TGR5 ligands as potential therapeutics in inflammatory diseases

Applications of Nanomaterials for Activation and Suppression of Immune Responses

Handbook of Research on Diverse Applications of Nanotechnology in Biomedicine, Chemistry, and Engineering - Advances in Chemical and Materials Engineering ◽

10.4018/978-1-4666-6363-3.ch011 ◽

2015 ◽

pp. 205-220

Author(s):

Akhilesh Kumar Shakya ◽

Kutty Selva Nandakumar

Keyword(s):

Side Effects ◽

Immune Responses ◽

Biomedical Applications ◽

Inflammatory Diseases ◽

Host Proteins ◽

Different Types ◽

Potential Therapeutics

Evaluation of immuno-modulating properties of nanomaterials is important to develop new potential therapeutics for inflammatory diseases and cancer. Activation and suppressive effects of nanomaterials on immune responses occur through various interactions with different host proteins. They can also be engineered as carriers and/or adjuvants for different proteins or antigens. Particles, emulsions, and tubes/rods are the major formats of nanomaterials currently used in biomedical applications. Sometimes, nanomaterials induce side effects like undesired immunosuppression and toxicities, which are major concerns at present in designing optimal nanotherapeutics. This chapter summarizes different types of nanomaterials and their effect on immune responses.

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Applications of Nanomaterials for Activation and Suppression of Immune Responses

Materials Science and Engineering ◽

10.4018/978-1-5225-1798-6.ch034 ◽

2017 ◽

pp. 859-875

Author(s):

Akhilesh Kumar Shakya ◽

Kutty Selva Nandakumar

Keyword(s):

Side Effects ◽

Immune Responses ◽

Biomedical Applications ◽

Inflammatory Diseases ◽

Host Proteins ◽

Different Types ◽

Potential Therapeutics

Evaluation of immuno-modulating properties of nanomaterials is important to develop new potential therapeutics for inflammatory diseases and cancer. Activation and suppressive effects of nanomaterials on immune responses occur through various interactions with different host proteins. They can also be engineered as carriers and/or adjuvants for different proteins or antigens. Particles, emulsions, and tubes/rods are the major formats of nanomaterials currently used in biomedical applications. Sometimes, nanomaterials induce side effects like undesired immunosuppression and toxicities, which are major concerns at present in designing optimal nanotherapeutics. This chapter summarizes different types of nanomaterials and their effect on immune responses.

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Single-Domain Antibodies as Therapeutic and Imaging Agents for the Treatment of CNS Diseases

Antibodies ◽

10.3390/antib8020027 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 8 (2) ◽

pp. 27 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Kasandra Bélanger ◽

Umar Iqbal ◽

Jamshid Tanha ◽

Roger MacKenzie ◽

Maria Moreno ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Inflammatory Diseases ◽

Building Blocks ◽

Structural Features ◽

Antibody Fragments ◽

Single Domain ◽

Imaging Agents ◽

Cns Diseases ◽

Single Domain Antibodies ◽

Potential Therapeutics ◽

Brain Barriers

Antibodies have become one of the most successful therapeutics for a number of oncology and inflammatory diseases. So far, central nervous system (CNS) indications have missed out on the antibody revolution, while they remain ‘hidden’ behind several hard to breach barriers. Among the various antibody modalities, single-domain antibodies (sdAbs) may hold the ‘key’ to unlocking the access of antibody therapies to CNS diseases. The unique structural features of sdAbs make them the smallest monomeric antibody fragments suitable for molecular targeting. These features are of particular importance when developing antibodies as modular building blocks for engineering CNS-targeting therapeutics and imaging agents. In this review, we first introduce the characteristic properties of sdAbs compared to traditional antibodies. We then present recent advances in the development of sdAbs as potential therapeutics across brain barriers, including their use for the delivery of biologics across the blood–brain and blood–cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) barriers, treatment of neurodegenerative diseases and molecular imaging of brain targets.

