scholarly journals Design characteristics of showering aeration system

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. U. Roshan ◽  
Tanveer Mohammad ◽  
Subha M. Roy ◽  
R. Rajendran
Keyword(s):  
Response Surface Methodology ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Water Flow Rate ◽  
Geometric Parameters ◽  
Radius Of Curvature ◽  
Box Behnken Design ◽  
Aeration System ◽  
Aeration Efficiency ◽  
Dimension 2 ◽  
Design Characteristics

Abstract The showering aeration system (SAS) was designed and its performance was evaluated by conducting the aeration experiments in a tank of dimension 2 × 4 × 1.5 m. Initially, the aeration experiments were conducted to optimize the radius of curvature of the SAS with different values, such as = 0, 5, 10, 15, and 20 mm, and maintain other geometric parameters, i.e. number of holes in the shower (); height of water fall (H); diameter of the shower hole (d); volume of water under aeration (V) and water flow rate (Q) as constants. The optimum radius of curvature () was found to be 10 mm. The aeration experiments were further conducted with four different non-dimensional geometric parameters such as the number of holes , the ratio of the height of water fall to the length of shower arm the ratio of the diameter of the hole to the length of shower arm and the ratio of the volume of water to the cube of the length of shower arm The Response Surface Methodology and Box–Behnken Design were used to optimize the non-dimensional geometric parameters of the SAS to maximize the Non-Dimensional Standard Aeration Efficiency. The result indicates that the maximum NDSAE of 16.98 × 106 was obtained from the SAS performance at = 80; = 2; = 4 and = 48. HIGHLIGHT The optimized non-dimensional geometric parameters (H/l; d/l; V/l3; n) for the showering aeration system were experimentally validated, and the final NDSAE value was found to be 16.98 × 106 against the predicted NDSAE value of 17.70 × 106.

scholarly journals Optimized Degradation of Eosin Dye Through UV-ZnO NPs Catalyzed Reaction

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rania Farouq ◽  
Ehsan Kh. Ismaeel ◽  
Aliaa M. Monazie
Keyword(s):  
Response Surface Methodology ◽  
Reaction Time ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Zno Nanoparticles ◽  
Effective Parameters ◽  
Zno Nps ◽  
Statistical Tool ◽  
Box Behnken Design ◽  
Influential Parameters ◽  
Dye Solutions

Abstract The present study is set out to determine the photocatalytic degradation potential of ZnO nanoparticles for effective degradation of Eosin dye. The heterogeneous photocatalytic experiments were carried out by irradiating aqueous dye solutions with ultraviolet light. The influence of effective parameters like flow rate, pH, catalyst dose, and dye concentration was examined. The best degradation efficiency (66.82%) of ZnO Nanoparticles against Eosin dye was achieved within 90 min of reaction time. The Box–Behnken design under the Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was chosen as a statistical tool to obtain the correlation of influential parameters. The optimum values were recorded as follows: 0.59 g, 15.75 ppm and 136.12 ml/min for amount of catalyst, dye concentration and flow rate, respectively. The maximum percent degradation achieved at these conditions was 71.44%.

scholarly journals Auto-Aspirated DAF Sparger Study on Flow Hydrodynamics, Bubble Generation and Aeration Efficiency

Processes ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (11) ◽  
pp. 1498
Author(s):  
Dmitry Vladimirovich Gradov ◽  
Andrey Saren ◽  
Janne Kauppi ◽  
Kari Ullakko ◽  
Tuomas Koiranen
Keyword(s):  
Size Distribution ◽  
Water Flow ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Bubble Size ◽  
Transfer Rate ◽  
Pure Water ◽  
Water Flow Rate ◽  
Bubble Size Distribution ◽  
Bubble Generation ◽  
Aeration Efficiency

A novel auto-aspirated sparger is examined experimentally in a closed-loop reactor (CLR) at lab scale using particle image velocimetry, high-speed camera and oxygen mass transfer rate measurements. State-of-the-art 3D printing technology was utilized to develop the sparger design in stainless steel. An insignificant change in the bubble size distribution was observed along the aerated flow, proving the existence of a low coalescence rate in the constraint domain of the CLR pipeline. The studied sparger created macrobubbles evenly dispersed in space. In pure water, the produced bubble size distribution from 190 to 2500 μm is controlled by liquid flow rate. The bubble size dynamics exhibited a power-law function of water flow rate approaching a stable minimum bubble size, which was attributed to the ratio of the fast-growing energy of the bubble surface tension over the kinetic energy of the stream. Potentially, the stream energy can efficiently disperse higher gas flow rates. The oxygen transfer rate was rapid and depended on the water flow rate. The aeration efficiency below 0.4 kW/m3 was superior to the commonly used aerating apparatuses tested at lab scale. The efficient gas dissolution technology has potential in water treatment and carbon capture processes applications.

