Hydrogeological precursors of earthquakes and volcanic activations according to observation data in Kamchatka Peninsula wells

The purpose of the study is generalization of data on the manifestations of hydrogeological earthquake precursors and volcanic activations based on long-term observations in the wells of the eastern part of the Kamchatka Peninsula. The main problem under consideration is the connection between the manifestations of hydrogeological precursors in several wells with the values of the magnitude Mw and epicentral distance of earthquakes to the wells de as well as with the parameters of seismic action in the observation area including specific density of seismic wave energy e and macroseismic intensity of shaking IMSK-64. The study results revealed that hydrogeological precursors in two-four wells had been manifesting for the period from 1 to 9 months before the strongest earthquakes with Mw = 6.6–7.8 at the epicentral distances de = 90–300 km. Such earthquakes were accompanied by the shakings of the intensity of IMSK-64 = 4–6 points. The specific density of seismic energy under such earthquakes was minimum 0.1 J/m3. The hydrogeological precursors were confined to the area for which the ratios of the earthquake epicentral distance de to the maximum linear size of the earthquake source L, km ranged from 1 to 3.7. Using the established relationships between the manifestations of hydrogeological precursors and earthquake parameters, weekly prognostic conclusions were made for expert earthquake prediction councils based on the data of current observations in wells. The well located at the distance of 15 and 20 km from the Koryaksky and Avacha active volcanoes featured the anomalous rise of groundwater pressure before the eruptions in 1991 and 2008– 2009. Therefore, a conclusion can be drawn that observation equipment operating in wells, the study results of hydrogeological precursors of earthquakes and volcanic eruptions as well as their application experience in the work of expert councils can form the scientific and technical basis for the development of geoinformation prediction technology for natural disasters in the Kamchatka Krai.

Download Full-text

Towards Managing Organizational Change: An Empirical Study

Annals of Contemporary Developments in Management & HR ◽

10.33166/acdmhr.2021.02.004 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 3 (2) ◽

pp. 41-50

Author(s):

Sulaiman Abdullahi Bambale ◽

Saheed Ademola Lateef ◽

Ibrahim Abdulmalik

Keyword(s):

Organizational Change ◽

Structural Equation ◽

Employee Commitment ◽

Employee Motivation ◽

Partial Least Square ◽

Least Square ◽

Trust Building ◽

Observation Data ◽

Study Results ◽

The Relationship

This study examines the relationship between trust buildings, motivating employees, and employee commitment toward organizational change. A self-administrated questionnaire was used to gather data. The study provides a basic understanding of organizational change. Through systemic, theoretical, and conceptual understanding, the arguments of the study are built on the importance of communication in the organization and how in bringing organizational change. The current study proposed that trust-building, employee motivation, and employee commitment will be related to organizational change. A total of 292 copies of completed questionnaires were returned, representing 90.7% of the total questionnaire distribution to both managers and owners of manufacturing firms. Out of which, only 275 questionnaires were usable for the analysis after removing incomplete data and outliers. Partial Least Square-Structural Equation Modelling (PLS-SEM) was used to analyze as a popularly accepted model to justify the theory with the observation data. The study results revealed that trust-building, employee motivation and employee commitment have significant effects on organizational change. The current study also claims the importance of collaboration within employees of any organization at the level of transition. The current study will help professionals and academics and enhancing their leadership abilities, it will benefit and inspire trust members to show better outcomes. However, it is recommended that further research is needed in this direction to confirm the result of this study. Finally, this study concludes that trust-building, employee commitment and employee motivation play a significant role in organizational change.

