scholarly journals Influence of the substrate composition on the yield and nutritional value of the fruiting bodies of the edible mushrooms Pleurotus citrinopileatus and Cyclocybe aegerita

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 130-138
Author(s):  
I.I. Bandura ◽  
A. S. Kulyk ◽  
S. V. Makohon ◽  
O. V. Khareba ◽  
V. V. Khareba
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Production Efficiency ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Wood Decay ◽  
Biological Efficiency ◽  
Fruiting Bodies ◽  
Decay Fungi ◽  
Substrate Composition ◽  
Pleurotus Citrinopileatus

Purpose. To reveal the influence of the substrate compositions on technical indicators and the chemical composition of the fruiting bodies of the golden oyster mushroom and poplar mushroom. Methods. The experimental design included cultivation of two species of wood-decay fungi Pleurotus citrinopileatus Singer (strain 2161 IVK) and Cyclocybe aegerita (V.Brig.) Vizzini (strain 2230 IVK) on three variants of substrate composition. Laboratory, laboratory-production methods for evaluating the effectiveness of growing technology, chemical composition of the obtained raw materials, statistical methods of analysis were applied. Results. The structure and composition of substrates affect the technological characteristics of the culture, physical and chemical properties of fruiting bodies. The shortest fruiting cycle of 35.2 ± 1.7 days was determined for C. aegerita under growing conditions on SC1 substrate which formula included «straw, husks, pellet, rapeseed, corn, and CaCO3» in the ratio of 30: 40: 70: 20: 20: 1. The highest yield (170.5 ± 15.2 g per 1 kg of substrate) in the experiment was determined for P. citrinopileatus on the SC1 substrate composed of «straw / pellets  / rapeseed / corn / CaCO3» in the ratio 40: 90: 20: 25: 1. Fruiting bodies of P. citrinopileatus obtained from the SC3 substrate composed of  «pellets / rapeseed / corn / CaCO3» in the ratio 60: 110: 20: 30: 1 had the highest protein content – 22.47 ± 0.19%, and fruiting bodies from the SC1 substrate had the least amount of proteins – 17.38 ± 2.60%. Fruiting bodies of C. aegerita contained more lipids than those of P. citrinopileatus, but the factor of the influence of the substrate composition on the total amount of lipids for some cultivars was insignificant. The largest amount of endopolysaccharides was isolated from the fruiting bodies of C. aegerita (6.81 ± 0.41%) cultivated on SC3 substrate, and the smallest in the SC1 variant (1.38 ± 0.25%). The content of endopolysaccharides in the fruiting bodies of P. citrinopileatus had less variability from 2.54 ± 0.54 (SC3) to 4.72 ± 0.61% (SC1). Conclusion. Substrate compositions significantly affect the biological efficiency of cultivars and the content of nutrients in fruiting bodies of the studied species. The obtained results enable producers of mushrooms to predict the production efficiency and quality of grown mushrooms in accordance with the use of available raw materials.

scholarly journals Influence of Calcium Silicate on the Chemical Properties of Pleurotus ostreatus var. florida (Jacq.) P. Kumm

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 299
Author(s):  
Rossana V. C. Cardoso ◽  
Márcio Carocho ◽  
Ângela Fernandes ◽  
Diego Cunha Zied ◽  
Juan Diego Valenzuela Cobos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Pleurotus Ostreatus ◽  
Calcium Silicate ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Biological Efficiency ◽  
Vitamin D2 ◽  
Fruiting Bodies ◽  
Productivity Rate ◽  
The Impact

Supplementation of mushroom substrates has been linked to a higher resistance against insect pests, although few studies show the impact of this supplementation on the different agronomical parameters of mushrooms or even their chemical composition. In this work, the variation in the biological and chemical composition of oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus var. florida (Jacq.) P. Kumm) was analysed after varying the substrate supplementation of calcium silicate (0, 0.5, 1, 2, and 4% (w/w%)) during two harvest flushes. Overall, supplementation did not change the weight, the number of fruiting bodies, biological efficiency, yield ratio, and productivity rate of the mushrooms, although the harvest flushes did show significant differences. Furthermore, slight changes were found in the chemical composition with an increase in vitamin D2 and tocopherols for the mushrooms with higher amounts of calcium silicate. Overall, the substrate supplementation did not seem to induce expressive changes or decrease production yields, and can, therefore, continue to be researched as a potential application to fight agronomical pests.

scholarly journals Gene Expression Patterns of Wood Decay Fungi Postia placenta and Phanerochaete chrysosporium Are Influenced by Wood Substrate Composition during Degradation

