​​Nursery Rearing of Penaeus vannamei in Biofloc Systems with Different Salinities and Organic Carbon Sources

Background: Nursery rearing of Penaeus vannamei became inevitable in the Indian shrimp farming industry, since intensification of culture practices in grow-out systems caused nitrogenous wastes accumulation, diseases, mortality and premature harvests resulted in high food conversion ratio, lower production and profits. The nursery rearing in traditional water exchange systems often getting failure because of nitrogenous waste accumulation. Hence, the present experiment was planned to rear P. vannamei in bioflocs systems (BFS) with different salinities and carbon sources. Methods: The experiment was conducted in 0.22 m3 tanks with three different salinity groups viz., 35 ppt, 20 ppt and 5 ppt and in each salinity sugar, molasses used as carbon sources to maintain an estimated C/N ratio of 15:1 and controls without carbon sources. Experimental tanks were stocked @6 post larvae/l, with pre-salinity acclimatized P.vannamei seeds having 0.0029±0.0003g size and nursed for a period of 5 weeks. Result: The nitrogenous waste accumulation was reduced significantly (p less than 0.05), also average body weight and survival rate of the seeds showed significant difference (p less than 0.001) between treatments and controls and within treatments (p less than 0.05). Salinity, carbon sources and their interaction influenced the growth characteristics significantly (p less than 0.01). The present experiment manifested promising results of bioflocs nurseries in rearing of P. vannamei seeds at different salinities.

The Loss of Ecosystem Services in Women’s Forest at Youtefa Bay, Jayapura, Papua, Indonesia

The uniqueness of mangrove protection in Papua is found in the Enggros Tribe, Youtefa Bay, Jayapura, Indonesia, a Women’s Forest. Women’s Forest is a mangrove forest managed under the Tonotwiyat customary law of Enggros Tribe, where men are prohibited from entering and foraging in this forest. However, the function of women’s forest ecosystem services began to decline by decreasing water quality, waste accumulation, and land conversion. The loss of ecosystem services must be analyzed to identify and quantify the loss of indigenous peoples. Based on the four frameworks of ecosystem service functions of TEEB (2011), the provisioning services, regulating services, habitat services, and cultural services, then carried out by desk study and in-depth interviews, it is shown that the most perceived loss by the community was the reduction in provisioning services by the declining the number of fish and bia noor. There is also a decline in cultural services satisfaction from women’s forests, where it is a place to talk and tell stories for Enggros Women. Further research in economic losses is needed. Local management by the Enggros Tribe itself must be increased, followed by the support from external stakeholders for the sustainability of women’s forests.

Potensi Reduksi Emisi GRK dan Kelayakan Finansial dari Teknologi Hidrotermal untuk Pengolahan Sampah di Kabupaten Tangerang

