scholarly journals Emergency response in water, sanitation and hygiene to control cholera in post-earthquake Nepal in 2016

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 799-802 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kazutaka Sekine ◽  
Mellisa Roskosky
Keyword(s):  
Technical Assistance ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Water And Sanitation ◽  
Point Of Use ◽  
Johns Hopkins University ◽  
Sanitation And Hygiene ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
The Government ◽  
Sanitation Systems ◽  
And Control

Abstract After the 2015 earthquake in Nepal that killed approximately 9,000 people, the country faced an increased risk of cholera outbreaks due to extensive destruction of water and sanitation infrastructure and massive displacement. The disaster revealed long-standing weaknesses in water and sanitation systems in the country. Anticipating a cholera outbreak in 2016, UNICEF, Johns Hopkins University, and the Group for Technical Assistance partnered to support the Government of Nepal to ensure a safe water supply and improve sanitation and hygiene. This article discusses challenges, gaps, lessons learned and recommendations that were drawn from the authors' experience in cholera prevention and control in post-earthquake Nepal. Challenges identified include lack of regular water quality testing and monitoring, inconsistent use of point-of-use water treatment products, and lack of a fast-track mechanism for rapid response. The article argues for building a resilient water and sanitation system to secure sustainable and equitable access to safe drinking water.

scholarly journals Sustainable Water and Sanitation in Sierra Leone: Impact evaluation of the ‘Improved WASH Services in WAU and WAR Districts’ project

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jaynie Vonk
Keyword(s):  
Impact Evaluation ◽  
Evaluation Design ◽  
Water And Sanitation ◽  
Household Level ◽  
Sanitation And Hygiene ◽  
Western Area ◽  
Quasi Experimental ◽  
Save The Children ◽  
The Government ◽  
Sanitation Systems

Between October 2016 and March 2019, the Freetown WASH Consortium, led by Oxfam with Against Hunger, Concern Worldwide and Save the Children as members, carried out the 'Improved WASH Services in Western Area Urban (WAU) and Western Area Rural (WAR) Districts' project. Broadly, the project aimed to improve the availability, accessibility, affordability and sustainability of integrated water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) services, in alignment with the Government of Sierra Leone's national agenda on Ebola recovery and increased preparedness against possible future outbreaks. This Effectiveness Review evaluates the success of this project to increase the sustainability of water and sanitation systems and services. Using a quasi-experimental, mixed method evaluation design, impact is assessed among individuals, households and communities in intervention and comparison areas. Community-level factors contributing to better individual- and household-level outcomes are explored. Find out more by reading the full report now.

Gender- and Poor-inclusive Community-managed Sanitation and Hygiene in Urban Indonesia

2010 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Mozar ◽  
C. Sijbesma
Keyword(s):  
Technical Assistance ◽  
Solid Waste Management ◽  
Development Program ◽  
Action Planning ◽  
Project Planning ◽  
Community Empowerment ◽  
Management Support ◽  
Urban Sanitation ◽  
Sanitation And Hygiene ◽  
The Government

The Government of Indonesia executed the Indonesia Sanitation Sector Development Program (ISSDP, April 2006 - January 2010), with financial support from the Governments of the Netherlands and Sweden, as well as management support from the World Bank's Water and Sanitation Program (WSP). The program assisted a dozen cities to improve sanitation in a wider sense. It covered safe disposal of human excreta and waste water, local drainage, solid waste management and promotion of hygienic practices. The program was demand-based: the cities brought in their own human and financial resources, but got technical assistance for sanitation situation assessments and mapping, sanitation strategy and program development, and finding additional resources for increased implementation. The program had three major thrusts: (1) develop an enabling sanitation environment, (2) raise sanitation awareness and promote good hygiene, and (3) build city sanitation planning capacities and develop city sanitation strategies. The promotion component included development of poor-inclusive sanitation intervention, assisting men, women and children in the poorest neighborhoods to strengthen good and improve bad sanitation and hygiene conditions and practices. Community empowerment is important in urban sanitation development, but at the same time, requires that the social and technical institutions in charge of empowerment and sanitation adopt new skills and techniques for working with communities. Without the right skills to assist the communities, build their skills, and provide some minimal monitoring of performance afterwards, there is a risk of over-expecting what a community can manage. Community empowerment with gender- and poor-inclusive approaches must be integrated into all stages of urban sanitation development, i.e. (1) the organizational development, (2) review of related existing projects and services, (3) formulation of an overall city sanitation strategy and program, and (4) local project planning. Equitably attention for gender and poor is part of the overall organization, strategy formulation, local action planning, program and projects development and implementation, and monitoring and evaluation of outputs, outcomes and impacts.

scholarly journals Evolution of a Service Management Framework: Spotlight at Stanford as a Use Case

