Energy Consumption and Transportation in Developing Countries: Need for Local Scenario-Based Energy Efficiency Plans

The power shortage is one of the major problems in developing countries. Kurdistan Region of Iraq suffers from this issue, like other developing countries. Especially, after the economy crises that has started in 2014. However, all its efforts for tackling this challenge has been in providing more energy supply stations and more fuel provision. Few studies have been found in the region that seek the relation between the quality of buildings and energy consumption. It is questioned if the building sector in Kurdistan is well managed and environmentally sufficient to consume minimum amount of energy since it is the largest energy consuming sector. This research will seek an alternative to decrease the energy demand in buildings instead of expanding the energy sector. This could be achieved by evaluating the quality of building sector environmentally and improving it. Providing guidelines for building’s thermal regulations, passive building design and increasing the energy efficiency of buildings by renewal means could be alternative strategies for lowering the energy consumption. Theoretical and numerical research approach have been taken in to account for finding the answer through a case study and comparative analysis. A variation of 21-29% of power consumption can be observed between buildings that have not considered energy efficiency criteria in their design and those who reflected them more in the design.

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Does Domestic Energy Consumption Affect GDP of a Country? A Panel Data Study

Global Economy Journal ◽

10.1515/gej-2015-0016 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 16 (2) ◽

pp. 229-273 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Somesh K. Mathur ◽

Sohini Sahu ◽

Ishita Ghoshal ◽

Kanak Aggarwal

Keyword(s):

Energy Efficiency ◽

Developing Countries ◽

Energy Consumption ◽

Panel Data ◽

Energy Conservation ◽

Regression Model ◽

Developed Countries ◽

Gdp Growth ◽

Per Capita Gdp ◽

Per Capita

The present study is an attempt to test the relationship between energy consumption, energy efficiency, CO2 Emissions and economic growth for a set of some developed, transition and developing counties. For this purpose, panel data on various factors of GDP growth has been taken for 18 developing, 16 transition and 18 developed countries from 1980–2013. The paper uses the variant of Solow model to provide the economic justification behind the econometric estimation of regression model which includes energy consumption per capita, CO2 emissions and energy efficiency as one of the independent variables affecting GDP growth of a country, among others. To estimate the regression model, the study uses various panel data estimation methodologies such as: panel data cointegration, panel causality (assuming homogeneous and heterogeneous panels), panel VECM, panel VAR and panel data ARDL and SURE. The results help us to find out he short run and long-run relationship between the policy variables. The paper also tests the direction of causality between energy consumption and GDP and per capita GDP growth by working on the following hypotheses:(a) Neutrality Hypothesis, which holds that there is no causality (neither direction) between these two variables; (b) Energy conservation hypothesis, which holds that there is evidence of unidirectional causality from GDP growth to energy consumption; (c)Growth hypothesis, energy consumption drives GDP growth; and (d) Feedback hypothesis, which suggests a bidirectional causal relationship between energy consumption and GDP growth. S-shaped relationship between energy consumption and per capita GDP is also tested by hypothesizing that with high GDP, first energy consumption increases at an increasing rate and then increases at a decreasing rate. The overall conclusion emerges from the analysis is that per capita energy consumption has a negative impact on growth of per capita GDP in developing countries and transition economies but positive impact in case of developed countries. This may be due to the fact that in developed nations, the energy consumption expenditures may be more devoted to technological progress in alternative source of oil like shell gas or in expenditures related to renewable energy intensive technological products. The developing and transition countries although trying to put efforts in increasing expenditures in alternative energy sources like non-renewable, oil consumption still seem to not have many alternatives sources of energy. Therefore, reducing oil expenditures tend to promote growth among developing countries. Growth, Energy Conservation and Feedback hypotheses tend to work for developed, transition and developing countries. Also, the direction of causality may run from growth per capita to energy consumption depicting a S-shaped relation signifying that as society matures energy consumption increases but at a decreasing rate.