Peningkatan konsentrasi gas rumah kaca (GRK) di atmosfer telah menimbulkan efek pemanasan global. Salah satu kontributor emisi GRK adalah penumpukan sampah di TPA tanpa pengolahan lebih lanjut. TPA Jatiwaringin di Kabupaten Tangerang diprediksi akan mengalami overcapacity, sehingga diperlukan mitigasi untuk mengurangi sampah di TPA, salah satunya dengan teknologi hidrotermal. Namun dalam penerapan teknologi hidrotermal membutuhkan biaya yang tinggi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengestimasi potensi emisi GRK sebelum adanya proyek hidrotermal, mengestimasi potensi reduksi emisi GRK setelah adanya proyek hidrotermal, menganalisis kelayakan finansial dari proyek hidrotermal. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) AMS-III.E untuk mengestimasi potensi reduksi emisi GRK proyek hidrotermal dan analisis cashflow untuk mengevaluasi kelayakan finansialnya. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan emisi baseline pada tahun 2021 diestimasi sebesar 18.766 t CO2 e dan akan meningkat menjadi 21.865 t CO2 e (16,5%) pada tahun 2030. Emisi proyek diestimasi sebesar 5883 t CO2 e per tahun. Rata-rata persentase potensi reduksi emisi GRK dari proyek hidrotermal tahun 2021-2030 sebesar 70,94% (Skenario 2 putaran per hari) dan 68,26% (Skenario 3 putaran per hari). Proyek hidrotermal juga layak secara finansial, dengan syarat produk hidrotermal yaitu Refused Derived Fuel (RDF) dapat terjual setidaknya 72% dan jumlah iuran masyarakat yang terkumpul minimal 50% dari target penerimaan iuran. ABSTRACTAn increase in the atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases (GHGs) produces global warming effect. One of GHGs emissions contributors is waste accumulation of in the landfill. Jatiwaringin landfill in Tangerang Regency is predicted to reach overcapacity. Therefore, mitigation measures are required to reduce such waste. One of potential measures is hydrothermal treatment technology for urban scale, but its implementation is costly. This study aims to: estimate the potential GHGs emissions prior the hydrothermal project, estimate the potential GHGs emission reduction after the project, and analyze the financial feasibility of the project. This study employs Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) method i.e., AMS-III.E to estimate the GHGs emissions reduction potential of hydrothermal projects and cashflow analysis to evaluate the project financial feasibility. The results show that the baseline emissions in 2021 are estimated at 18,766 t CO2 e and would increase to 21,865 t CO2 e (16.5%) in 2030. The potential project emissions are estimated at 5883 t CO2 e per year. The GHGs emission reductions could reach 70.94% (2 batches per day) and 68.26% (3 batches per day) within 2021-2030. Furthermore, the hydrothermal project would be financially feasible, if the hydrothermal product i.e., Refused Derived Fuel (RDF) are sold at least 72% and the cumulative households-contribution is at least 50% of the target.

Solid Waste And Its Interference On The Water Quality Of The Igarapé¹ do Quarenta Educandos Basin - Manaus/Am

The “Igarapé do Quarenta”, a stream in Educandos basin, is categorized today as the "worst" and most polluted of the city Manaus, Amazonas, due to the accumulation of solid waste and contamination by heavy metals along its course. The main objective of this research was to verify the influence of solid waste in critical points of the Igarapé do Quarenta, on the water quality of the stream. The area of solid waste accumulation ("garbage") and the water quality in the stream and around and under the bridges of the Igarapé do Quarenta, between the springs (Armando Mendes and Zumbi neighborhoods) and the mouth (Educandos), in the Amazon "summer" and "winter"," were quantified. Water quality was evaluated at each sampling site. The macroscopic analysis demonstrated its importance for the feasibility diagnosis, finding that two of the three springs found are degraded and disturbed. The pH and electrical conductivity values in the sample sites visited, in the upper and middle, of the Igarapé do Quarenta, were very high values in relation to the maximum values recorded in a natural environment in other water streams of Manaus.

Cyclo.Plas 2: A Dual Focus Development as Alternative Materials to Plastic by Upcycling Fish Scale Waste Components

Using the biomimicry of fish scale composition, calcium salts and collagen, Cyclo.Plas 2 (CP2) is a dual-focus materials development addressing plastic degradability and waste accumulation. The biomineralisation concept was applied to valorise 3D-printed polylactic acid (PLA) waste with a fish scale-inspired mineral, hydroxyapatite (HAp), to form composites. It was found that the composites exhibited greater flexural strength compared to 3D-printed PLA waste and had faster degradation in hydrolysis, home composting and acidic environments. Following the sclerotisation concept, the physicochemical properties of intact collagenous matrix of fish scale waste were enhanced to form a thin, plastic-like material. These thin films were comparable to low-density polyethylene (LDPE), with high transparency and shrinkage performance. Samples biodegraded after 8 weeks with no phytotoxicity and enhanced plant growth. Trials showed improved thermal stability and water resistance, yet the samples degraded with low total dissolved solids. Cyclo.Plas 2 serves as a preventative and practical disposal solution to promoting a circular economy through home composting.