Publications ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 28
Author(s):  
Aster
Keyword(s):  
Web Application ◽  
Service Management ◽  
Academic Library ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
It Services ◽  
Management Framework ◽  
Guiding Principle ◽  
The Government ◽  
And Control ◽  
Service Framework

Service management—the entirety of activities undertaken by an organization to design, plan, deliver, operate, and control information technology (IT) services offered to stakeholders—has long been applied successfully by the government and commercial sectors. In this article, service management is discussed in the context of open-source software developed in an academic library setting, by exploring the creation and growth of the Spotlight at Stanford service framework. First, service management is briefly introduced as a guiding principle and philosophy, within the Stanford Libraries context. Second, the Spotlight at Stanford software is described. Third, people who are key players in both the delivery and use of the software are discussed. Fourth, processes including goals and activities of the Spotlight at Stanford service team are reviewed. Fifth, various accomplishments are listed, including how the service team has contributed to the successful adoption and development of the web application at Stanford University. Finally, lessons learned are discussed and directions are shared for the future development of the Spotlight at Stanford service framework.

scholarly journals Development of Haiti's rural water, sanitation and hygiene workforce

2013 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 159-163 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian Hubbard ◽  
Gabriella Lockhart ◽  
Richard J. Gelting ◽  
Fabienne Bertrand
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Potable Water ◽  
Technical Assistance ◽  
Initial Field ◽  
Water And Sanitation ◽  
Rural Workforce ◽  
Sanitation And Hygiene ◽  
Rural Water ◽  
Control And Prevention ◽  
Institutional Challenges

In 2009 the Haitian Directorate of Potable Water and Sanitation (DINEPA) identified an inadequately trained and under-staffed rural workforce as one of their main institutional challenges. Plans to address this challenge were impacted by the devastating earthquake of January 12, 2010 and the cholera outbreak of October 2010, both of which further complicated Haiti's already poor water and sanitation conditions. Recognizing the importance of DINEPA's institutional priorities, donor and technical assistance groups provided needed support to improve the country's conditions and build the rural water and sanitation workforce. This report describes how DINEPA and the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) collaborated to design and implement a training program for 264 potable water and sanitation technicians for rural areas. The paper also describes the initial field activities of the newly trained technicians and the immediate impact of their work in the rural water, sanitation and hygiene sector.

scholarly journals Constitutional mandate and judicial initiatives influencing Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) programmes in India

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 630-641
Author(s):  
M. P. Ram Mohan ◽  
Anvita Dulluri
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Millennium Development Goals ◽  
Policy Framework ◽  
Constitutional Rights ◽  
Water And Sanitation ◽  
Sanitation And Hygiene ◽  
Development Goals ◽  
Judicial Reasoning ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Right

Abstract This paper undertakes a thorough review of the legislative and policy framework of water supply and sanitation in India within the larger backdrop of the universal affirmation of right to water and sanitation under the UN WASH initiatives, first articulated under the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). Recognizing the proactive role played by the Indian judiciary in this regard, the paper examines various patterns of judicial reasoning in realising the right to water and sanitation as Constitutional rights of citizens. The paper observes that through a consistent ‘rights-based’ approach, the Indian judiciary has systematically articulated and achieved the objectives of the UN WASH initiatives long before they were spelled out under the MDGs. The paper highlights the need for the Government to recognise and incorporate judicial insights in implementing developmental projects under the WASH initiatives.

scholarly journals Pathways to the successful function and use of mid-tech household water and sanitation systems

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kaitlin Mattos ◽  
John Warren ◽  
Laura Eichelberger ◽  
Jessica Kaminsky ◽  
Karl G. Linden
Keyword(s):  
Fuzzy Set ◽  
Qualitative Comparative Analysis ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Social Conditions ◽  
High Tech ◽  
Successful Implementation ◽  
Water And Sanitation ◽  
Use Of Resources ◽  
Sanitation And Hygiene ◽  
Sanitation Systems

Abstract Mid-tech water and sanitation infrastructure – interventions that make moderate use of resources, materials, and technology while providing improvements in health and well-being – may serve an important intermediate role for communities that cannot immediately get high-tech piped infrastructure. However, such systems must be socially appropriate, technically functional, and sustainable. We determined the combinations of technical and social conditions that contribute to the success of household, mid-tech water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) systems using qualitative comparative analysis (QCA). We collected data on 32 household mid-tech Portable Alternative Sanitation Systems (PASS) installed in remote, rural Alaskan communities for 1 year. We then coded qualitative and quantitative data for each household ‘case’ into fuzzy-set values for four technical conditions and four social conditions. We conducted fuzzy-set QCA analyses to determine combinations of conditions (pathways) that led to the successful function and use of PASS. We identified multiple pathways for the success of PASS units, requiring combinations of technical and social conditions. Our analysis reveals that the successful implementation of household mid-tech WASH infrastructure is complicated. We recommend that deliberate steps be taken to engage homeowners, provide appropriate training and support, determine ownership parameters, and ensure the technical sufficiency of mid-tech systems before they are deployed.