Download Full-text

Socio-Cultural Dynamics of Resilience Building: Lesson Learned from Sleman, Indonesia

JKAP (Jurnal Kebijakan dan Administrasi Publik) ◽

10.22146/jkap.42391 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 23 (1) ◽

pp. 63

Author(s):

Agusma Putri Wardani ◽

Bevaola Kusumasari

Keyword(s):

Community Dynamics ◽

Public Awareness ◽

Volcanic Eruptions ◽

Policy Implications ◽

Cultural Dynamics ◽

Community Based Interventions ◽

Cultural Changes ◽

Study Results ◽

Resilient Communities

The eruption of Mount Merapi in 2010 was one of the largest volcanic eruptions in Indonesian history. The catastrophic event resulted in fatalities, loss of homes and livelihoods, infrastructure damage, and trauma for residents. There also a shift in community dynamics. The purpose of this study is to analyse and understand the formation of resilient communities by examining the shift in the society dynamics, specifically socio-cultural changes in community-based interventions. The study is a case study of Pangukrejo Hamlet in Sleman, Indonesia. Study results showed that in the aftermath of the eruption, the community experienced changes in degree of harmony and mutual respect among members. The study identified community economy dynamics, which are attributable to three interventions. Study results formed the basis for drawing policy implications for public awareness of disaster risk and post-disaster recovery in general.

Download Full-text

Impact of the Christmas 2018 Mount Etna Eruption on the Regional Air Quality

10.5194/egusphere-egu21-2167 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Claire Lamotte ◽

Jonathan Guth ◽

Virginie Marécal ◽

Giuseppe Salerno ◽

Nicolas Theys ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Air Quality ◽

Regional Scale ◽

Volcanic Eruptions ◽

Mount Etna ◽

Surface Measurement ◽

Volcanic Plume ◽

Observation Data ◽

Sulfate Aerosols ◽

Lower Altitude ◽

The Impact

Volcanic eruptions are events that can eject several tons of material into the atmosphere. Among these emissions, sulfur dioxide is the main sulfurous volcanic gas. It can form sulfate aerosols that are harmful to health or, being highly soluble, it can condense in water particles and form acid rain. Thus, volcanic eruptions can have an environmental impact on a regional scale.The Mediterranean region is very interesting from this point of view because it is a densely populated region with a strong anthropogenic activity, therefore polluted, in which Mount Etna is also located. Mount Etna is the largest passive SO2 emitter in Europe, but it can also sporadically produce strong eruptive events. It is then likely that the additional input of sulfur compounds into the atmosphere by volcanic emissions may have effects on the regional atmospheric sulfur composition.We are particularly investigating the eruption of Mount Etna on December 24, 2018 [Corradini et al, 2020]. This eruption took place along a 2 km long breach on the side of the volcano, thus at a lower altitude than its main crater. About 100 kt of SO2 and 35 kt of ash were released in total, between December 24 and 30. With the exception of the 24th, the quantities of ash were always lower than the SO2.The availability of the TROPOMI SO2column estimates, at fine spatial resolution (7 km x 3.5 km at nadir) and associated averaging kernels, during this eruptive period made it also an excellent case study. It allows us to follow the evolution of SO2 in the volcanic plume over several days.Using the CNRM MOCAGE chemistry-transport model (CTM), we aim to quantify the impact of this volcanic eruption on atmospheric composition, sulfur deposition and air quality at the regional scale. The comparison of the model with the TROPOMI observation data allows us to assess the ability of the model to properly represent the plume. In spite of a particular meteorological situation, leading to a complex plume transport, MOCAGE shows a good agreement with TROPOMI observations. Thus, from the MOCAGE simulation, we can evaluate the impact of the eruption on the regional concentrations of SO2 and sulfate aerosols, but also analyse the quantities of dry and wet deposition, and compare it to surface measurement stations.

Download Full-text

Performance Prediction Equations for Linear Planar Structural Systems: Concept, Formulation, and Validation

Earthquake Spectra ◽

10.1193/110716eqs194m ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 34 (2) ◽

pp. 697-718 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Marta De Bortoli ◽

Farzin Zareian

Keyword(s):

Seismic Response ◽

Performance Prediction ◽

Epicentral Distance ◽

Response Spectrum ◽

Accurate Estimate ◽

Structural Systems ◽

Prediction Equations ◽

Base Shear ◽

Earthquake Parameters ◽

Ground Motion Model

This paper presents and validates an analytical formulation, denoted as Performance Prediction Equations (PPEs), that relates the seismic response engineering demand parameter (EDP) of buildings to earthquake parameters such as magnitude, epicentral distance, and type of faulting. PPEs are conceptually novel and can be readily included in any hazard calculation program to directly estimate EDP hazard curves. The PPEs presented herein are based on the linearization of response spectrum analysis (RSA) formulation for estimation of the seismic response of multi-degree-of-freedom (MDOF) models for planar structural systems. Equations for mean and variance are provided for floor displacement, interstory drift ratio, and normalized base shear. The input parameters needed to apply the proposed PPEs are the modal properties of the structural system and the selection of an existing ground motion model (GMM). The proposed PPEs are validated against simulated results using a set of planar building models and the Campbell-Bozorgnia 2014 GMM. The comparison confirms that the proposed PPEs provide an accurate estimate of the statistics of the said EDPs.

