scholarly journals Superfluids as higher-form anomalies

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Luca Delacrétaz ◽  
Diego Hofman ◽  
Grégoire Mathys
Keyword(s):  
Phase Transitions ◽  
Ward Identity ◽  
Goldstone Boson ◽  
Hydrodynamic Theory ◽  
Hydrodynamic Equations ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Alternative Characterization ◽  
Superfluid Hydrodynamics ◽  
Anomalous Ward Identity

We recast superfluid hydrodynamics as the hydrodynamic theory of a system with an emergent anomalous higher-form symmetry. The higher-form charge counts the winding planes of the superfluid - its constitutive relation replaces the Josephson relation of conventional superfluid hydrodynamics. This formulation puts all hydrodynamic equations on equal footing. The anomalous Ward identity can be used as an alternative starting point to prove the existence of a Goldstone boson, without reference to spontaneous symmetry breaking. This provides an alternative characterization of Landau phase transitions in terms of higher-form symmetries and their anomalies instead of how the symmetries are realized. This treatment is more general and, in particular, includes the case of BKT transitions. As an application of this formalism we construct the hydrodynamic theories of conventional (0-form) and 1-form superfluids.

scholarly journals Mass Spectrometry-Based Proteomic Characterization of Cutaneous Melanoma Ectosomes Reveals the Presence of Cancer-Related Molecules

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (8) ◽  
pp. 2934 ◽  
Author(s):  
Magdalena Surman ◽  
Sylwia Kędracka-Krok ◽  
Dorota Hoja-Łukowicz ◽  
Urszula Jankowska ◽  
Anna Drożdż ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Proliferation ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Cell Lines ◽  
Cutaneous Melanoma ◽  
Epithelial Mesenchymal Transition ◽  
Mesenchymal Transition ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Novel Biomarkers

Cutaneous melanoma (CM) is an aggressive type of skin cancer for which effective biomarkers are still needed. Recently, the protein content of extracellular vesicles (ectosomes and exosomes) became increasingly investigated in terms of its functional role in CM and as a source of novel biomarkers; however, the data concerning the proteome of CM-derived ectosomes is very limited. We used the shotgun nanoLC–MS/MS approach to the profile protein content of ectosomes from primary (WM115, WM793) and metastatic (WM266-4, WM1205Lu) CM cell lines. Additionally, the effect exerted by CM ectosomes on recipient cells was assessed in terms of cell proliferation (Alamar Blue assay) and migratory properties (wound healing assay). All cell lines secreted heterogeneous populations of ectosomes enriched in the common set of proteins. A total of 1507 unique proteins were identified, with many of them involved in cancer cell proliferation, migration, escape from apoptosis, epithelial–mesenchymal transition and angiogenesis. Isolated ectosomes increased proliferation and motility of recipient cells, likely due to the ectosomal transfer of different cancer-promoting molecules. Taken together, these results confirm the significant role of ectosomes in several biological processes leading to CM development and progression, and might be used as a starting point for further studies exploring their diagnostic and prognostic potential.

scholarly journals Enzymatic synthesis and characterization of novel terpolymers from renewable sources

2019 ◽  
Vol 91 (3) ◽  
pp. 397-408
Author(s):  
Diana Aparaschivei ◽  
Anamaria Todea ◽  
August E. Frissen ◽  
Valentin Badea ◽  
Gerlinde Rusu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Polymerization Reaction ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Condensation Polymerization ◽  
Average Molecular Mass ◽  
New Class ◽  
Platform Chemicals ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Reaction Cycles ◽  
Methylene Group