scholarly journals Water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) in healthcare facilities of 14 low- and middle-income countries: to what extent is WASH implemented and what are the ‘drivers’ of improvement in their service levels?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Kmentt ◽  
Ryan Cronk ◽  
James Benjamin Tidwell ◽  
Elliott Rogers
Keyword(s):  
Prevention And Control ◽  
Infection Prevention And Control ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Service Levels ◽  
Healthcare Facilities ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Sanitation And Hygiene ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
And Control ◽  
Low And Middle Income

Abstract Prevention and control of healthcare-associated infections through the provision of water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) in healthcare facilities (HCF) is inadequate in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), resulting in high patient morbidity and mortality, additional costs, and increased risk of antibiotic resistance. There is little evidence describing factors leading to improved WASH conditions in LMICs. We aim to identify the extent to which WASH is implemented in HCFs in LMICs and understand the ‘drivers’ of improvement in their service levels. WASH service levels in 14 LMICs were descriptively analysed, and potential drivers of service-level differences were explored using univariable and multivariable mixed-model logistic regression analyses. Descriptive analysis showed a lack of adequate water quality, sanitation, hand, and environmental hygiene, and waste disposal. We found that the presence of infection prevention and control protocols (IPCPs), having an IPC/WASH focal person at the facility, and conducting WASH training for staff were associated with higher levels of WASH services. This study demonstrates a lack of basic WASH services in HCF in LMICs. We show that there are potential interventions, such as implementing IPCPs, identifying WASH leaders in HCF, and conducting training that may lead to service improvements.

scholarly journals Peran Air dan Sanitasi terhadap Pencegahan Infeksi Soil-Transmitted Helminths

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 139-147
Author(s):  
Lustyafa Inassani Alifia
Keyword(s):  
Personal Hygiene ◽  
Clean Water ◽  
Water And Sanitation ◽  
Wastewater Disposal ◽  
Soil Transmitted Helminths ◽  
Sanitation And Hygiene ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Global Problems ◽  
Portal Of Entry

Introduction: Soil-Transmitted Helminths (STH) infection is a tropical infectious disease that causes serious global problems. Based on WHO in 2018, there are more than 1.5 billion people or around 24% of the world’s population have been infected at least one of the species that causes STH infection. This STH infection can be prevented by optimizing the use of clean water, good sanitation, and adequate personal hygiene or WASH strategies (Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene). Purpose: The purpose of this article is to determine the role of water and sanitation in preventing infection of soil-transmitted helminths. Methods: This study was conducted with an article review that analyzes the role of water and sanitation in the prevention of STH infection. The article search was carried out by searching through the Google Scholar database by entering the keyword ‘soil-transmitted helminths, water, and sanitation”. This article was used 23 references based on references from reputable national and international journals to produce a comprehensive presentation. Results: Unclean water, unhygienic and unqualified sewage disposal that will eventually pollute the soil, wastewater disposal, and improper waste management are some of the risk factors where these STH species can continue their lifecycle and infect humans as the definitive host. Discussion: Inadequate sanitation can also contribute to an increased risk of STH infection, caused by an increase in the number of infective eggs from these species in the community, including in the soil. Conclusion: Poor sanitation increase the risk of the portal of entry to the host by swallowed by humans.  

Design Policy Driven Development of Chinese Industry

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Fei HU ◽  
Kun ZHOU ◽  
Hongshi ZHOU
Keyword(s):  
Industrial Design ◽  
Modern Society ◽  
Yangtze River Delta ◽  
Regional Government ◽  
Delta Area ◽  
Chinese Industry ◽  
Design Competition ◽  
The Government ◽  
Macroeconomic Regulation And Control ◽  
And Control

Governments all over the world are paying great attention to economic innovation and the development of design in modern society. They are spending more and more recourses on making rules for Industrial Design Policy and measuring its implementation. As a method to make macroeconomic regulation and control by the government, the effectiveness and importance of design policy has already been widely admitted. In a macro-background of the three turns of Chinese design policy, taking the design policy of Guangdong province as an example, this article will analyze how local/regional government should respond to the national design policy. Based on the investigation and analysis of the winners of the "Guangdong Governor Cup Industrial Design Competition", this paper discusses how industrial design competition as a part of the design policy to support the development of industrial design. After making a comparison with the design policy of the Yangtze River Delta area, this article tries to enhance and perfect the current policy path.

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