2016 ◽  
Vol 82 (14) ◽  
pp. 4387-4400 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oleksandr Skyba ◽  
Dan Cullen ◽  
Carl J. Douglas ◽  
Shawn D. Mansfield
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
White Rot Fungi ◽  
Wood Decay ◽  
White Rot ◽  
Decay Fungi ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Postia Placenta ◽  
Substrate Composition ◽  
Wood Decay Fungi

ABSTRACTIdentification of the specific genes and enzymes involved in the fungal degradation of lignocellulosic biomass derived from feedstocks with various compositions is essential to the development of improved bioenergy processes. In order to elucidate the effect of substrate composition on gene expression in wood-rotting fungi, we employed microarrays based on the annotated genomes of the brown- and white-rot fungi,Rhodonia placenta(formerlyPostia placenta) andPhanerochaete chrysosporium, respectively. We monitored the expression of genes involved in the enzymatic deconstruction of the cell walls of three 4-year-oldPopulus trichocarpa(poplar) trees of genotypes with distinct cell wall chemistries, selected from a population of several hundred trees grown in a common garden. The woody substrates were incubated with wood decay fungi for 10, 20, and 30 days. An analysis of transcript abundance in all pairwise comparisons highlighted 64 and 84 differentially expressed genes (>2-fold,P< 0.05) inP. chrysosporiumandP. placenta, respectively. Cross-fungal comparisons also revealed an array of highly differentially expressed genes (>4-fold,P< 0.01) across different substrates and time points. These results clearly demonstrate that gene expression profiles ofP. chrysosporiumandP. placentaare influenced by wood substrate composition and the duration of incubation. Many of the significantly expressed genes encode “proteins of unknown function,” and determining their role in lignocellulose degradation presents opportunities and challenges for future research.IMPORTANCEThis study describes the variation in expression patterns of two wood-degrading fungi (brown- and white-rot fungi) during colonization and incubation on three different naturally occurring poplar substrates of differing chemical compositions, over time. The results clearly show that the two fungi respond differentially to their substrates and that several known and, more interestingly, currently unknown genes are highly misregulated in response to various substrate compositions. These findings highlight the need to characterize several unknown proteins for catalytic function but also as potential candidate proteins to improve the efficiency of enzymatic cocktails to degrade lignocellulosic substrates in industrial applications, such as in a biochemically based bioenergy platform.

scholarly journals LOW-MELTING UNFRITTED GLAZE IN THE MATERIALS SYSTEM "QUARTZ SAND-ULEXIT-SODA-FELVESPATCH CONCENTRATE

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (9) ◽  
pp. 87-96
Author(s):  
V. Onishchuk ◽  
S. Ageeva ◽  
E. Doroganov
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Quartz Sand ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Glassy State ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Chemical Compositions ◽  
Fundamental Possibility ◽  
Feldspar Concentrate ◽  
Optimal Values

The article presents the results of studies aimed at establishing the possibility of obtaining low-melting nephritized glazes for majolica with a glass transition temperature of not more than 1000 ° C in the system of materials "quartz sand - ulexite - soda - feldspar concentrate". A rational choice of raw materials will ensure the production of slips that are able to maintain their design chemical composition during the application of majolica to the shard, therefore, provide the specified chemical composition of the glaze and contribute to obtaining the required physical, mechanical and chemical properties of the glaze layer. The design of the material compositions of the charges and the chemical compositions of the glaze coatings was carried out using the mathematical planning of the experiment, which significantly reduced the time and material costs for research. The parameters that determine the quality of slips and glaze coatings have been established, their most optimal values have been identified, which ensure the production of acceptable glaze coatings, and the ways to optimize work in the studied direction have been determined. As a result, the fundamental possibility of obtaining low-melting nephritized glazes in the system of materials "quartz sand - ulexite - soda - feldspar concentrate, capable of transforming into a glassy state at temperatures not exceeding 1000 ºC, has been proved.

scholarly journals Characterizing the Assemblage of Wood-Decay Fungi in the Forests of Northwest Arkansas

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 309
Author(s):  
Nawaf Alshammari ◽  
Fuad Ameen ◽  
Muneera D. F. AlKahtani ◽  
Steven Stephenson
Keyword(s):  
Coarse Woody Debris ◽  
Internal Transcribed Spacer ◽  
Forest Ecosystems ◽  
Woody Debris ◽  
Wood Decay ◽  
Fruiting Bodies ◽  
Decay Fungi ◽  
Wood Decay Fungi ◽  
Northwest Arkansas ◽  
Decaying Wood

The study reported herein represents an effort to characterize the wood-decay fungi associated with three study areas representative of the forest ecosystems found in northwest Arkansas. In addition to specimens collected in the field, small pieces of coarse woody debris (usually dead branches) were collected from the three study areas, returned to the laboratory, and placed in plastic incubation chambers to which water was added. Fruiting bodies of fungi appearing in these chambers over a period of several months were collected and processed in the same manner as specimens associated with decaying wood in the field. The internal transcribed spacer (ITS) ribosomal DNA region was sequenced, and these sequences were blasted against the NCBI database. A total of 320 different fungal taxa were recorded, the majority of which could be identified to species. Two hundred thirteen taxa were recorded as field collections, and 68 taxa were recorded from the incubation chambers. Thirty-nine sequences could be recorded only as unidentified taxa. Collectively, the specimens of fungi collected in the forests of northwest Arkansas belong to 64 and 128 families and genera, respectively.

