scholarly journals Neurofunctional areas related to food appetency in anorexia nervosa

2012 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 91-97
Author(s):  
Juán José Cervantes-Navarrete ◽  
Sarael Alcauter-Solórzano ◽  
Carlos Miguel-Bueno ◽  
Jorge Julio Gonzalez-Olvera ◽  
Roger Carrillo-Mezo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Anorexia Nervosa ◽  
Self Control ◽  
Anterior Cingulate ◽  
Social Model ◽  
Pathological State ◽  
Functional Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Left And Right ◽  
Left Front ◽  
The Brain

In Anorexia Nervosa the observable phenomenon is the suppression of appetite. Little is known about the biological and psychological (top-down) bases that maintain this pathological state. However, Anorexia Nervosa is a biological, psychological and social model where the main behavioral characteristic is the inhibition of eating behavior; not by bottom-up but top-down regulation. Objective: To explore the areas of the brain associated with food appetency through functional magnetic resonance in women with anorexia nervosa. Methods: The subjects include 5 female with Restrictive type of Anorexia Nervosa and five controls female with similar in age and low weigh. The subjects were within the MRI scanner and while took fMRI they saw food images that would generate appetite. The subjects were in fasting state and mentally prepare by instruction “imagine you are eating the food presented in the following images”. Results: Compared differences in the activation between subjects four regions were found significant: the anterior cingulate, left front medial region and the left and right midbrain. Conclusions: The patients with Anorexia Nervosa present different activated cerebral areas to those of the controls during the visual exposition to food in hungry state and with evoke cognitions associated with eat food; those regions may be implicated in reward and self-control.

Is There a Common Network for Processing Reward and Aversion in the Brain?

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiameng Xu
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽  
Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Anterior Cingulate ◽  
Functional Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
Aversive Stimuli ◽  
Midcingulate Cortex ◽  
The Brain

How do our brains process and attach positive and negative value to the objects around us, the sensations we feel, and the experiences that we have? One method of examining these questions is to detect, using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), which areas of the human brain are activated when subjects are exposed to rewarding and aversive stimuli. Although many fMRI studies have concentrated on identifying a network of areas that become active in processing either reward or aversion, there is evidence of significant overlap between the “reward” and “aversion” networks, suggesting that the brain might process rewarding and aversive stimuli in a similar manner regardless of valence. Thus, a meta-analysis of fMRI studies involving rewarding and aversive stimuli was undertaken to determine the areas of the brain that are commonly and differentially activated by reward and aversion. The preliminary results indicate that regions of the prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulate cortex, amygdala, nucleus accumbens, hippocampus, and basal ganglia were commonly activated by rewarding and aversive stimuli, while areas including the insula, midcingulate cortex, and parts of the hippocampus were differentially activated. Locating such commonalities and differences might help in our understanding of how the brain ascribes value to our environment.  

scholarly journals Strengthened Default Mode Network Activation During Delay Discounting in Adolescents with Anorexia Nervosa After Partial Weight Restoration: A Longitudinal fMRI Study

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 900 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arne Doose ◽  
Joseph A. King ◽  
Fabio Bernardoni ◽  
Daniel Geisler ◽  
Inger Hellerhoff ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽  
Decision Making ◽  
Anorexia Nervosa ◽  
Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Delay Discounting ◽  
Self Control ◽  
Functional Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
Weight Restoration ◽  
Partial Weight

The capacity of patients with anorexia nervosa (AN) to resist food-based rewards is often assumed to reflect excessive self-control. Previous cross-sectional functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies utilizing the delay discounting (DD) paradigm, an index of impulsivity and self-control, suggested altered neural efficiency of decision-making in acutely underweight patients (acAN) and a relative normalization in long-term, weight-recovered individuals with a history of AN (recAN). The current longitudinal study tested for changes in functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) activation during DD associated with intensive weight restoration treatment. A predominately adolescent cohort of 22 female acAN patients (mean age—15.5 years) performed an established DD paradigm during fMRI at the beginning of hospitalization and again after partial weight restoration (≥12% body mass index (BMI) increase). Analyses investigated longitudinal changes in both reward valuation and executive decision-making processes. Additional exploratory analyses included comparisons with data acquired in aged-matched healthy controls (HC) as well as probes of functional connectivity between empirically identified nodes of the “task-positive” frontoparietal control network (FPN) and “task-negative” default-mode network (DMN). While treatment was not associated with changes in behavioral DD parameters or activation, specific to reward processing, deactivation of the DMN during decision-making was significantly less pronounced following partial weight restoration. Strengthened DMN activation during DD might reflect a relative relaxation of cognitive overcontrol or improved self-referential, decision-making. Together, our findings present further evidence that aberrant decision-making in AN might be remediable by treatment and, therefore, might constitute an acute effect rather than a core trait variable of the disorder.