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Role of Chemokines in CNS Health and Pathology: A Focus on the CCL2/CCR2 and CXCL8/CXCR2 Networks

Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism ◽

10.1038/jcbfm.2009.240 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 30 (3) ◽

pp. 459-473 ◽

Cited By ~ 220

Author(s):

Bridgette D Semple ◽

Thomas Kossmann ◽

Maria Cristina Morganti-Kossmann

Keyword(s):

Immune Responses ◽

Inflammatory Diseases ◽

Neutrophil Infiltration ◽

Wide Range ◽

Brain Expression ◽

The Central Nervous System ◽

Multiple Ligands ◽

Deficient Mice ◽

Potential Therapeutics

Chemokines and their receptors have crucial roles in the trafficking of leukocytes, and are of particular interest in the context of the unique immune responses elicited in the central nervous system (CNS). The chemokine system CC ligand 2 (CCL2) with its receptor CC receptor 2 (CCR2), as well as the receptor CXCR2 and its multiple ligands CXCL1, CXCL2 and CXCL8, have been implicated in a wide range of neuropathologies, including trauma, ischemic injury and multiple sclerosis. This review aims to overview the current understanding of chemokines as mediators of leukocyte migration into the CNS under neuroinflammatory conditions. We will specifically focus on the involvement of two chemokine networks, namely CCL2/CCR2 and CXCL8/CXCR2, in promoting macrophage and neutrophil infiltration, respectively, into the lesioned parenchyma after focal traumatic brain injury. The constitutive brain expression of these chemokines and their receptors, including their recently identified roles in the modulation of neuroprotection, neurogenesis, and neurotransmission, will be discussed. In conclusion, the value of evidence obtained from the use of Ccl2- and Cxcr2-deficient mice will be reported, in the context of potential therapeutics inhibiting chemokine activity which are currently in clinical trial for various inflammatory diseases.

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Extracellular Vesicles as Potential Therapeutics for Inflammatory Diseases

International Journal of Molecular Sciences ◽

10.3390/ijms22115487 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 22 (11) ◽

pp. 5487

Author(s):

Hee Sook Hwang ◽

Hyosuk Kim ◽

Geonhee Han ◽

Jong Won Lee ◽

Kwangmeyung Kim ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Immune Response ◽

Nucleic Acids ◽

Extracellular Vesicles ◽

Surface Engineering ◽

State Of The Art ◽

Inflammatory Diseases ◽

Target Specificity ◽

Current State ◽

Potential Therapeutics

Extracellular vesicles (EV) deliver cargoes such as nucleic acids, proteins, and lipids between cells and serve as an intercellular communicator. As it is revealed that most of the functions associated to EVs are closely related to the immune response, the important role of EVs in inflammatory diseases is emerging. EVs can be functionalized through EV surface engineering and endow targeting moiety that allows for the target specificity for therapeutic applications in inflammatory diseases. Moreover, engineered EVs are considered as promising nanoparticles to develop personalized therapeutic carriers. In this review, we highlight the role of EVs in various inflammatory diseases, the application of EV as anti-inflammatory therapeutics, and the current state of the art in EV engineering techniques.

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Interaction of Polyphenols as Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Compounds in Brain–Liver–Gut Axis

Antioxidants ◽

10.3390/antiox9080669 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (8) ◽

pp. 669 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Amritpal Singh ◽

Yu Fung Yau ◽

Kin Sum Leung ◽

Hani El-Nezami ◽

Jetty Chung-Yung Lee

Keyword(s):

Oxidative Stress ◽

Acute Inflammation ◽

Intervention Studies ◽

Inflammatory Diseases ◽

Redox Homeostasis ◽

Anti Inflammatory ◽

The Brain ◽

And Oxidative Stress ◽

Potential Therapeutics

Oxidative stress plays an important role in the onset as well as the progression of inflammation. Without proper intervention, acute inflammation could progress to chronic inflammation, resulting in the development of inflammatory diseases. Antioxidants, such as polyphenols, have been known to possess anti-oxidative properties which promote redox homeostasis. This has encouraged research on polyphenols as potential therapeutics for inflammation through anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory pathways. In this review, the ability of polyphenols to modulate the activation of major pathways of inflammation and oxidative stress, and their potential to regulate the activity of immune cells are examined. In addition, in this review, special emphasis has been placed on the effects of polyphenols on inflammation in the brain–liver–gut axis. The data derived from in vitro cell studies, animal models and human intervention studies are discussed.

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