Abstract 2,5-Furandicarboxylic acid and itaconic acid are both important biobased platform chemicals and their terpolymer with 1,6-hexanediol (HDO) can be the starting point for a new class of reactive polyesters, with important applications. The green synthetic route developed in this study involves a biocatalytic condensation polymerization reaction of dimethyl furan-2,5-dicarboxylate (DMFDC) and dimethyl itaconate (DMI) with HDO in toluene at 80°C, using commercial immobilized lipases from Candida antarctica B. In the best conditions, the formed polymer product was isolated with more than 80% yield, containing about 85% terpolymer with average molecular mass of about 1200 (Mn, calculated from MALDI-TOF MS data) and 15% DMFDC_HDO copolymer. Considering the higher reactivity of DMFDC, the composition of the synthesized polymer can be directed by adjusting the molar ratio of DMFDC and DMI, as well as by extending the reaction time. Structural analysis by NMR demonstrated the regioselective preference for the carbonyl group from DMI adjacent to the methylene group. The biocatalyst was successfully reused in multiple reaction cycles.

II.—Notes on the Rocks of the “Beagle” Collection

1907 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 100-106 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alfred Harker
Keyword(s):  
Intrinsic Value ◽  
Igneous Rocks ◽  
Plain Language ◽  
Scientific Career ◽  
Modern Reader ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Geological Work

The voyage of the “Beagle ” in 1831–6 was not only the starting-point of Charles Darwin's scientific career, but also, and more particularly, it laid the foundation for the whole of his geological work, as embodied in the well-known series of volumes. The collections which, he gathered during that prolonged voyage of exploration have therefore no small interest of a historical and sentimental kind. It is believed that they possess also a certain intrinsic value; inasmuch as an examination of these original specimens, with the advantages conferred by modern petrographical methods, may sometimes help towards a better understanding of the recorded observations. Owing to his choice of plain language in preference to the now antiquated terminology of his time, Darwin is seldom obscure to a modern reader; but his characterization of the ‘igneous rocks which he observed is necessarily crude and vague. Not a few passages may be considerably elucidated by merely indicating the nature of the rocks which are designated by such old-fashioned comprehensive names as ‘porphyry,’ ‘greenstone,’ and ‘basalt.’

scholarly journals Photoacoustic characterization of phase transitions in amorphous metal alloys

1998 ◽  
Vol 66 (2) ◽  
pp. 245-249 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.J. Orzi ◽  
G.M. Bilmes ◽  
J.O. Tocho ◽  
N. Mingolo ◽  
O.E. Martínez
Keyword(s):  
Phase Transitions ◽  
Amorphous Metal ◽  
Metal Alloys ◽  
Amorphous Metal Alloys

Current research in the engineering design requirement

2002 ◽  
Vol 216 (3) ◽  
pp. 375-388 ◽  
Author(s):  
M J Darlington ◽  
S J Culley
Keyword(s):  
Engineering Design ◽  
Requirements Engineering ◽  
Software Requirements ◽  
Design Domain ◽  
Design Requirement ◽  
Design Task ◽  
Design Goal ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
The Subject

The design requirement is a description of the desired solution to a problem. In engineering design, as in all other, a clear expression of a well-formulated design goal is vital for successful and efficient completion of the design task. The nature of the design requirement and the processes by which it is achieved have been the subject of a wide variety of research. The purpose of the paper is twofold. Firstly, it sets out to collate and discuss representative research in this area in order to give an overview of the current scope of the work. Secondly, it seeks to draw a comparison with the task of developing the design requirement for software and information systems and to initiate a discussion that considers to what extent the substantial body of research in software requirements engineering might help to give an understanding of the design requirement for the engineering design domain. A tentative characterization of the differences between the tasks in the two domains is presented, and representative papers from requirements engineering are used to suggest areas of overlap as a starting point for further investigation.

Characterization of Supersaturated Danazol Solutions – Impact of Polymers on Solution Properties and Phase Transitions

2016 ◽  
Vol 33 (5) ◽  
pp. 1276-1288 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew J. Jackson ◽  
Umesh S. Kestur ◽  
Munir A. Hussain ◽  
Lynne S. Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Phase Transitions ◽  
Solution Properties
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