34685 (`Quetta' nectarine) were the only clones with a sweet kernel. Crosses between `Davie II' and `Honeyglo' nectarine (dwdw) confirmed that the gene conferring the dwarf phenotype in progeny of `Davie II' is non-allelic to dw.


2007 ◽  
Vol 67 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-24
Author(s):  
Juan Mulato-Brito ◽  
Aureliano Peña-Lomelí ◽  
Jaime Sahagún-Castellanos ◽  
Clemente Villanueva-Verduzco ◽  
José de Jesús López-Reynoso

Self-Compatibility Inheritance in Tomatillo (Physalis IxocarpaBrot.)One of the main limiting factors to improve tomatillo is the presence of self-incompatibility which has been reported to be gametophytic. In an early research, a self-compatible plant was found in the Rendidora landrace and this allowed us to investigate the inheritance of self-compatibility gene (s) in tomatillo. The following crosses were performed: self-compatible x self-incompatible, self-compatible x self-compatible and self-incompatible x self-incompatible and their respective reciprocal crosses. Segregation ratios on self-compatibility versus self-incompatibility in their offspring indicate that self-compatibility is not inherited via cytoplasm, so the responsible gene is located in chromosomes. The inheritance of self-compatibility is due to a single dominant gene (Sc) which is a mutation at the S locus. Self-compatible individuals are strictly heterozygous (Sc,4) and finally, the self-compatibility allele (Sc), in the male side (Sc,4), seems to be non functional when self-pollinating the Sc,4stigma. A single gene controlling stem pubescence was also found.


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