scholarly journals Early Detection of Alzheimer’s Disease: Detecting Asymmetries with a Return Random Walk Link Predictor

Entropy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 465
Author(s):  
Manuel Curado ◽  
Francisco Escolano ◽  
Miguel A. Lozano ◽  
Edwin R. Hancock
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Random Walk ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Directed Graphs ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Functional Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Left And Right ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Analyze Data

Alzheimer’s disease has been extensively studied using undirected graphs to represent the correlations of BOLD signals in different anatomical regions through functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). However, there has been relatively little analysis of this kind of data using directed graphs, which potentially offer the potential to capture asymmetries in the interactions between different anatomical brain regions. The detection of these asymmetries is relevant to detect the disease in an early stage. For this reason, in this paper, we analyze data extracted from fMRI images using the net4Lap algorithm to infer a directed graph from the available BOLD signals, and then seek to determine asymmetries between the left and right hemispheres of the brain using a directed version of the Return Random Walk (RRW). Experimental evaluation of this method reveals that it leads to the identification of anatomical brain regions known to be implicated in the early development of Alzheimer’s disease in clinical studies.

scholarly journals Differential Contributions of the Left and Right Inferior Parietal Lobules to Number Processing

1999 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 617-630 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Chochon ◽  
L. Cohen ◽  
P. F. van de Moortele ◽  
S. Dehaene
Keyword(s):  
Right Hemisphere ◽  
Number Processing ◽  
Task Demands ◽  
Anterior Cingulate ◽  
Functional Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Comparison Task ◽  
Cerebral Activation ◽  
Multiplication Task ◽  
Left And Right ◽  
The Right

We measured cerebral activation with functional magnetic resonance imaging at 3 Tesla while eight healthy volunteers performed various number processing tasks known to be dissociable in brain-lesioned patients: naming, comparing, multiplying, or subtracting single digits. The results revealed the activation of a circuit comprising bilateral intraparietal, prefrontal, and anterior cingulate components. The extension and lateralization of this circuit was modulated by task demands. The intraparietal and prefrontal activation was more important in the right hemisphere during the comparison task and in the left hemisphere during the multiplication task and was intensely bilateral during the subtraction task. Thus, partially distinct cerebral circuits with the dorsal parietal pathway underlie distinct arithmetic operations.

scholarly journals Laughter is in the air: involvement of key nodes of the emotional motor system in the anticipation of tickling

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (8) ◽  
pp. 837-847 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elise Wattendorf ◽  
Birgit Westermann ◽  
Klaus Fiedler ◽  
Simone Ritz ◽  
Annetta Redmann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sensory Processing ◽  
Anterior Insula ◽  
Anterior Cingulate ◽  
Functional Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
Periaqueductal Gray Matter ◽  
Internal Globus Pallidus ◽  
Posterior Insula ◽  
Anticipatory Activity ◽  
The Brain

Abstract In analogy to the appreciation of humor, that of tickling is based upon the re-interpretation of an anticipated emotional situation. Hence, the anticipation of tickling contributes to the final outburst of ticklish laughter. To localize the neuronal substrates of this process, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was conducted on 31 healthy volunteers. The state of anticipation was simulated by generating an uncertainty respecting the onset of manual foot tickling. Anticipation was characterized by an augmented fMRI signal in the anterior insula, the hypothalamus, the nucleus accumbens and the ventral tegmental area, as well as by an attenuated one in the internal globus pallidus. Furthermore, anticipatory activity in the anterior insula correlated positively with the degree of laughter that was produced during tickling. These findings are consistent with an encoding of the expected emotional consequences of tickling and suggest that early regulatory mechanisms influence, automatically, the laughter circuitry at the level of affective and sensory processing. Tickling activated not only those regions of the brain that were involved during anticipation, but also the posterior insula, the anterior cingulate cortex and the periaqueductal gray matter. Sequential or combined anticipatory and tickling-related neuronal activities may adjust emotional and sensorimotor pathways in preparation for the impending laughter response.