Investigation of the material resistance and moisture performance of pubescent oak (Quercus pubescens)

Holzforschung ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 75 (1) ◽  
pp. 22-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miha Humar ◽  
Angela Balzano ◽  
Samo Grbec ◽  
Jožica Gričar ◽  
Davor Kržišnik ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Laboratory Data ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Calculated Data ◽  
Wood Decay ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Superior Performance ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Quercus Pubescens ◽  
Decay Fungi ◽  
Moisture Performance

AbstractForests are under great pressure due to climate changes. It is forecast that the importance of Mediterranean type forests will significantly increase. Among various types of oak species, pubescent oak (Quercus pubescens) will likely gain ecological and economic importance in the region south of Alps. Although this wood species is well known, there are not much data available about chemical properties and durability. A comprehensive analysis of extractives and durability against wood decay fungi was therefore performed. The results of the chemical analysis revealed that heartwood contains up to 20% of the extractives, with considerable amounts of phenols, including a fairly high concentration of Gallic acid (GAc). Anatomical structure, with high frequency of tylosis, resulted in good water exclusion efficacy. The presence of biologically active extractives and superior water exclusion efficacy resulted in good durability, as shown by basidiomycetes tests. Based on the laboratory data, factors that determine the service life of wood were calculated. Data indicate superior performance in above-ground applications.

scholarly journals Effect of Fungus Meripilus giganteus (Pers.) P. Karst. on Occurrence and Development of False Heartwood and Rot in Fagus sylvatica L. Round Wood

2021 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Krunoslav Arač ◽  
Jelena Kranjec Orlović ◽  
Danko Diminić
Keyword(s):  
Wood Quality ◽  
Wood Decay ◽  
Research Area ◽  
Influential Factor ◽  
Market Demand ◽  
Fruiting Bodies ◽  
Mature Trees ◽  
Decay Fungi ◽  
Round Wood ◽  
Stem Damage

Common beech is one of the most widespread and important European tree species, widely used in timber industry and for energy production. Under specific set of complex factors, it facutatetivly develops false heartwood, which considerably decreases market demand and value of processed logs. Due to its properties, false heartwood is more susceptible to attack of wood decay fungi, which leads to further loss of wood quality and value. One of the most common fungi able to cause heart rot in beech is Meripilus giganteus, known for its spread in the basal parts of the tree, where it can affect most valuable sections of round wood. The aims of this study were to monitor the distribution of fungus and appearance of its fruiting bodies in research area, and to analyze the extent of fungus impact on shape and size of false heartwood and occurrence and length of rot in infected trees, while taking into account the observed stem damage as a possible influential factor. Fruiting bodies occurrence, life span and position on a tree were monitored during a six-year period. For trees with confirmed infection, stem damage was evaluated and appointed to one of four size classes. False heartwood shape and share in associated stem cross-section were observed and measured on 1–4 cross-sections per tree at different heights, and compared between infected and uninfected trees. If present, length of wood decay extent on butt-log was measured. The obtained results confirmed increased susceptibility of mature trees to infection, which seemed to occur mostly via roots from where mycelium spread into stem base. It was found that Meripilus giganteus has a significant impact on enlargement and change of FH shape from cloud- to star-like, up to approximately 5 m of the stem height, thus causing devaluation of the first assortments. The presence of rot was confirmed on the majority of infected trees, extending averagely 0.5 m into the first processed log, causing the loss of utilizable volume and thus the value of round wood. Stem damage category showed no significant effect on false heartwood or rot, supporting the prevailing impact of the fungus.

