ASSESSMENT OF PHYSICOCHEMICAL AND BACTERIOLOGICALQUALITY OF RAW WATER FROM THE BOUKOURDANE DAM ANDTREATED WATER AT THE SIDI AMAR DRINKING WATERTREATMENT PLANT (TIPAZA), ALGERIA

In terms of geology, most areas in south of the Gunungkidul District in Central Java consist of the Wonosari formation limestone. The land is generally very dry and source of raw water is also difficult to reach. Findings on the existence of underground river in caves, however, indicate the potential amount of water within the area, especially in the eastern part of the Gunungkidul District. Although limited information available, some fishermen have discovered that Seropan cave contains fresh water source. This cave is situated at 65 m below the cliff. Initial exploration, which done using a multichannel resistivity method, confirmed the availability of freshwater in the cave and underground river. The isopach of cave depth is found in ranges of 80 200 m below the ground surface. The water of Seropan cave can be utilized by implementing pipeline or by drilling at the suggested point based on the interpretation results, i.e. 110o2223.6388 EL 8o42.874 SL. [DY1][PP2][DY1]Perbaiki grammarIn terms of geology, most areas in south of Gunungkidul District in Central Java consist of the Wonosari formation limestone. The land is generally very dry and source of raw water is also difficult to reach. Findings on the exixtence of underground river in caves, however, indicate potential amount of water within the area especially in eastern part of Gunungkidul District. Although limited information available, some fishermans has discovered that Seropan cave contain fresh water source. This cave is situated at 65 m below the cliff. Initial exploration, which done using multichannel resistivity method, confirmed the availability of freshwater in the cave and underground river. The iso pach of cave depth is found in ranges of 80 200 m below the ground surface. The water of Seropan cave can be utilized by implementing pipeline or by drilling at the suggested point based on the interpretation results i.e. 110o2223.6388 EL 8o42.874 SL.[PP2]Sudah diperbaiki

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The effect of the molecular mass of the organic matter in raw water on the formation of disinfection by-products

Journal of Water Supply Research and Technology—AQUA ◽

10.2166/aqua.2001.0004 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 50 (1) ◽

pp. 39-45 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Chen-Yu Chang ◽

Yung-Hsu Hsieh ◽

Yu-Min Lin ◽

Po-Yu Hu ◽

Chin-Chuan Liu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Organic Matter ◽

Molecular Mass ◽

Raw Water ◽

By Products

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Leading the City of Baltimore into the 21st Century: Flexible Treatment Solutions and Integrated Raw Water Management

Water Practice & Technology ◽

10.2166/wpt.2010.077 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 5 (4) ◽

Author(s):

J. L. Manuszak ◽

M. MacPhee ◽

S. Liskovich ◽

L. Feldsher

Keyword(s):

Water Management ◽

Water Quality ◽

Water Supply ◽

Conceptual Design ◽

Membrane Filtration ◽

Treatment Plant ◽

Low Pressure ◽

Management Tool ◽

Raw Water ◽

The City

The City of Baltimore, Maryland is one of many US cities faced with challenges related to increasing potable water demands, diminishing fresh water supplies, and aging infrastructure. To address these challenges, the City recently undertook a $7M study to evaluate water supply and treatment alternatives and develop the conceptual design for a new 120 million gallon per day (MGD) water treatment plant. As part of this study, an innovative raw water management tool was constructed to help model source water availability and predicted water quality based on integration of a new and more challenging surface water supply. A rigorous decision-making approach was then used to screen and select appropriate treatment processes. Short-listed treatment strategies were demonstrated through a year-long pilot study, and process design criteria were collected in order to assess capital and operational costs for the full-scale plant. Ultimately the City chose a treatment scheme that includes low-pressure membrane filtration and post-filter GAC adsorption, allowing for consistent finished water quality irrespective of which raw water supply is being used. The conceptual design includes several progressive concepts, which will: 1) alleviate treatment limitations at the City's existing plants by providing additional pre-clarification facilities at the new plant; and 2) take advantage of site conditions to design and operate the submerged membrane system by gravity-induced siphon, saving the City significant capital and operations and maintenance (O&M) costs. Once completed, the new Fullerton Water Filtration Plant (WFP) will be the largest low-pressure membrane plant in North America, and the largest gravity-siphon design in the world.

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Optimisation of coagulation and chlorination in drinking water treatment: laboratory and full-scale studies

Water Science & Technology Water Supply ◽

10.2166/ws.2002.0055 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 2 (2) ◽

pp. 131-137

Author(s):

N.D. Basson ◽

C.F. Schutte

Keyword(s):

Water Quality ◽

Large Fraction ◽

Drinking Water Treatment ◽

Agricultural Runoff ◽

Treatment Costs ◽

Full Scale ◽

Raw Water ◽

Activated Carbon Adsorption ◽

Treated Effluent ◽

Quality Optimisation

The paper deals with laboratory and full-scale studies aimed at optimising treatment processes at the Balkfontein plant of Sedibeng Water in South Africa. The raw water is highly eutrophic and contains a large fraction of treated effluent from domestic and industrial sources as well as agricultural runoff. The eutrophic nature and changing raw water quality give rise to many operational difficulties and high treatment costs as well as problems with the final water quality. Optimisation of the coagulation and chlorination processes was seen as a cheaper solution to these problems than to install advanced processes such as ozonation and activated carbon adsorption that would add greatly to treatment costs. The laboratory studies indicated that through optimisation of coagulation-flocculation and by replacement of pre-chlorination by intermediate chlorination (after primary sedimentation) most of the treatment problems could be solved and final water of the required quality produced without a large increase in treatment costs.