Download Full-text

A thunderstorm in the Kamchatka Peninsula region from the VLF-radiation observation data

Russian Meteorology and Hydrology ◽

10.3103/s106837391107003x ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 36 (7) ◽

pp. 447-452 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

G. I. Druzhin ◽

N. V. Cherneva ◽

A. N. Mel’nikov

Keyword(s):

Kamchatka Peninsula ◽

Observation Data

Download Full-text

Stepwise Assessment of Different Saltation Theories in Comparison with Field Observation Data

Atmosphere ◽

10.3390/atmos11010010 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

pp. 10

Author(s):

Haeju Lee ◽

Sung Hoon Park

Keyword(s):

Wind Erosion ◽

Friction Velocity ◽

Evaluation Studies ◽

Surface Wind ◽

Dust Emission ◽

Measurement Data ◽

Surface Wind Speed ◽

Soil Conditions ◽

Observation Data ◽

Study Results

Wind-blown dust models use input data, including soil conditions and meteorology, to interpret the multi-step wind erosion process and predict the quantity of dust emission. Therefore, the accuracy of the wind-blown dust models is dependent on the accuracy of each input condition and the robustness of the model schemes for each elemental step of wind erosion. A thorough evaluation of a wind-blown model thus requires validation of the input conditions and the elemental model schemes. However, most model evaluations and intercomparisons have focused on the final output of the models, i.e., the vertical dust emission. Recently, a delicate set of measurement data for saltation flux and friction velocity was reported from the Japan-Australia Dust Experiment (JADE) Project, which enabled the step-by-step evaluation of wind-blown dust models up to the saltation step. When all the input parameters were provided from the observations, both the two widely used saltation schemes showed very good agreement with measurements, with the correlation coefficient and the agreement of index both being larger than 0.9, which demonstrated the strong robustness of the physical schemes for saltation. However, using the meteorology model to estimate the input conditions such as weather and soil conditions, considerably degraded the models’ performance. The critical reason for the model failure was determined to be the inaccuracy in the estimation of the threshold friction velocity (representing soil condition), followed by inaccurate estimation of surface wind speed. It was not possible to determine which of the two saltation schemes was superior, based on the present study results. Such differentiation will require further evaluation studies using more measurements of saltation flux and vertical dust emissions.

Download Full-text

Infrasonic waves from volcanic eruptions on the Kamchatka peninsula

Izvestiya Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics ◽

10.1134/s0001433813030080 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 49 (4) ◽

pp. 420-431 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

E. I. Gordeev ◽

P. P. Firstov ◽

S. N. Kulichkov ◽

E. R. Makhmudov

Keyword(s):

Volcanic Eruptions ◽

Kamchatka Peninsula ◽

Infrasonic Waves

Download Full-text

Efektifitas Dosis Biofungisida Pelet Trichoderma sp. Untuk Mencegah Perkembangan Jamur Ganoderma boninense Pada Pembibitan Kelapa Sawit

Jurnal Ilmiah Mahasiswa Pertanian ◽

10.17969/jimfp.v4i3.11702 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 4 (3) ◽

pp. 1-10

Author(s):

Ikhsan Ikhsan ◽

Hartati Oktarina ◽

Tjut Chamzurni

Keyword(s):