The effect of chemical composition on the biodegradation rate and physical and mechanical properties of polymer composites with lignocellulose fillers

2021 ◽  
Vol 103 (3) ◽  
pp. 83-92
Author(s):  
V.V. Glukhikh ◽  
◽  
A.E. Shkuro ◽  
P.S. Krivonogov ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Polymer Composites ◽  
Production Efficiency ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Physical And Mechanical Properties ◽  
Practical Experience ◽  
Waste Biomass ◽  
Biodegradation Rate ◽  
Renewable Materials

The results of TPLC scientific research, practical experience of their preparation, and application as of 2016 are presented in eight volumes of the “Handbook of Composites from Renewable Materials” (2017, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.). This article provides an analysis of books and articles with open access to the Science Direct (Elsevier) database for the period 2017–2020 to assess the biodegradation rate and physical and mechanical properties of polymer composites with lignocellulosic fillers. The production and use of polymer composites with a thermoplastic polymer matrix and lignocellulosic fillers (TPLC) have significant ecological and eco- nomic prospects since waste biomass from forests, agriculture, and polymers obtained from petroleum raw materials can be used for their production. However, depending on the TPLC application area, there are opposite requirements for the biodegradation rate. For the use in construction and medicine materials and products must have a minimum biodegradation rate. Materials and products for single-use packaging must have the necessary biodegradability potential and have an adjusted biodegradation rate in soil, water, compost environment. Research results show that the properties of TPLC can be significantly influenced not only by the physical but also by the chemical structure of all components of these composites. The chemical properties of polymers, fillers, additives for various purposes can affect their industrial production efficiency.

scholarly journals Chemical composition and antifungal activity of essential oil isolated from Chamaecyparis formosensis Matsum. wood

Holzforschung ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 59 (3) ◽  
pp. 295-299 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sheng-Yang Wang ◽  
Chi-Lin Wu ◽  
Fang-Hua Chu ◽  
Shih-Chang Chien ◽  
Yueh-Hsiung Kuo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Antifungal Activity ◽  
Essential Oil ◽  
Trametes Versicolor ◽  
Wood Decay ◽  
Retention Indices ◽  
Decay Fungi ◽  
Wood Decay Fungi ◽  
Chamaecyparis Formosensis ◽  
Reference Samples

Abstract The chemical composition of the essential oil of Chamaecyparis formosensis wood has been examined. GC-MS data and retention indices for reference samples were used to identify 32 constituents. α-Eudesmol (18.06%), β-guaiene (8.0%), (–)-β-cadinene (7.89%), γ-costal (7.03%), α-muurolol (6.49%), 4α-hydroxy-4β-methyldihydrocostol (5.52%), σ-selinene (4.78%), santolina triene (4.60%), eremophilene (4.32%), humulene (4.11%), myrtenol (4.11%), and τ-cadinene (3.25%) were the most abundant components. Tests with the typical wood decay fungi, Laetiporus sulphureus and Trametes versicolor, proved the antifungal activity of the oil, as the growth of L. sulphureus and T. versicolor was inhibited at concentrations of 50 and 100 μg ml−1, respectively. The following characteristic volatile compounds were isolated and purified from ethyl acetate fractions: epi-cubenol, chamaecynone, myrtenol, cis-myrtanol, 12-hydroxyisointermedenol and 4α-hydroxy-4β-methyldi-hydrocostol. Chamaecynone possessed the strongest antifungal activity, with an antifungal index of 88.2% and 67.3% for L. sulphureus and T. versicolor at a dose of 50 μg ml−1, respectively.

scholarly journals Influence of plant substrate composition on the efficiency of edible mushrooms cultivation Cyclocybe aegerita (V. Brig.), Pleurotus eryngii (DC.) Quel., Pleurotus citrinopileatus Singer and Flammulina velutipes (Curtis) Singer

2020 ◽  
Vol 107 (3) ◽  
pp. 62-70
Author(s):  
I. Bandura ◽  
◽  
A. Kulyk ◽  
S. Chausov ◽  
O. Tsyz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pleurotus Eryngii ◽  
Edible Mushrooms ◽  
Flammulina Velutipes ◽  
Oyster Mushroom ◽  
Biological Efficiency ◽  
Substrate Composition ◽  
Biological Effectiveness ◽  
Corn Processing ◽  
Time Required ◽  
Pleurotus Citrinopileatus

Influence of plant substrate composition on the efficiency of edible mushrooms cultivation Cyclocybe aegerita (V. Brig.), Pleurotus eryngii (DC.) Quel., Pleurotus citrinopileatus Singer and Flammulina velutipes (Curtis) Singer. The possibility of using plant substrates based on straw and sunflower husk, with the addition of rape seeds and corn processing waste for the cultivation of edible xylotrophic mushrooms: poplar mushroom, lemon-hat oyster mushroom and winter mushroom (white and yellow races) was investigated. The optimal formula of the substrate was established, the use of which increases the biological effectiveness of the studied strains and reduces the time required for obtaining fresh fruit bodies. Keywords: lemon-cap oyster mushroom Pleurotus citrinopileatus, poplar mushroom Cyclocybe aegerita, winter mushroom Flammulina velutipes, biological efficiency, technological cyclemushrooms (Flammulina velutipes), biological efficiency, technological cycle.

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