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Enteric viruses in drinking water supplies

Water Science & Technology Water Supply ◽

10.2166/ws.2002.0080 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 2 (3) ◽

pp. 17-22

Author(s):

A.P. Wyn-Jones ◽

J. Watkins ◽

C. Francis ◽

M. Laverick ◽

J. Sellwood

Keyword(s):

Drinking Water ◽

Heavy Rainfall ◽

Liquid Culture ◽

Plaque Assay ◽

Enteric Viruses ◽

Enteric Virus ◽

The Other ◽

Raw Water ◽

Rt Pcr ◽

Water Supplies

Two rural spring drinking water supplies were studied for their enteric virus levels. In one, serving about 30 dwellings, the water was chlorinated before distribution; in the other, which served a dairy and six dwellings the water was not treated. Samples of treated (40 l) and untreated (20 l) water were taken under normal and heavy rainfall conditions over a six weeks period and concentrated by adsorption/elution and organic flocculation. Infectious enterovirus in concentrates was detected in liquid culture and enumerated by plaque assay, both in BGM cells, and concentrates were also analysed by RT-PCR. Viruses were found in both raw water supplies. Rural supplies need to be analysed for viruses as well as bacterial and protozoan pathogens if the full microbial hazard is to be determined.

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Predictability of fouling-potential of raw water for ultrafiltration membranes

Water Science & Technology Water Supply ◽

10.2166/ws.2011.078 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 11 (4) ◽

pp. 481-489

Author(s):

S. Krause ◽

A. Obermayer

Keyword(s):

Water Quality ◽

Membrane Fouling ◽

Large Scale ◽

High Capacity ◽

Raw Water ◽

Ultrafiltration Membranes ◽

Small Water ◽

Lab Experiments ◽

Flux Decline ◽

Public Drinking Water

The public drinking water supply of southern Germany is characterized by a rather decentralized network. Due to the hydrogeological setting in these parts of Germany many of the small water works with an average capacity of 50 m3/h have to treat raw water extracted from karstic or cliffy aquifers. These raw waters tend to be contaminated with particles and pathogens acquired during snowmelt or after strong rainfalls. In the last decade ultrafiltration has become the technology of choice for the removal of the aforementioned contaminants. Flux decline caused by unanticipated membrane fouling is the main limitation for the application of ultrafiltration membranes. This paper describes how membrane fouling phenomena can be predicted by using a statistical approach based on data from large scale filtration systems in combination with field and lab experiments on raw water quality and membrane performance. The data defines water quality and respective fouling phenomena both in technical scale filtration plants and in lab experiments of eleven different raw waters. The method described here is more economically feasible for small water works when compared to typical pilot experiments that are used for high capacity water works.

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Estimation of geographical variation of cancer risks in drinking water in Japan

Water Science & Technology Water Supply ◽

10.2166/ws.2006.045 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 6 (2) ◽

pp. 31-37

Author(s):

K. Ohno ◽

E. Kadota ◽

Y. Kondo ◽

T. Kamei ◽

Y. Magara

Keyword(s):

Geographical Variation ◽

Statistical Data ◽

Raw Water ◽

Cancer Risks ◽

Geometric Means ◽

Toxicological Effects ◽

Total Cancer ◽

Big Cities ◽

The Relationship ◽

Plausible Reason

The cancer risks posed by ten substances in raw and purified water were estimated for each municipality in Japan to compare risks between raw and purified water, and inter-municipality. Water concentrations were estimated by use of statistical data. Assigning cancer unit risks to each substance and applying the assumption of additive toxicological effects to multiple carcinogens, total cancer risks of the waters were estimated. As a result, the geometric means of total cancer risks in raw and purified water were 1.16×10−5 and 2.18×10−5, respectively. In raw water, the contribution ratio of arsenic to total cancer risk accounted for 97%. In purified water, that of four trihalomethanes (THMs) accounted for 54%. The increase of total cancer risks in purified water was due to THMs. In regard to the geographical variation, the relationship between population size and total cancer risks were investigated. The result was that there were higher cancer risks in the big cities with the population more than a million both in raw and purified water. One plausible reason for the higher risks in purified water in the big cities is a larger chlorination dose due to the huge water supply areas. The reason for the increase in raw water remained unclear.

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Occurrence of 1,4-dioxane and MTBE in drinking water sources in Japan

Water Science & Technology Water Supply ◽

10.2166/ws.2006.049 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 6 (2) ◽

pp. 47-53 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

D. Simazaki ◽

M. Asami ◽

T. Nishimura ◽

S. Kunikane ◽

T. Aizawa ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Drinking Water ◽

Surface Water ◽

Water Samples ◽

Quality Standards ◽

Raw Water ◽

Water Quality Standards ◽

Butyl Ether ◽

Water Treatment Plants ◽

Standard Value ◽

Surface Water Samples

Nationwide surveys of 1,4-dioxane and methyl-t-butyl ether (MTBE) levels in raw water used for the drinking water supply were conducted at 91 water treatment plants in Japan in 2001 and 2002, prior to the revision of the drinking water quality standards. 1,4-dioxane was widely and continuously detected in raw water samples and its occurrence was more frequent and its concentrations higher in groundwater than in surface water. However, its maximum concentration in raw water was much lower than its new standard value (50 μg/L), which was determined as a level of 10−5 excessive cancer risk to humans. Trace levels of MTBE were also detected in several surface water samples.

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