scholarly journals RURAL HOUSEHOLD POVERTY AND ITS DETERMINING FACTORS: A POVERTY ANALYSIS USING ALTERNATIVE MEASUREMENT APPROACHES

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (07) ◽  
pp. 148-163
Author(s):  
Melaku Yigzaw Tilahun ◽  
Abrham Seyoum Tsehay ◽  
Deresse Kebede Teklie
Keyword(s):  
Poverty Reduction ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Poverty Line ◽  
Rural Household ◽  
Poverty Measurement ◽  
Access To Credit ◽  
Household Poverty ◽  
The People ◽  
Determining Factors ◽  
Negative Effect

Poverty analysis studies in Ethiopia are dominated by measures determined by the subjectivity of the researchers and not with the involvement of households in understanding and measuring what is meant to the people. Studies conducted to take into considerations the knowledge of the poor are very scant and limited to rural participatory projects. This study is motivated to bridge the literature gap of comparing the objective measuring of poverty with a measure that accounts the perception of households about poverty. Hence, this study aims at examining rural household poverty and its determining factors using alternative poverty measurement approaches inGozamin district of East Gojjam Zone, Amhara Region. It used both objective and subjective based poverty analysis approaches, where the poverty line of the study area is estimated as 19.16 Birr per day using cost of basic needs approach. The study indicates that 35.12 % of the population lives under poverty and it is closely estimated as 33.33% using Participatory Poverty Assessment (PPA). Poverty is rampant and a sever challenge in Dega(cold) agro-ecology of the District, where 57.37% of the population lives under poverty compared to Kolla(hot), where it is down to 8.4%. Among others, family size and being in Kolla agro-ecology have significant negative effect on consumption expenditure, but positively affect poverty incidence, gap and severity, while access to credit, cooperative, health extension services and off-farm activities have significant but exactly opposite results. PPA findings revealed that, perception of the community towards poverty is beyond the conventional, income/consumption based definition. Therefore, development policies and poverty reduction strategies should emphasie on local level poverty understanding and measures.

scholarly journals Where Are the Poor Located? A Spatial Heterogeneity Analysis of Monetary Poverty in Peru

Economía ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 44 (87) ◽  
pp. 89-114
Author(s):  
Juan Palomino ◽  
Thyara Sánchez
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Education ◽  
Spatial Heterogeneity ◽  
Poverty Reduction ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Sanitation Services ◽  
Female Headship ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Hidden Data ◽  
Positive Effect

Measuring poverty is a first step to the design of effective public policies, however, it is also essential to know where the poor are located. The main objective of this research is to evaluate the spatial heterogeneity of the factors that influence monetary poverty for each district in Peru. We apply a Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR) approach, which allows us to capture the non-stationarity of the hidden data and to provide coefficients for each district, unlike the OLS model. This research mainly uses the Poverty Map and the Population and Household Census of Peru, both from 2007 and 2017. The overriding findings of our results indicate that female headship, secondary education, electricity, and sanitation services are directly associated with poverty reduction at the local level. For 2007, significant effects are mainly concentrated in the districts of Pasco, Lima and Cajamarca regions. For 2017, the results show a shift towards districts of Junín, Huancavelica, and Cajamarca regions. Likewise, it is highlighted that the highest mean negative effect on poverty is generated by Secondary Education in the GWR estimates; while malnutrition represents the highest mean positive effect on poverty for the level and intercensal models. Finally, the empirical evidence found in this research can help establish better policy designs at the district level.

The Effect of Financial Constraint on Farmers’ Health: Evidence from Rural China.