Oil Palm ◽

Age Factors ◽

Pathogenic Fungi ◽

Effective Dosage ◽

Observation Data ◽

Ganoderma Boninense ◽

Randomized Design ◽

Trichoderma Sp ◽

Study Results ◽

Rot Disease

Abstrak. Ganoderma boninense adalah jamur patogen yang mengakibatkan tanaman yang belum menghasilkan dan tanaman menghasilkan pada kelapa sawit menjadi layu dan mati. Alternatif pengendalian yang dapat dilakukan untuk mencegah penyakit busuk pangkal batang (BPB) yang disebabkan jamur G.boninense pada bibit kelapa sawit adalah pengendalian biologis biofungisida pelet yang mengandung spesies Trichoderma harzianum dan Trichoderma virens. Faktor yang menentukan berhasilnya bioungisida pelet adalah dosis yang digunakan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui dosis efektif biofungisida pelet untuk mencegah penyakit BPB. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan menggunakan Rancangan Acak Lengkap Non Faktorial yang terdiri dari 7 perlakuan dan 3 ulangan. Tiap unit terdiri dai 4 bibit yang masing-masing ditanam pada 1 kg/polibag. Perlakuannya menggunakan dosis biofungisida pelet spesies T. harzianum dan T. Virens yaitu 0, 1.5, 2.5 dan 3.5 g/polybag. Data pengamatan yang diperoleh dari hasil analisis sidik ragam akan dilakukan uji lanjut Beda nyata terkecil (BNT) apabila perlakuan berbeda nyata. Hasil penelitian dari uji beberapa dosis biofungisida pelet spesies T. harzianum dan T. virens pada masa inkubasi dan Persentase tanaman terserang menunjukkan pengaruh sangat nyata dalam mencegah jamur G. boninense. Pada jumlah daun 120 HSI juga menunjukkan pengaruh nyata terhadap beberapa dosis biofungisida pelet Trichoderma dan pengaruh faktor usia dari kelapa sawit.Effectivity Doses of Pellet biofungicides Trichoderma sp.To Prevent Fungal Development of Genoderma boninense In Oil Palm NusreriesAbstract. Ganoderma boninense is pathogenic fungi that attacks immature plants and plants producing oil palm be withered and died. Alternative control that can be done to prevent basal stem rot disease (BPB) which is caused by G. boninense on oil palm seeds is biological control of pellet biofungicides including T. harzianum and T. Virens species. The factor that determines the success of pellet biofungicide is the dose used. This study aims to determine the effective dosage of pellet biofungicides to prevent BPB. This research was using a Non Factorial Completely Randomized Design consisting of 7 treatments and 3 replications. The treatment used doses of pellet biofungicide of T. harzianum and T. Virens species which are 0, 1.5, 2.5 and 3.5 g / polybag. Observation data was obtained from the results of the using variance that will be carried out by the least significant differences (LSD) if the treatment is significantly different. The study results of several doses of pellet biofungicide T. harzianum and T. Virens species during the incubation period and the percentage of attacked plants showed a very significant influence in preventing G.boninense fungi. The number of leaves 120 HSI also showed a significant effect on several doses of Trichoderma pellet biofungicide and the influence of age factors from oil palm.

Download Full-text

An Observing System Simulation Experiment Framework for Air Quality Forecasts in Northeast Asia: A Case Study Utilizing Virtual Geostationary Environment Monitoring Spectrometer and Surface Monitored Aerosol Data

Remote Sensing ◽

10.3390/rs14020389 ◽

2022 ◽

Vol 14 (2) ◽

pp. 389

Author(s):