Streptomyces as Potential Synthetic Polymer Degraders: A Systematic Review

The inherent resistance of synthetic plastics to degradation has led to an increasing challenge of waste accumulation problem and created a pollution issue that can only be addressed with novel complementary methods such as biodegradation. Since biocontrol is a promising eco-friendly option to address this challenge, the identification of suitable biological agents is a crucial requirement. Among the existing options, organisms of the Streptomyces genus have been reported to biodegrade several complex polymeric macromolecules such as chitin, lignin, and cellulose. Therefore, this systematic review aimed to evaluate the potential of Streptomyces strains for the biodegradation of synthetic plastics. The results showed that although Streptomyces strains are widely distributed in different ecosystems in nature, few studies have explored their capacity as degraders of synthetic polymers. Moreover, most of the research in this field has focused on Streptomyces strains with promising biotransforming potential against polyethylene-like polymers. Our findings suggest that this field of study is still in the early stages of development. Moreover, considering the diverse ecological niches associated with Streptomyces, these actinobacteria could serve as complementary agents for plastic waste management and thereby enhance carbon cycle dynamics.

Vermicomposting—Facts, Benefits and Knowledge Gaps

Industrialization and urbanization have led to an increased accumulation of waste materials that are transformed into a nutrient-rich and high-quality product called vermicompost by the vermicomposting process. Vermicomposting is an ecofriendly and economically favorable biotechnological process that involves the interaction of earthworms and microorganisms. Due to the importance of this process and its great potential in dealing with the consequences of waste accumulation, this review aims to provide key insights as well as highlight knowledge gaps. It is emphasized that there is a great challenge in understanding and clarifying the mechanisms involved in the vermicomposting process. The optimization of the factors affecting the possible application of vermicompost is crucial for obtaining the final product. Information on the composition of bacterial communities, amount of vermicompost, effect on heavy metal content, plant pathogens, diseases and organic waste selection is here recognized as currently the most important issues to be addressed. By answering these knowledge gaps, it is possible to enable wider utilization of vermicompost products.

Regulation of food waste management in Ukraine and abroad

In the world in general and in Ukraine in particular, there is a catastrophic environmental situation with food waste. The solution to the problem of waste accumulation, the organization of quality control of compliance with legislation in their treatment, the formation of environmental awareness of the population is hampered by the lack of unanimity in defining the essence of waste, industrial waste, waste in the regulatory framework and among scientists. The aim of the work is to study the essence of the definition of food waste in domestic and foreign scientific discussions and regulations in terms of improving the regulation of their treatment in Ukraine. Scientific discussion of domestic and foreign authors on the concept of waste, in particular food, as well as their regulations demonstrate a wide variety of not only definitions but also approaches. This takes into account the legal basis for waste operations, their physical condition and properties, environmental and economic characteristics, the criterion of goal setting, accounting approach and so on. The analysis of the existing classifications of waste stated the absence of a separate category of food waste both in the works of Ukrainian scientists and in domestic regulations, while foreign authors are actively researching this category. According to the results of the study, it is proposed to introduce into the domestic regulatory framework the term "loss of food and food waste" commonly used abroad with the following definition: products (substances) as edible parts of plants and animals produced or collected for human consumption but ultimately not consumed. Critical analysis of domestic environmental legislation in comparison with European allowed to propose the implementation of the Waste Framework Directive, as well as the formation of a hierarchy of waste management priorities: prevention, preparation for reuse, recycling, other types of disposal, elimination as Ukraine's European integration. Areas of further research will be the study of food waste disposal technologies of the modern city.

Prospects for the Balanced Development of the Waste Management System in Ukraine

This article outlines the problem of waste accumulation as well as the associated environmental consequences in Ukraine due to the disparities between waste generation and utilization capacities. The analysis of quantitative parameters of waste generation sources and the territorial structure of Ukraine’s utilization capacities was carried out, and the spatial assessment of waste management system balance within regions was made. The work also identifies stages of territorially balanced management systems formation within the scope of current recycling technologies in the regional dimension. Methodological approaches to researching the balance conditions of waste management systems at the regional level are substantiated, which presupposes a mathematical model of these processes through the development of a system of equations, which depending on the tasks determine either the timing of the outlined phases of solving waste management issues based on available investment resources, or the amount of funds required to ensure proper timing of the innovative disposal facilities commissioning.