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Climate Change and HVACR Systems

Proceedings of the 50th International HVAC&R Congress and Exhibition ◽

10.24094/kghk.019.50.1.245 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Risto Ciconkov ◽

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Energy Efficiency ◽

Developing Countries ◽

Energy Consumption ◽

Sea Level ◽

Co2 Emissions ◽

Air Temperature ◽

Heat Waves ◽

Renewable Energy Sources ◽

Paris Agreement

Indicators at a global level are presented: population in the world today and forecasts for developed and developing countries. The following diagrams are presented: world total primary energy consumption, global CO2 emissions from combustion since 1971, as well as cumulative CO2 emissions by regions since 1750. Facts for climate change are included (according to WMO and IPCC): increase in GHG concentrations, increase in air temperature, rise in sea level, etc. The consequences of global warming are listed: extreme rainfall and floods; high temperatures – heat waves, droughts, wildfires; huge damage to agriculture; harmful impacts on the environment, etc. The IPCC provides several scenarios for a global rise of air temperature up to 2100, for a global rise of sea level etc. The activities of the international community on climate change are organized through: IPCC, UNFCCC, Kyoto Protocol, Paris Agreement and continuous negotiations. The European Union (EU) is probably the most advanced in the battle against climate change. Some important strategies are outlined: by 2020, by 2030, and by 2050. Heating, air-conditioning and refrigeration systems (HVACR) are connected with energy consumption, which means they are a source of GHG emissions. The situation with HVACR systems is such that even in EU countries, the fossil fuels are dominant in the heating systems. Future solutions for HVACR systems are described. The first step is to increase the energy efficiency of buildings and HVACR equipment. The concept of "nearly zero-energy buildings" should be worked on. HVACR systems should be based on renewable energy sources (RES). The considered solutions include heat pumps, solar panels, thermal storage, district heating, combined heat and power, condensing boilers, reversible air conditioners, the concept of "smart" buildings, automation of HVACR systems with digital technology, etc. The political, economic and social aspects of climate change are analyzed. Capitalism society, market economy, profit, is the main reason for today's climate change situation. On the end, there is a discussion highlighting the need for urgent and major investment in RES and energy efficiency. For rich countries, this is really achievable. But developing countries, representing 83% of the world's population, need financial assistance, and this needs to be regulated through the Paris Agreement. Obstacles of a political nature are also possible (US and Paris Agreement).

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Improving Energy Efficiency in Internet of Things using Artificial Bee Colony Algorithm

Recent Patents on Engineering ◽

10.2174/1872212114999200616164642 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 14 ◽

Author(s):

M. Sivaram ◽

V. Porkodi ◽

Amin Salih Mohammed ◽

S. Anbu Karuppusamy

Keyword(s):

Energy Efficiency ◽

Energy Consumption ◽

Artificial Bee Colony ◽

Trust Model ◽

Sensor Nodes ◽

Remote Areas ◽

Bee Colony ◽

Important Concern ◽

Wide Range ◽

Iot Devices

Background: With the advent of IoT, the deployment of batteries with a limited lifetime in remote areas is a major concern. In certain conditions, the network lifetime gets restricted due to limited battery constraints. Subsequently, the collaborative approaches for key facilities help to reduce the constraint demands of the current security protocols. Aim: This work covers and combines a wide range of concepts linked by IoT based on security and energy efficiency. Specifically, this study examines the WSN energy efficiency problem in IoT and security for the management of threats in IoT through collaborative approaches and finally outlines the future. The concept of energy-efficient key protocols which clearly cover heterogeneous IoT communications among peers with different resources has been developed. Because of the low capacity of sensor nodes, energy efficiency in WSNs has been an important concern. Methods: Hence, in this paper, we present an algorithm for Artificial Bee Colony (ABC) which reviews security and energy consumption to discuss their constraints in the IoT scenarios. Results: The results of a detailed experimental assessment are analyzed in terms of communication cost, energy consumption and security, which prove the relevance of a proposed ABC approach and a key establishment. Conclusion: The validation of DTLS-ABC consists of designing an inter-node cooperation trust model for the creation of a trusted community of elements that are mutually supportive. Initial attempts to design the key methods for management are appropriate individual IoT devices. This gives the system designers, an option that considers the question of scalability.