Hyeon-Kook Kim ◽

Seunghee Lee ◽

Kang-Ho Bae ◽

Kwonho Jeon ◽

Myong-In Lee ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Air Quality ◽

South Korea ◽

System Simulation ◽

Northeast Asia ◽

Gobi Desert ◽

Observation Data ◽

Environment Monitoring ◽

Study Results ◽

Current Monitoring

Prior knowledge of the effectiveness of new observation instruments or new data streams for air quality can contribute significantly to shaping the policy and budget planning related to those instruments and data. In view of this, one of the main purposes of the development and application of the Observing System Simulation Experiments (OSSE) is to assess the potential impact of new observations on the quality of the current monitoring or forecasting systems, thereby making this framework valuable. This study introduces the overall OSSE framework established to support air quality forecasting and the details of its individual components. Furthermore, it shows case study results from Northeast Asia and the potential benefits of the new observation data scenarios on the PM2.5 forecasting skills, including the PM data from 200 virtual monitoring sites in the Gobi Desert and North Korean non-forest areas (NEWPM) and the aerosol optical depths (AOD) data from South Korea’s Geostationary Environment Monitoring Spectrometer (GEMS AOD). Performance statistics suggest that the concurrent assimilation of the NEWPM and the PM data from current monitoring sites in China and South Korea can improve the PM2.5 concentration forecasts in South Korea by 66.4% on average for October 2017 and 95.1% on average for February 2018. Assimilating the GEMS AOD improved the performance of the PM2.5 forecasts in South Korea for October 2017 by approximately 68.4% (~78.9% for February 2018). This OSSE framework is expected to be continuously implemented to verify its utilization potential for various air quality observation systems and data scenarios. Hopefully, this kind of application result will aid environmental researchers and decision-makers in performing additional in-depth studies for the improvement of PM air quality forecasts.

Download Full-text

Appraising the Early-est earthquake monitoring system for tsunami alerting at the Italian Candidate Tsunami Service Provider

Natural Hazards and Earth System Science ◽

10.5194/nhess-15-2019-2015 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 15 (9) ◽

pp. 2019-2036 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

F. Bernardi ◽

A. Lomax ◽

A. Michelini ◽

V. Lauciani ◽

A. Piatanesi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Service Provider ◽

Epicentral Distance ◽

Source Parameters ◽

Earthquake Source ◽

Tsunami Warning ◽

Earthquake Parameters ◽

Warning Messages ◽

Earthquake Source Parameters ◽

Hypocenter Depth ◽

Epicenter Location

Abstract. In this paper we present and discuss the performance of the procedure for earthquake location and characterization implemented in the Italian Candidate Tsunami Service Provider at the Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV) in Rome. Following the ICG/NEAMTWS guidelines, the first tsunami warning messages are based only on seismic information, i.e., epicenter location, hypocenter depth, and magnitude, which are automatically computed by the software Early-est. Early-est is a package for rapid location and seismic/tsunamigenic characterization of earthquakes. The Early-est software package operates using offline-event or continuous-real-time seismic waveform data to perform trace processing and picking, and, at a regular report interval, phase association, event detection, hypocenter location, and event characterization. Early-est also provides mb, Mwp, and Mwpd magnitude estimations. mb magnitudes are preferred for events with Mwp &lesssim; 5.8, while Mwpd estimations are valid for events with Mwp &gtrsim; 7.2. In this paper we present the earthquake parameters computed by Early-est between the beginning of March 2012 and the end of December 2014 on a global scale for events with magnitude M &geq; 5.5, and we also present the detection timeline. We compare the earthquake parameters automatically computed by Early-est with the same parameters listed in reference catalogs. Such reference catalogs are manually revised/verified by scientists. The goal of this work is to test the accuracy and reliability of the fully automatic locations provided by Early-est. In our analysis, the epicenter location, hypocenter depth and magnitude parameters do not differ significantly from the values in the reference catalogs. Both mb and Mwp magnitudes show differences to the reference catalogs. We thus derived correction functions in order to minimize the differences and correct biases between our values and the ones from the reference catalogs. Correction of the Mwp distance dependency is particularly relevant, since this magnitude refers to the larger and probably tsunamigenic earthquakes. Mwp values at stations with epicentral distance Δ &lesssim; 30° are significantly overestimated with respect to the CMT-global solutions, whereas Mwp values at stations with epicentral distance Δ &gtrsim; 90° are slightly underestimated. After applying such distance correction the Mwp provided by Early-est differs from CMT-global catalog values of about δ Mwp &approx; 0.0 &mp; 0.2. Early-est continuously acquires time-series data and updates the earthquake source parameters. Our analysis shows that the epicenter coordinates and the magnitude values converge within less than 10 min (5 min in the Mediterranean region) toward the stable values. Our analysis shows that we can compute Mwp magnitudes that do not display short epicentral distance dependency overestimation, and we can provide robust and reliable earthquake source parameters to compile tsunami warning messages within less than 15 min after the event origin time.

Download Full-text