Recycling Temple Waste into Organic Incense as Temple Environment Preservation in Bali Island

Kegiatan upacara di tempat suci pura di Pulau Bali rata-rata menghasilkan sampah sekitar 2000 L/hari. Sebagai bagian yang sangat penting dari budaya Bali, sesajen yang terdiri dari bunga, daun, buah-buahan dan bambu disajikan di setiap upacara keagamaan. Pembuangan sampah pura yang tidak tepat berpotensi menimbulkan gangguan pada kehidupan manusia dan lingkungan, seperti air dan sanitasi, penumpukan sampah, peningkatan tingkat pencemaran, dan kesehatan manusia. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendaur ulang sampah pura, khususnya sisa bunga menjadi dupa organik serta mengkaji alternatif lain dalam daur ulang sampah pura. Daur ulang sisa bunga menjadi dupa organik dilakukan dengan menggunakan tiga bahan campuran. Kajian literatur digunakan untuk menambah informasi alternatif daur ulang sampah pura dari penelitian sebelumnya. Hasil eksperimen menunjukan bahwa sampah sisa bunga dapat didaur ulang menjadi dupa organik. Rasio campuran 1:2 untuk sisa bunga dan bubuk esensial memberikan hasil terbaik. Dupa organik yang terbentuk sangat kuat dan padat. Selain itu, aroma campuran yang dihasilkan lebih baik di antara yang lain. Sampah pura juga dapat didaur ulang menjadi beberapa produk berharga, seperti kompos, ekstrak warna minyak atsiri, bubuk warna, atau biogas. Diestimasikan sebuah pura menghasilkan sekitar 200 kilogram sampah pura dalam satu hari upacara. Sekitar 40% dari sampah pura merupakan sisa bunga (berat basah) dengan kadar air sekitar 80%. Setelah melalui proses pengeringan, sisa bunga mencapai 16 kilogram. Diperkirakan sekitar 45 ton sampah pura dari 230 pura publik di Pulau Bali dapat didaur ulang setiap tahun melalui upaya daur ulang. Beberapa dampak yang ditimbulkan dari upaya daur ulang ini, seperti mengurangi sampah pura, menciptakan produk daur ulang yang dapat dipasarkan, dan meningkatkan keharmonisan antara budaya, lingkungan, dan masyarakat melalui pemberdayaan masyarakat. ABSTRACTCeremonial’s activities in Bali’s Temple have produced about 2000 L/day of waste in average. As an integral part of Balinese culture, devotion offerings which consists of flowers, leaves, fruits and bamboo are presented at every ceremony. The improper disposal of temple waste potentially causes a stress on the basic services in human life, such as water and sanitation, waste accumulation, raising the level of pollution, and human health. The present study aims to leverage of temple waste, especially discarded flower into organic incense through recycling and find out the foreseen impact of this initiative to the environment. Processing discarded flower into organic incense was conducted in this research with three material mixtures ratio. A literature review was added to enhance the alternatives of discarded flowers recycling on previous research. It is found that discarded flower was successfully recycled into organic incense. The preliminary experiments showed that the ratio of 1:2 for discarded flowers and essential powder gave the best results. The incenses were very strong formed and solid. Additionally, the smell of best mixture was the best among others. Besides, temple waste can be recycled to some valuable products, such as vermicompost, dyes extraction, essential oil, color powder, or biogas. It assumed that a temple has produced around 200 kilograms of temple waste during a ceremonial day. About 40% of those was discarded flowers (wet weight) that 80% contains water. After the drying process, it has left 16 kilograms of dried discarded flowers. It estimated around 45 tons of discarded flowers from 230 public temples around Bali could be recycled every year through this recycling effort. Some impacts come up with following this initiative, such as reducing the temple waste, creating a marketable recycling product, and build up a harmony between the cultural, environment, and society through community empowerment.