Advantages of Complementary Stereo Images as Viewed with the Low-Temperature Field-Emission SEM

1992 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 1314-1315
Author(s):  
William P. Wergin ◽  
Eric F. Erbe
Keyword(s):  
Fold Increase ◽  
Horizontal Displacement ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
Stereo Image ◽  
Stereo Pair ◽  
Sem Micrograph ◽  
Left And Right ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Pair Analysis

The eye-brain complex allows those of us with normal vision to perceive and evaluate our surroundings in three-dimensions (3-D). The principle factor that makes this possible is parallax - the horizontal displacement of objects that results from the independent views that the left and right eyes detect and simultaneously transmit to the brain for superimposition. The common SEM micrograph is a 2-D representation of a 3-D specimen. Depriving the brain of the 3-D view can lead to erroneous conclusions about the relative sizes, positions and convergence of structures within a specimen. In addition, Walter has suggested that the stereo image contains information equivalent to a two-fold increase in magnification over that found in a 2-D image. Because of these factors, stereo pair analysis should be routinely employed when studying specimens.Imaging complementary faces of a fractured specimen is a second method by which the topography of a specimen can be more accurately evaluated.

Morphological Changes in the Brain of Acutely Ill and Weight-Recovered Patients with Anorexia Nervosa

2014 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jochen Seitz ◽  
Katharina Bühren ◽  
Georg G. von Polier ◽  
Nicole Heussen ◽  
Beate Herpertz-Dahlmann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Anorexia Nervosa ◽  
Cognitive Deficits ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Clinical Prognosis ◽  
Qualitative Review ◽  
Brain Changes ◽  
The Brain

Objective: Acute anorexia nervosa (AN) leads to reduced gray (GM) and white matter (WM) volume in the brain, which however improves again upon restoration of weight. Yet little is known about the extent and clinical correlates of these brain changes, nor do we know much about the time-course and completeness of their recovery. Methods: We conducted a meta-analysis and a qualitative review of all magnetic resonance imaging studies involving volume analyses of the brain in both acute and recovered AN. Results: We identified structural neuroimaging studies with a total of 214 acute AN patients and 177 weight-recovered AN patients. In acute AN, GM was reduced by 5.6% and WM by 3.8% compared to healthy controls (HC). Short-term weight recovery 2–5 months after admission resulted in restitution of about half of the GM aberrations and almost full WM recovery. After 2–8 years of remission GM and WM were nearly normalized, and differences to HC (GM: –1.0%, WM: –0.7%) were no longer significant, although small residual changes could not be ruled out. In the qualitative review some studies found GM volume loss to be associated with cognitive deficits and clinical prognosis. Conclusions: GM and WM were strongly reduced in acute AN. The completeness of brain volume rehabilitation remained equivocal.

Starving the brain: Structural abnormalities and cognitive impairment in adolescents with anorexia nervosa

2001 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 146-152 ◽  
Author(s):  
Debra K. Katzman ◽  
Bruce Christensen ◽  
Arlene R. Young ◽  
Robert B. Zipursky
Keyword(s):  
Anorexia Nervosa ◽  
Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Structural Abnormalities ◽  
The Brain

scholarly journals Antagonism between brain regions relevant for cognitive control and emotional memory facilitates the generation of humorous ideas

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Florian Bitsch ◽  
Philipp Berger ◽  
Andreas Fink ◽  
Arne Nagels ◽  
Benjamin Straube ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Control ◽  
Positive Emotions ◽  
Emotional Memory ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Neural Mechanisms ◽  
Functional Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Frontal Brain ◽  
Successful Resolution ◽  
Neural Underpinnings ◽  
The Brain

AbstractThe ability to generate humor gives rise to positive emotions and thus facilitate the successful resolution of adversity. Although there is consensus that inhibitory processes might be related to broaden the way of thinking, the neural underpinnings of these mechanisms are largely unknown. Here, we use functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging, a humorous alternative uses task and a stroop task, to investigate the brain mechanisms underlying the emergence of humorous ideas in 24 subjects. Neuroimaging results indicate that greater cognitive control abilities are associated with increased activation in the amygdala, the hippocampus and the superior and medial frontal gyrus during the generation of humorous ideas. Examining the neural mechanisms more closely shows that the hypoactivation of frontal brain regions is associated with an hyperactivation in the amygdala and vice versa. This antagonistic connectivity is concurrently linked with an increased number of humorous ideas and enhanced amygdala responses during the task. Our data therefore suggests that a neural antagonism previously related to the emergence and regulation of negative affective responses, is linked with the generation of emotionally positive ideas and may represent an important neural pathway supporting mental health.

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