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 415-437
Author(s):  
Henry Orach ◽  
Chen Pu ◽  
Shen Qianling ◽  
Wei Shiying ◽  
Hassan Ssewajje ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Status ◽  
Rural China ◽  
Credit Rationing ◽  
Probit Model ◽  
Good Health ◽  
Rural Household ◽  
Access To Credit ◽  
Rural Farmers ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
The Impact

Health is an important tool to farmers. However, percentage of farmers are unable to obtain good health due to inadequate capital and inadequate access to credit from financial institutions. Using China’s rural household income survey (CHIP) database conducted in 2014, this study contributes to the literatures by analyzing the effect of credit rationing on rural farmers’ health status. Ordered probit model was used to evaluate the impact of credit rationing on farmers’ health status. Credit rationing was found to play the negative role of hindering rural farmers from accessing good health status. This study definitely answers the question regarding the negative effect of credit rationing on the health status of rural household farmers. Further study to establish causal relationships using time-variants/panel datasets.

scholarly journals The Determinants of Household Poverty in South Africa

2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 516 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ajuruchukwu Obi ◽  
Sanelise Tafa
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
South African ◽  
Poverty Reduction ◽  
Poverty Line ◽  
Good Picture ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Household Level ◽  
Household Poverty ◽  
Reduction Strategies ◽  
Poverty Status

South Africa was privileged to be part of the MDGs agenda which was adopted in 2000. One of the aims of MDGs was to reduce extreme poverty by half in 2015. For that reason, South Africa integrated policies and strategies to rid poverty by half to that of United Nations (UN). Through all the combined policy approaches, South Africa has successfully achieved the target of halving the population living below PPP$1.25c per person per day. Whichever threshold used, the results showed that the percentage share of people living below poverty line has now decreased from 11.3 per cent in 2000 to 4.0 per cent in 2011. However, these reports are not reflecting the exact poor’s experiences because at household level there is still an outright poverty. Therefore, if the national poverty report gives a good picture about South African poverty status whereas there is still prevalence of poverty at household level, there are high chances that wrong policies in regard to poverty reduction strategies will be wrought. Hence this paper focuses on the determinants of household poverty in South Africa. The sole aim of this paper is to assess the determinants of household poverty in South Africa. The reviewed literature on determinants of poverty in South Africa would enable policy makers to see the effect of demographic characteristics on poverty in South Africa. Thus, strategies and policies aimed at alleviating poverty in South Africa can be directed to the discussed factors.

scholarly journals Roots and Wings: Indonesia´s way to improvements of women´s health care

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 90
Author(s):  
Hans-Gerd Meerpohl
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Poverty Reduction ◽  
Poverty Line ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
Poverty Rate ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Live Births ◽  
The People ◽  
Development Goals ◽  
And Gender

Indonesia is the world’s fourth most populous nation and the largest economy in Southeast Asia. The World Bank recently classified Indonesia as an emerging middle-income country. Enormous gains have been made in poverty reduction, cutting the poverty rate to more than half since 1999, to 9.8% in 2018.(1) However, based on March 2017 data, approximately 20 % of the entire population remain vulnerable of falling into poverty, as their income hover marginally above the national poverty line.(2) Unique challenges for Indonesia´s health care system reflects the fact that approximately 250 million inhabitants from more than 300 ethnic groups spread over 17.000 islands. Indonesia has set itself an ambitious goal of establishing universal health care by 2019, a move commended by the United Nations as part of the 2030 Sustainable Development Goals.(SDGs)  Women´s health care, including women’s empowerment and gender equality, is concerned as an especially important issue because - on a global scale- it is one area in which performance has been seen by many to be slow. (3) While Indonesia has experienced greater success in its efforts to reduce the under five mortality rate (27 per 1.000 live births in 2015), efforts to tackle maternal mortality has been less effective as rates have continued to persist above 125 per 100.000 live births over the past decade (6) Having some of those facts in my mind I started my visit to Indonesia and to Surabaya in October 2018 with the desire to understand in the end the country, the people and their health system challenges a bit better.

scholarly journals Effects of cuniculture commercialization on household poverty status in south western Nigeria

2021 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 26-42
Author(s):  
Grace Oluwabukunmi Akinsola ◽  
Emmanuel Egbodo Boheje ODUM ◽  
Oluyomi Olumide Oyedapo
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Development ◽  
Poverty Line ◽  
Development Project ◽  
Tobit Regression ◽  
Access To Credit ◽  
Market Creation ◽  
Household Poverty ◽  
Poverty Status ◽  
Frequency Counts ◽  
Additional Income