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The Research of Measuring Approach and Energy Efficiency for Hadoop Periodic Jobs

The Open Fuels & Energy Science Journal ◽

10.2174/1876973x01508010206 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 8 (1) ◽

pp. 206-210 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Yu Junyang ◽

Hu Zhigang ◽

Han Yuanyuan

Keyword(s):

Energy Efficiency ◽

Cloud Computing ◽

Energy Consumption ◽

Energy Saving ◽

Energy Estimate ◽

Cloud Platform ◽

Periodic Tasks ◽

Current Consumption ◽

Reduce Energy Consumption

Current consumption of cloud computing has attracted more and more attention of scholars. The research on Hadoop as a cloud platform and its energy consumption has also received considerable attention from scholars. This paper presents a method to measure the energy consumption of jobs that run on Hadoop, and this method is used to measure the effectiveness of the implementation of periodic tasks on the platform of Hadoop. Combining with the current mainstream of energy estimate formula to conduct further analysis, this paper has reached a conclusion as how to reduce energy consumption of Hadoop by adjusting the split size or using appropriate size of workers (servers). Finally, experiments show the effectiveness of these methods as being energy-saving strategies and verify the feasibility of the methods for the measurement of periodic tasks at the same time.

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Pre- and post-operam comparison of the energy consumption of a radio base station under energy efficiency actions

Energy and Buildings ◽

10.1016/j.enbuild.2021.110772 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 236 ◽

pp. 110772

Author(s):

Carmela Vetromile ◽

Antonio Spagnuolo ◽

Antonio Petraglia ◽

Antonio Masiello ◽

Maria Rosa di Cicco ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Energy Efficiency ◽

Energy Consumption ◽

Base Station

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Power and Performance Evaluation of Memory-Intensive Applications

Energies ◽

10.3390/en14144089 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (14) ◽

pp. 4089

Author(s):

Kaiqiang Zhang ◽

Dongyang Ou ◽

Congfeng Jiang ◽

Yeliang Qiu ◽

Longchuan Yan

Keyword(s):

Energy Efficiency ◽

Energy Consumption ◽

Power Consumption ◽

Job Scheduling ◽

Memory System ◽

Processor Core ◽

Memory Efficiency ◽

And Performance ◽

Reasonable Use ◽

Server System

In terms of power and energy consumption, DRAMs play a key role in a modern server system as well as processors. Although power-aware scheduling is based on the proportion of energy between DRAM and other components, when running memory-intensive applications, the energy consumption of the whole server system will be significantly affected by the non-energy proportion of DRAM. Furthermore, modern servers usually use NUMA architecture to replace the original SMP architecture to increase its memory bandwidth. It is of great significance to study the energy efficiency of these two different memory architectures. Therefore, in order to explore the power consumption characteristics of servers under memory-intensive workload, this paper evaluates the power consumption and performance of memory-intensive applications in different generations of real rack servers. Through analysis, we find that: (1) Workload intensity and concurrent execution threads affects server power consumption, but a fully utilized memory system may not necessarily bring good energy efficiency indicators. (2) Even if the memory system is not fully utilized, the memory capacity of each processor core has a significant impact on application performance and server power consumption. (3) When running memory-intensive applications, memory utilization is not always a good indicator of server power consumption. (4) The reasonable use of the NUMA architecture will improve the memory energy efficiency significantly. The experimental results show that reasonable use of NUMA architecture can improve memory efficiency by 16% compared with SMP architecture, while unreasonable use of NUMA architecture reduces memory efficiency by 13%. The findings we present in this paper provide useful insights and guidance for system designers and data center operators to help them in energy-efficiency-aware job scheduling and energy conservation.