scholarly journals Design characteristics of perforated tray aerator

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (5) ◽  
pp. 1643-1652
Author(s):  
Subha M. Roy ◽  
Mohammad Tanveer ◽  
C. K. Mukherjee ◽  
B. C. Mal
Keyword(s):  
Flow Rate ◽  
Optimum Number ◽  
Central Composite Rotatable Design ◽  
Total Height ◽  
Perforated Tray ◽  
Pump Flow Rate ◽  
Aeration Efficiency ◽  
Design Characteristics ◽  
Geometric Variables ◽  
Central Composite

Abstract The performance of the perforated tray aerator (PTA) was evaluated by conducting experiments in a tank of size 4 m × 4 m × 1.5 m. Based on the dimensional analysis, non-dimensional numbers related to geometric variables, viz. numbers of trays (n), ratio of consecutive width of tray to total height of aerator , ratio of perforation diameter to total height of aerator and ratio of the volume of water in the tank to total height of aerator were developed. Experiments were conducted with different numbers of trays (n): 1, 2, 3 and 4, keeping = 0.33, = 2.5 × 10−4, = 2,500 and pump flow rate (Q) = 0.010 m3/s as constants. The optimum number of perforated trays was found to be 3. Response surface methodology (RSM) and central composite rotatable design (CCRD) were used to further optimize the geometric variables with combinations of non-dimensional geometric variables , and . The flow rate (Q) of 0.013 m3/s and number of trays (n) as 3 were kept as constants. The optimum performance of PTA was obtained at = 0.665, = 1.85 × 10−4 and = 312.50 with the maximum non-dimensional standard aeration efficiency (NDSAE) and standard aeration efficiency (SAE) of 35.58 × 10−3 and 1.45 kgO2/kWh.

scholarly journals Design Characteristics of Venturi Aeration System

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (11) ◽  
pp. 63-70
Keyword(s):  
Flow Rate ◽  
Interfacial Area ◽  
Design System ◽  
Outlet Section ◽  
Water Tank ◽  
Constant Flow ◽  
Constant Flow Rate ◽  
Geometric Conditions ◽  
Aeration System ◽  
Design Characteristics

The crucial phenomenon of air and water mixing together is called aeration. The venturi aeration is mainly responsible to transfer air directly through the atmosphere into the flowing water attribute to its simplicity and reliability. A water tank of 1000 litres capacity having dimensions 100 × 100 × 100 cm3 was used to conduct the experiments for aeration for the purpose of studying the characteristics of venturi aeration system design. Venturi having three significant sections i.e. inlet, constricted and outlet section, used as a differential pressure producer basis on Bernoulli’s theorem where the middle section of the venturi often called as constricted section is responsible for the energy conversion, which transfers oxygen by aspirating air into the constricted section and producing interfacial area between the air and water. On the basis of dimensional analysis, non-dimensional numbers associated with geometric, dynamic and process parameters were analysed. The non-dimensional geometric parameters like throat length (tl), hole distance from beginning of throat (hd), throat hole diameter (th) were optimized and additionally conducted at constant flow rate (vw=0.396 m/s). To assess the performance of designed venturi, the selection of different tl as 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 mm, with varying number of holes inserted, depends on the tl and keeping th constant at 2 mm. The SAE values were initiated more with increasing tl . The maximum SAE values was obtained with maximum number of holes open as 6.200 × 10-3 kg O2/kWh for 100 mm tl . A constant flow rate was maintained to construct the equations for the prediction of venturi aeration system’s characteristics via simulations. For the purpose of simulations different geometric conditions of the venturi design system were considered. The simulation equations developed for tl based on the Re and Fr are subjected to 12.655 × 10-5 > Re > 2.531 × 10-5 and 1.251 < Fr < 6.256, respectively. It was also concluded that from the nondimensional study, the simulation equation developed for NDSAE based on the tl be valid and subjected to 3.890× 103 < NDSAE <0.215× 103 .

scholarly journals Optimasi Adsorpsi Ion Mg2+ pada Fixed Bed Column dengan Menggunakan Response Surface Methodology

REAKTOR ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 126
Author(s):  
Novi Sylvia ◽  
Meriatna Meriatna ◽  
Fikri Hasfita ◽  
Lukman Hakim
Keyword(s):  
Response Surface Methodology ◽  
Response Surface ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Adsorption Process ◽  
Fixed Bed ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Optimum Operating ◽  
Process Variables ◽  
Fixed Bed Column ◽  
Box Behnken Design

