scholarly journals Development of Haiti's rural water, sanitation and hygiene workforce

2013 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 159-163 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian Hubbard ◽  
Gabriella Lockhart ◽  
Richard J. Gelting ◽  
Fabienne Bertrand
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Potable Water ◽  
Technical Assistance ◽  
Initial Field ◽  
Water And Sanitation ◽  
Rural Workforce ◽  
Sanitation And Hygiene ◽  
Rural Water ◽  
Control And Prevention ◽  
Institutional Challenges

In 2009 the Haitian Directorate of Potable Water and Sanitation (DINEPA) identified an inadequately trained and under-staffed rural workforce as one of their main institutional challenges. Plans to address this challenge were impacted by the devastating earthquake of January 12, 2010 and the cholera outbreak of October 2010, both of which further complicated Haiti's already poor water and sanitation conditions. Recognizing the importance of DINEPA's institutional priorities, donor and technical assistance groups provided needed support to improve the country's conditions and build the rural water and sanitation workforce. This report describes how DINEPA and the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) collaborated to design and implement a training program for 264 potable water and sanitation technicians for rural areas. The paper also describes the initial field activities of the newly trained technicians and the immediate impact of their work in the rural water, sanitation and hygiene sector.

Water and sanitation policies for improving health in South Africa: overcoming the institutional legacy of apartheid

Water Policy ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 7 (6) ◽  
pp. 627-642 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edina Sinanovic ◽  
Sandi Mbatsha ◽  
Stephen Gundry ◽  
Jim Wright ◽  
Clas Rehnberg
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Integrated Approach ◽  
The South ◽  
Financing System ◽  
Water And Sanitation ◽  
Sanitation Services ◽  
Sanitation And Hygiene ◽  
Access To Water ◽  
New Policies

The burden of water-related disease is closely related to both the socio-economic situation and public health issues like access to clean water, sanitation and hygiene services. Poverty eradication, through improved access to water and sanitation, is the South African government's major priority. This is partly achieved through subsidising the cost of water and sanitation provision to the poor in rural areas. Whilst the new policies have made a remarkable impact on improved access to water and sanitation services, a general problem since the new approach in 1994 has been the lack of integration of policies for water and sanitation and health. This paper analyses the policies concerning rural water supply and sanitation in South Africa. It considers the structure of institutions, the division of responsibilities and legislated and financial capacity of the South Africa's water sector. A more integrated approach for the policies aiming at water access, sanitation and health is needed. In addition, as the local government's capacity to implement different programmes is limited, a review of the financing system is necessary.

Access to potable water and sanitation in Cameroon within the context of Millennium Development Goals (MDGS)

2010 ◽  
Vol 61 (5) ◽  
pp. 1317-1339 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Ako Ako ◽  
Jun Shimada ◽  
Gloria Eneke Takem Eyong ◽  
Wilson Yetoh Fantong
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Millennium Development Goals ◽  
Potable Water ◽  
Civil Society Organizations ◽  
Management Policy ◽  
Safe Drinking Water ◽  
Rapid Urbanization ◽  
Water And Sanitation ◽  
Development Goals

Cameroon has been fully engaged with the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) since their inception in 2000. This paper examines the situation of access to potable water and sanitation in Cameroon within the context of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), establishes whether Cameroon is on the track of meeting the MDGs in these domains and proposes actions to be taken to bring it closer to these objectives. Based on analyzed data obtained from national surveys, government ministries, national statistical offices, bibliographic research, reports and interviews, it argues that Cameroon will not reach the water and sanitation MGDs. While Cameroon is not yet on track to meet the targets of the MDGs for water and sanitation, it has made notable progress since 1990, much more needs to be done to improve the situation, especially in rural areas. In 2006, 70% of the population had access to safe drinking water and the coverage in urban centres is 88%, significantly better than the 47% in rural areas. However, rapid urbanization has rendered existing infrastructure inadequate with periurban dwellers also lacking access to safe drinking water. Sanitation coverage is also poor. In urban areas only 58% of the population has access to improved sanitation facilities, and the rate in rural areas is 42%. Women and girls shoulder the largest burden in collecting water, 15% of urban and 18% rural populations use improved drinking water sources over 30 minutes away. Cameroon faces the following challenges in reaching the water and sanitation MDGs: poor management and development of the resources, coupled with inadequate political will and commitment for the long term; rapid urbanization; urban and rural poverty and regulation and legislative lapses. The authors propose that: bridging the gap between national water policies and water services; recognizing the role played by Civil Society Organizations (CSOs) in the attainment of MDGs; developing a Council Water Resource Management Policy and Strategy (CWARMPS); organizing an institutional framework for the water and sanitation sector as well as completion and implementation of an Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) plan, would bring Cameroon closer to the water and sanitation MDGs.

scholarly journals Emergency response in water, sanitation and hygiene to control cholera in post-earthquake Nepal in 2016

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 799-802 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kazutaka Sekine ◽  
Mellisa Roskosky
Keyword(s):  
Technical Assistance ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Water And Sanitation ◽  
Point Of Use ◽  
Johns Hopkins University ◽  
Sanitation And Hygiene ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
The Government ◽  
Sanitation Systems ◽  
And Control

Abstract After the 2015 earthquake in Nepal that killed approximately 9,000 people, the country faced an increased risk of cholera outbreaks due to extensive destruction of water and sanitation infrastructure and massive displacement. The disaster revealed long-standing weaknesses in water and sanitation systems in the country. Anticipating a cholera outbreak in 2016, UNICEF, Johns Hopkins University, and the Group for Technical Assistance partnered to support the Government of Nepal to ensure a safe water supply and improve sanitation and hygiene. This article discusses challenges, gaps, lessons learned and recommendations that were drawn from the authors' experience in cholera prevention and control in post-earthquake Nepal. Challenges identified include lack of regular water quality testing and monitoring, inconsistent use of point-of-use water treatment products, and lack of a fast-track mechanism for rapid response. The article argues for building a resilient water and sanitation system to secure sustainable and equitable access to safe drinking water.