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Evaluation of Sustainable Energy Development Progress in EU Member States in the Context of Building Renovation

Energies ◽

10.3390/en14144209 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (14) ◽

pp. 4209

Author(s):

Rita Remeikienė ◽

Ligita Gasparėnienė ◽

Aleksandra Fedajev ◽

Marek Szarucki ◽

Marija Đekić ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Energy Efficiency ◽

Energy Consumption ◽

Co2 Emissions ◽

Renewable Energy Sources ◽

Investment Efficiency ◽

The European Union ◽

Energy Usage ◽

Member States ◽

Eu Member States ◽

The Eu

The main goal of setting energy efficiency priorities is to find ways to reduce energy consumption without harming consumers and the environment. The renovation of buildings can be considered one of the main aspects of energy efficiency in the European Union (EU). In the EU, only 5% of the renovation projects have been able to yield energy-saving at the deep renovation level. No other study has thus far ranked the EU member states according to achieved results in terms of increased usage in renewable sources, a decrease in energy usage and import, and reduction in harmful gas emissions due to energy usage. The main purpose of this article is to perform a comparative analysis of EU economies according to selected indicators related to the usage of renewable resources, energy efficiency, and emissions of harmful gasses as a result of energy usage. The methodological contribution of our study is related to developing a complex and robust research method for investment efficiency assessment allowing the study of three groups of indicators related to the usage of renewable energy sources, energy efficiency, and ecological aspects of energy. It was based on the PROMETHEE II method and allows testing it in other time periods, as well as modifying it for research purposes. The EU member states were categorized by such criteria as energy from renewables and biofuels, final energy consumption from renewables and biofuels, gross electricity generation from renewables and biofuels and import dependency, and usage of renewables and biofuels for heating and cooling. The results of energy per unit of Gross Domestic Product (GDP), Greenhouse gasses (GHG) emissions per million inhabitants (ECO2), energy per capita, the share of CO2 emissions from public electricity, and heat production from total CO2 emissions revealed that Latvia, Sweden, Portugal, Croatia, Austria, Lithuania, Romania, Denmark, and Finland are the nine most advanced countries in the area under consideration. In the group of the most advanced countries, energy consumption from renewables and biofuels is higher than the EU average.

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Effects of Torso Pitch Motion on Energy Efficiency of Biped Robot Walking

Applied Sciences ◽

10.3390/app11052342 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (5) ◽

pp. 2342

Author(s):

Long Li ◽

Zhongqu Xie ◽

Xiang Luo ◽

Juanjuan Li

Keyword(s):

Energy Efficiency ◽

Energy Consumption ◽

Biped Robot ◽

Gait Pattern ◽

Pattern Generation ◽

Biped Robots ◽

Pitch Motion ◽

Double Support ◽

Gait Parameters ◽

Support Phase

Gait pattern generation has an important influence on the walking quality of biped robots. In most gait pattern generation methods, it is usually assumed that the torso keeps vertical during walking. It is very intuitive and simple. However, it may not be the most efficient. In this paper, we propose a gait pattern with torso pitch motion (TPM) during walking. We also present a gait pattern with torso keeping vertical (TKV) to study the effects of TPM on energy efficiency of biped robots. We define the cyclic gait of a five-link biped robot with several gait parameters. The gait parameters are determined by optimization. The optimization criterion is chosen to minimize the energy consumption per unit distance of the biped robot. Under this criterion, the optimal gait performances of TPM and TKV are compared over different step lengths and different gait periods. It is observed that (1) TPM saves more than 12% energy on average compared with TKV, and the main factor of energy-saving in TPM is the reduction of energy consumption of the swing knee in the double support phase and (2) the overall trend of torso motion is leaning forward in double support phase and leaning backward in single support phase, and the amplitude of the torso pitch motion increases as gait period or step length increases.

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