Abstract OPTIMIZATION ADSORPTION OF Mg2+ ION ON FIXED BED COLUMN USING RESPONSE SURFACE METHODOLOGY. Modeling of the adsorption process is used to establish the mathematical relationship between the interacting process variables and process optimization. This is important to determine the factor values that produce a maximum response. Adsorption of Mg from groundwater was optimized using response surface methodology based on Box-Behnken design was used to analyze adsorption data. The process was investigated by continuous experiments. Variables included in the process were: bed depths (7.5, 10, and 12.5 cm), time (20, 40, and 60 min), and flow rate (6, 10, and 14 L/min). Regression analysis was used to analyze the developed models. The outcome of this research showed that 72.784% of the variability in removal efficiency is attributed to the three process variables considered, that is, bed depths, time, and flow rate. Optimization tests showed that the optimum operating conditions for the adsorption process occurred at a bed depth of 11.37 cm, time of 55.53 min and flow rate of 6 L/min. Keywords: adsorption; Box-Behnken design; magnesium (Mg2+); optimization  AbstrakPemodelan dari proses adsorpsi digunakan untuk menentukan hubungan matematis antara variabel proses interaksi dan proses optimasi. Hal ini penting untuk menentukan nilai faktor yang menghasilkan respon maksimum. Adsorpsi magnesium (Mg2+) dari air tanah dioptimalkan menggunakan metodologi respon permukaan model Desain Box-Behnken yang digunakan untuk menganalisis data adsorpsi. Percobaan dilakukan secara kontinyu. Variabel yang termasuk dalam proses tersebut adalah: tinggi unggun (7,5, 10 dan 12,5 cm), waktu kontak (20, 40, dan 60 menit), dan laju alir (6, 10, dan 14 L/menit). Analisis regresi digunakan untuk menganalisis model yang dikembangkan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa 72,784% efisiensi penyisihan Mg2+ ditentukan oleh tiga variabel proses, yaitu tinggi unggun, waktu kontak, dan laju alir. Hasil optimasi menunjukkan bahwa kondisi operasi optimum untuk proses adsorpsi terjadi pada tinggi unggun 11,37 cm, waktu kontak 55,53 menit dan laju alir 6 L/menit. Kata kunci: adsorpsi; Box-Behnken desain; magnesium (Mg2+); optimasi

scholarly journals Design characteristics of perforated pooled circular stepped cascade (PPCSC) aeration system

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (5) ◽  
pp. 1692-1705
Author(s):  
Subha M. Roy ◽  
Sanjib Moulick ◽  
Chanchal Kumar Mukherjee
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment Plants ◽  
Geometric Parameters ◽  
The Other ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Dynamic Parameters ◽  
Aeration System ◽  
Design Characteristics ◽  
Stepped Cascade ◽  
Intensive Aquaculture ◽  
Aquacultural Ponds

Abstract In the present study, an improvised design over circular stepped cascade (CSC) and pooled circular stepped cascade (PCSC) aerator, named the perforated pooled circular stepped cascade (PPCSC) aerator, has been conceptualized and tested for its suitability as an aerator for small intensive aquaculture ponds. Based on dimensional analysis, dimensionless geometric parameters – ratio of width of consecutive steps (Wi/Wi+1) and ratio of perforation diameter to bottom-most radius (d/Rb) and dimensionless dynamic parameters – Froude (Fr) and Reynolds (Re) number were proposed. Initially, aeration experiments were conducted to optimize the geometric parameters, keeping the dynamic parameters constant. Keeping the optimized values of Wi/Wi+1 = 1.05 and d/Rb = 0.0027 as constants, aeration experiments were further conducted at different discharges (Q) and different bottommost radius (Rb) to study the characteristics of oxygen transfer and power consumption of PPCSC aerator at different dynamic conditions. Based on the optimized results, four prototype PPCSC aerators with Rb = 0.75 m, 0.90 m, 1.05 m and 1.20 m were fabricated for their aeration performances. The results showed that the standard aeration efficiency (SAE) values of the prototype PPCSC aerators based on brake power ranged between 3.36 and 4.98 kg O2/kWh, with the average being 4.45 ± 0.741 kg O2/kWh. This shows that the SAE of the PPCSC aerator is many more folds higher than that of the other available cascade aerators, viz., PCSC (SAE: 2.873 ± 0.342 kg O2/kWh) and CSC (2.470 ± 0.256 kg O2/kWh) aerators. The study clearly indicates that this PPCSC aerator may very well be used as pre-aeration or post-aeration units in water or wastewater treatment plants and small-scale intensive aquacultural ponds, replacing the other existing aerators.

