Features of brittle fracture of steels at low temperatures

Author(s):  
С.Н. Гущин ◽  
М.С. Поярков

В статье рассмотрены особенности хрупкого разрушения сталей в условиях низких температур. Разрушение стальных конструкций чаще всего начинается от концентраторов напряжения (производственные дефекты, сварные швы и т.д.) В результате понижения температуры влияние этих факторов резко усиливается. В этом случае требуется применение металла, способного к пластической деформации при низких температурах, поскольку хрупкое разрушение по своим последствиям значительно опаснее, чем пластичное. Пластическая деформация осуществляется за счет перемещения дислокаций, которые являются проявлением несовершенства кристаллический решетки. Под влиянием напряжений при отсутствии препятствий дислокации свободно перемещаются в решетке металла. Понижение температуры приводит к тому, что возрастающий предел текучести достигает значений хрупкой прочности. Существенное влияние на хладостойкость стали оказывают примеси. Влияние примесей связано в первую очередь с загрязнением границ зерен сплавов и уменьшением сил сцепления на плоскостях спайности. Кроме этого, границы зерен характеризуются значительными нарушениями кристаллического строения и являются участками скопления дефектов структуры и включений. The article deals with the features of brittle fracture of steels at low temperatures. The destruction of steel structures most often begins from stress concentrators (manufacturing defects, welds, etc.) As a result of a decrease in temperature, the influence of these factors increases dramatically. In this case, the use of a metal capable of plastic deformation at low temperatures is required, since brittle destruction is much more dangerous in its consequences than plastic. Plastic deformation is carried out due to the displacement of dislocations, which are a manifestation of the imperfection of the crystal lattice. Under the influence of stresses in the absence of obstacles, dislocations move freely in the metal lattice. A decrease in temperature leads to the fact that the increasing yield strength reaches the values of brittle strength. Impurities have a significant effect on the cold resistance of steel. The influence of impurities is primarily associated with contamination of the grain boundaries of alloys and a decrease in the adhesion forces on the cleavage planes. In addition, the grain boundaries are characterized by significant violations of the crystal structure and are areas of accumulation of structural defects and inclusions.

2021 ◽  
Vol 2052 (1) ◽  
pp. 012026
Author(s):  
L Metlov ◽  
M Gordey

Abstract The nonequilibrium evolutionary thermodynamics approach is generalized to the case of alloys prone to structural martensitic and diffusion phase transitions in them. A system of kinetic equations is written out to describe the evolution of the density of structural defects, grain boundaries, dislocations and point defects, as well as for the order parameter in the processing of these alloys by the severe plastic deformation way. The approach is illustrated by the numerical experiments results on a specific example of two-component copper-based alloys. Kinetic curves of the evolution of the grain boundaries, dislocations and atoms dissolved in a copper matrix are obtained, qualitative phase diagrams are constructed.


There are six basic mechanisms of failure: failure due to excessive plastic deformation as the result of static overload or impact, instability, creep, stress corrosion, fatigue and brittle fracture. Conventional design methods almost entirely eliminate the risk from the first two causes, and to a very large extent the risk of failure from creep. Fatigue is the most common cause of failure, and brittle fracture the most spectacular. In the occurrences of failure, joints and in particular the presence of welded joints, frequently play a decisive part owing to: ( a ) the stress concentration they produce, ( b ) the residual stress caused by welding, and ( c ) the metallurgical changes produced by welding. The remedy for avoiding these failures lies in two directions: the wider spread of what is already known mainly through normal educational channels, and an intensification of the research effort in those areas where knowledge is still fragmentary.


1956 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 159-165 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. S. Hutchison ◽  
A. J. Filmer

The attenuation of sound at a frequency of 5 megacycles has been found to reach a maximum in aluminum at 155 °K. Combination of this result with the work of Bordoni, who obtained a maximum at 40 kilocycles and 100 °K., gives an activation energy in agreement with the value calculated by Mason for a dislocation relaxation process. The maximum is greatly increased by plastic deformation. The velocities of sound for annealed and cold-worked aluminum show a maximum difference about 155 °K., again indicating a dislocation mechanism. The maxima are superimposed on a background attenuation mostly caused by scatter at grain boundaries and diffraction.


2021 ◽  
Vol 27 (S1) ◽  
pp. 2660-2662
Author(s):  
David Elam ◽  
Eduardo Ortega ◽  
Andrey Chabanov ◽  
Arturo Ponce

2014 ◽  
Vol 49 (14) ◽  
pp. 4698-4704 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sadahiro Tsurekawa ◽  
Yuta Chihara ◽  
Kyohei Tashima ◽  
Seiichiro Ii ◽  
Pavel Lejček

2016 ◽  
Vol 879 ◽  
pp. 2401-2406 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francisca G. Caballero ◽  
Jonathan D. Poplawsky ◽  
Hung Wei Yen ◽  
Rosalia Rementeria ◽  
Lucia Morales-Rivas ◽  
...  

Processing bulk nanoscrystalline materials for structural applications still poses a significant challenge, particularly in achieving an industrially viable process. In this context, recent work has proved that complex nanoscale steel structures can be formed by solid reaction at low temperatures. These nanocrystalline bainitic steels present the highest strength ever recorded, unprecedented ductility, fatigue on par with commercial bearing steels and exceptional rolling-sliding wear performances. A description of the characteristics and significance of these remarkable structures in the context of the atomic mechanism of transformation is provided.


1994 ◽  
Vol 348 ◽  
Author(s):  
N.V. Kilassen

ABSTRACTThe studies of the dependence of the optical properties of various scintillators on intrinsic structural defects have been reviewed. The greater part of the review is devoted to the defects introduced by plastic deformation. A wide range of variations in the light output, spectral distribution, kinetics and other properties has been observed. These defects can be induced during crystal growth, annealing, processing, etc. The proper regulation of the superstructure of intrinsic defects can ensure the production of high quality scintillators having required properties.


1991 ◽  
Vol 238 ◽  
Author(s):  
Douglas E. Meyers ◽  
Alan J. Ardell

ABSTRACTThe results of our initial efforts at measuring the fracture strengths of grain boundaries In Ni3Al using a miniaturized disk-bend test are presented. The samples tested were 3 mm in diameter and between 150 and 300 μm thick. An Ingot of directlonally-solidlfled, boron-free Ni3Al containing 24% Al was annealed between 1300 and 1350 °C to induce grain growth, producing many grain boundaries In excess of 1.5 mm in length. Specimens were cut from these In such a way that one long grain boundary was located near a diameter of the specimen. The relative orientations of the grains on either side of the boundary were determined from electron channeling patterns. Low-angle boundaries are so strong they do not fracture; Instead the samples deform In a completely ductile manner. High-angle boundaries always fracture, but only after considerable plastic deformation of the two grains flanking them. Fracture is Indicated by a load drop in the load vs. displacement curves. A method involving extrapolation of the elastic portion of these curves to the displacement at fracture is used to estimate the fracture stresses. This procedure yields consistent values of the fracture strengths of high-angle boundaries. The measured stresses are large (∼2 to 3 GPa), but considerably smaller than those required for the fracture of special boundaries, as predicted by computer simulations. No correlation was found between the fracture stresses or loads and the geometry of the high-angle boundaries, many of which are close to, but deviate from, coincident site lattice orientations.


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