This study evaluated the effect of Cuniculture commercialization on household poverty in Osun State, Nigeria. Descriptive and inferential statistics of frequency counts, Foster-Greer-Thorbecke (FGT), Household Commercialization Index (HCI) and Tobit Regression was used to analyze data collected from 120 respondents randomly selected from the register of Rabbit Farmers and Breeders Association of Nigeria (RFABAN) of Ife/Ijesha Agricultural development Project (ADP). The results of the study show that Cuniculture is a male dominated enterprise. The modal age of respondents was 18-60 with 87.5% of respondents educated. Majority of respondents earned between NGN20000 - NGN100000 monthly from Cuniculture. The study found that 16% of respondents were poor and living below the poverty line. The HCI of Cuniculture indicates that 54.2% of production was done mainly for household consumption. Access to credit and unavailability of markets were the major constraints with Household size and access to credit influencing the commercialization of Cuniculture. The study recommends that more people be encouraged to go into Cuniculture to serve as additional income to household; rabbit farmers become more market oriented beyond their present level; they organize themselves into cooperative for access to credits and market creation and that appropriate solutions be sought for the challenges encountered.

Penerapan Weighted Sum Model (WSM) Dalam Penentuan Peserta Jaminan Kesehatan Masyarakat

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 40
Author(s):  
Mesran Mesran ◽  
Suginam Suginam ◽  
Surya Darma Nasution ◽  
Andsyah Putera Utama Siahaan
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Poverty Line ◽  
Weighted Sum ◽  
Government Programs ◽  
Head Of Household ◽  
Treatment Services ◽  
The People ◽  
Community Health Insurance ◽  
The Government ◽  
Simple Additive Weighting

Community Health Insurance is one of the government programs for the people of Indonesia in obtaining treatment services at Puskesmas. The program is very helpful for people who are low income and live below the poverty line. Indicators for the government in providing this service consists of 10 (ten) criteria that are House Ownership Status, Floor Area per Household Member, Type of Floor of House, Type of Wall House, Lighting House Used, Fuel Used, Frequency Of Eating In A Day, Ability Buy meat/chicken/milk in a week, Employment of head of household, Education of head of household. In the application, of course, has constraints in deciding who the participants who get the Jamkesmas service. With the application of one of Multi-Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) able to overcome obstacles faced by government. Some methods of MCDM such as Simple Additive Weighting(SAW), Weighted Product(WP), Weighted Sum Model(WSM) can solve this problem. By applying the WSM is relatively easy and fast, is believed to be able to get the best results.

Recent Changes in German Governmental Organization

1945 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 97-100
Author(s):  
Heinz Guradze
Keyword(s):  
Local Level ◽  
Military Government ◽  
Governmental Organization ◽  
The Public ◽  
The People ◽  
Regional Labor ◽  
Economic Regions ◽  
The Military ◽  
Delegation Of Powers ◽  
Dominant Part

Within the last few years, changes have been carried out in the public administration of Germany which will affect the military government to be established during and after Germany's defeat. Their general trend has been to subordinate state (i.e., Reich, regional, and local) administration to the Party, which has been vested with more and more power. This is of particular interest in the light of the present “total mobilization,” in which the Party plays a dominant part. To some extent, the changes discussed in this note show a definite trend toward decentralization, although there has been no actual delegation of powers to smaller units, since all power remained in the hands of the Party—this being, of course, the reason why the Nazis could afford to “decentralize.” On the local level, the reforms aimed at tying together the loosening bonds between the régime and the people. Only the most recent emergency measures of “total mobilization” are touched on in this note.1. Gauarbeitsaemter. When the Reichsanstalt was created in 1927–28, the Reich was organized in 13 economic regions, each having one regional labor office (Landesarbeitsamt). The idea was to establish large economic districts containing various industries so that a crisis in one industry could be absorbed by the labor market of another within the same district, thus creating “ausgleichsfaehige Bezirke.”

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