Optimisation of the Oil Extraction from Nigella sativa Seeds Using Response Surface Methodology

2017 ◽  
Vol 68 (2) ◽  
pp. 331-336
Author(s):  
Gabriela Isopencu ◽  
Mirela Marfa ◽  
Iuliana Jipa ◽  
Marta Stroescu ◽  
Anicuta Stoica Guzun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Response Surface Methodology ◽  
Response Surface ◽  
Nigella Sativa ◽  
Polynomial Equation ◽  
Herbaceous Plant ◽  
Box Behnken Design ◽  
Pareto Analysis ◽  
Black Cumin ◽  
Mediterranean Countries ◽  
Experimental Values

Nigella sativa, also known as black cumin, an annual herbaceous plant growing especially in Mediterranean countries, has recently gained considerable interest not only for its use as spice and condiment but also for its healthy properties of the fixed and essential oil and its potential as a biofuel. Nigella sativa seeds fixed oil, due to its high content in linoleic acid followed by oleic and palmitic acid, could be beneficial to human health. The objective of this study is to determine the optimum conditions for the solvent extraction of Nigella sativa seeds fixed oil using a three-level, three-factor Box-Behnken design (BBD) under response surface methodology (RSM). The obtained experimental data, fitted by a second-order polynomial equation were analysed by Pareto analysis of variance (ANOVA). From a total of 10 coefficients of the statistical model only 5 are important. The obtained experimental values agreed with the predicted ones.

scholarly journals Box-Behnken Assisted Validation and Optimization of an RP-HPLC Method for Simultaneous Determination of Domperidone and Lansoprazole

Separations ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 5
Author(s):  
Mohd Afzal ◽  
Mohd. Muddassir ◽  
Abdullah Alarifi ◽  
Mohammed Tahir Ansari
Keyword(s):  
Flow Rate ◽  
Mobile Phase ◽  
Limit Of Detection ◽  
Hplc Method ◽  
Box Behnken Design ◽  
Rp Hplc ◽  
System Suitability ◽  
Method Optimization ◽  
Key Variables

A highly specific, accurate, and simple RP-HPLC technique was developed for the real-time quantification of domperidone (DOMP) and lansoprazole (LANS) in commercial formulations. Chromatographic studies were performed using a Luna C8(2), 5 μm, 100Å, column (250 × 4.6 mm, Phenomenex) with a mobile phase composed of acetonitrile/2 mM ammonium acetate (51:49 v/v), pH 6.7. The flow rate was 1 mL·min−1 with UV detection at 289 nm. Linearity was observed within the range of 4–36 µg·mL−1 for domperidone and 2–18 µg·mL−1 for lansoprazole. Method optimization was achieved using Box-Behnken design software, in which three key variables were examined, namely, the flow rate (A), the composition of the mobile phase (B), and the pH (C). The retention time (Y1 and Y3) and the peak area (Y2 and Y4) were taken as the response parameters. We observed that slight alterations in the mobile phase and the flow rate influenced the outcome, whereas the pH exerted no effect. Method validation featured various ICH parameters including linearity, limit of detection (LOD), accuracy, precision, ruggedness, robustness, stability, and system suitability. This method is potentially useful for the analysis of commercial formulations and laboratory preparations.

scholarly journals Effect of Water Flow on Underwater Wet Welded A36 Steel

Metals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 682
Author(s):  
Eko Surojo ◽  
Aziz Harya Gumilang ◽  
Triyono Triyono ◽  
Aditya Rio Prabowo ◽  
Eko Prasetya Budiana ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Water Flow ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Water Flow Rate ◽  
Physical And Mechanical Properties ◽  
Shielded Metal Arc Welding ◽  
Effect Of Water ◽  
Bending Effect ◽  
Metal Arc Welding ◽  
A36 Steel

Underwater wet welding (UWW) combined with the shielded metal arc welding (SMAW) method has proven to be an effective way of permanently joining metals that can be performed in water. This research was conducted to determine the effect of water flow rate on the physical and mechanical properties (tensile, hardness, toughness, and bending effect) of underwater welded bead on A36 steel plate. The control variables used were a welding speed of 4 mm/s, a current of 120 A, electrode E7018 with a diameter of 4 mm, and freshwater. The results show that variations in water flow affected defects, microstructure, and mechanical properties of underwater welds. These defects include spatter, porosity, and undercut, which occur in all underwater welding results. The presence of flow and an increased flow rate causes differences in the microstructure, increased porosity on the weld metal, and undercut on the UWW specimen. An increase in water flow rate causes the acicular ferrite microstructure to appear greater, and the heat-affected zone (HAZ) will form finer grains. The best mechanical properties are achieved by welding with the highest flow rate, with a tensile strength of 534.1 MPa, 3.6% elongation, a Vickers microhardness in the HAZ area of 424 HV, and an impact strength of 1.47 J/mm2.

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