scholarly journals Meeting the water and sanitation MDGs: a study of human resource development requirements in Tanzania

Water Policy ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 15 (S2) ◽  
pp. 61-78 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Kimwaga ◽  
Joel Nobert ◽  
Victor Kongo ◽  
Mpembe Ngwisa
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Human Resource Development ◽  
Human Resource ◽  
Asset Management ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Small Towns ◽  
Water And Sanitation ◽  
Non Governmental Organizations ◽  
Sanitation And Hygiene

In the Tanzanian water and sanitation (WatSan) sector, the human resource (HR) requirements for meeting the Millennium Development Goal (MDG) targets have so far been relatively unknown. This study was therefore conducted with a focus on determining HR requirements in the public sector and parastatal institutions, in the private sector (private consultancy companies, individual contractors, etc.), and in non-governmental organizations and community-based organizations active in the broader water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) sector. The competences assessed were: design and construction of new infrastructure, operation and maintenance (O&M), community mobilization, sanitation, and hygiene promotion. The study found a greater HR shortage in rural areas than in urban areas. The smallest HR need is for social development professionals (estimated at 320 in the urban areas). In the water supply and sanitation sectors, the average number of water supply engineers that will be required to achieve MDGs is estimated at 3,864, compared to the sanitation sector, which will need 637 engineers. In terms of the demand for competences in the water supply sector, the highest need is for O&M professionals (7,589) and the lowest for mobilization professionals (447). The study recommends increasing the HR supply in the WatSan sector through the following measures: increasing support for training institutions offering relevant courses in WatSan; focusing on skills required for asset management and O&M; and giving specific attention to HR capacity development in small towns and rural areas.

scholarly journals Health impact of water and sanitation infrastructure reconstruction programmes in eight Central American communities affected by Hurricane Mitch

2006 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-65 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deborah M. Moll ◽  
Rebecca H. McElroy ◽  
Raquel Sabogal ◽  
Lana F. Corrales ◽  
Richard J. Gelting
Keyword(s):  
Health Impact ◽  
Central American ◽  
Red Cross ◽  
Hurricane Mitch ◽  
Water And Sanitation ◽  
Sanitation And Hygiene ◽  
Control And Prevention ◽  
Hygiene Education ◽  
Water And Sanitation Infrastructure ◽  
Sanitation Infrastructure

In response to Hurricane Mitch, which struck Central America in October–November 1998, the American Red Cross (ARC) and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) collaborated on a 3-year evaluation of the public health impact of ARC's water, sanitation and hygiene education activities in eight study areas in Honduras, Nicaragua, El Salvador and Guatemala. The evaluation compared: 1) access to and use of water and sanitation facilities, 2) the use of hygienic behaviours, and 3) diarrhoeal prevalence in children younger than 3 years of age before (February 2000) and after (February 2002) the interventions had been implemented. The evaluation included household and key informant interviews designed to measure these three components. Water quality of community water sources and household water was evaluated by measuring levels of indicator bacteria. During the final survey, an infrastructure evaluation provided a review of the design, construction, and current operation and maintenance of the water systems and latrines. The integrated water and sanitation infrastructure interventions and hygiene education programmes implemented following Hurricane Mitch effectively decreased diarrhoea prevalence in the target communities.

Sustainable Rural Water Supply Schemes and Sri Lankan Community-based Organisations

2019 ◽  
Vol 65 (3) ◽  
pp. 702-717
Author(s):  
Lalith Wijesinghe ◽  
Darshani Ilangangedara ◽  
L.H.P. Gunarathne
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Sri Lankan ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Rural Water Supply ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Sanitation And Hygiene ◽  
Rural Water ◽  
Development Goals ◽  
Donor Agencies

With a majority of the world’s poor living in rural areas, focusing on rural water supply, sanitation and hygiene is necessary if Millennium Development Goals are to be achieved. Therefore, donor agencies invest a significant amount of funds on rural water and sanitation projects. These rural water supply schemes (RWSS) are usually proposed to be managed by community-based organisations. Therefore, sustainability has become a widely discussed aspect in the agendas of programmes related to these projects. Benefits can be obtained by developing a framework for measuring sustainability and identifying the factors affecting the sustainability of RWSS. This can help to predict sustainability before implementing projects and to take necessary actions to enhance the sustainability during the project implementation stage itself. This conceptual and practice-based study was carried out to develop a framework to assess and compare the sustainability of community-based RWSS and to identify the factors affecting them.

Institutional variations in practice of demand responsive approach: evidence from rural water supply in India

Water Policy ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 650-668 ◽  
Author(s):  
Satyapriya Rout
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
The State ◽  
Indian Society ◽  
Institution Building ◽  
Rural Water Supply ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Rural Water ◽  
Village Communities

The paper reports the main findings of a study, designed to develop a better understanding of institutional variations in working with the demand responsive approach (DRA) in rural water supply in the state of Odisha in India. Data for the paper were collected from twelve village communities, where water is being supplied either through their community based institution or through the local government institution of the Gram Panchayat. The findings suggest that the two types of institutions performed differently in implementing the DRA. It depicted that the DRA under the broader rubric of institutional reforms in the water sector has failed to address the question of social inequality, and rather had reinforced and extended the already existing inequity of Indian society to access to safe and secure drinking water in rural areas. The study highlights that participation, cost recovery, full operation and management transfer may be an efficient proposition, but not sustainable in the long run without proper investment in institution building and support from the state, especially in provisioning of basic services like drinking water to rural poor.

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