scholarly journals Implementation of point-of-use water treatment methods in a rural Tanzanian community: a case study

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 1012-1018
Author(s):  
T. M. Ngasala ◽  
S. J. Masten ◽  
C. Cohen ◽  
D. Ravitz ◽  
E. J. Mwita
Keyword(s):  
Water Treatment ◽  
Rural Communities ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Ease Of Use ◽  
Water Disinfection ◽  
Coliform Bacteria ◽  
Treatment Methods ◽  
Point Of Use ◽  
Household Water

Abstract This study was conducted in an agro-pastoral community in Northern Tanzania, where water sources are contaminated, and point-of-use water treatment is rarely used. The objectives of the study were to determine the quality of drinking water at the household level and to assess the perception and attitude towards the treatment methods that were introduced to community members. The three treatment methods evaluated were chlorine tablets, silver-infused ceramic tablets, and solar water disinfection (SODIS). These methods were selected due to their availability, ease of use, cost, and effectiveness in water with high levels of coliform bacteria. Each home within the study area was provided with one of three treatment methods. The use, performance, and acceptability of the new water treatment methods were assessed over a three-week period. Prior to the introduction of the methods, 40% of households reported that they treated water regularly. However, 80% of the household water samples tested positive for Escherichia coli. After introducing the new methods, 60% of households increased their water consumption, and all water samples tested negative for E. coli during the final week of testing. The work demonstrates the need to provide access to cost-effective household water treatment methods, especially in rural communities that lack access to potable water.

scholarly journals Assessing the Sustainability and Acceptance Rate of Cost-Effective Household Water Treatment Systems in Rural Communities of Makwane Village, South Africa

Crystals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 872
Author(s):  
Resoketswe Charlotte Moropeng ◽  
Maggy Ndombo Benteke Momba
Keyword(s):  
Water Treatment ◽  
Scale Up ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Acceptance Rate ◽  
Target Area ◽  
Household Water Treatment ◽  
Biosand Filter ◽  
Point Of Use ◽  
Household Water

The current study investigated the acceptance rate and long-term effectiveness of cost-effective household water treatment systems deployed in Makwane Village. A structured questionnaire was used prior to implementation to collect information such as level of education, level of employment, and knowledge about point-of-use water treatment systems in the target area. The long-term effectiveness was determined by factors such as the Escherichia coli removal efficiency, turbidity reduction, silver leached, and flow rate of the household water treatment devices. The results of the survey prior to deployment revealed that only 4.3% of the community had a tertiary qualification. Moreover, 54.3% of the community were unemployed. The results further revealed that 65.9% of the community were knowledgeable about other point-of-use water treatment methods. The acceptance rate, which was found to be initially higher (100%), reduced after three months of implantation (biosand filter with zeolite-silver clay granular—82.9%; silver-impregnated porous pot filters—97.1%). Moreover, the long-term effectiveness was determined, taking into consideration the adoption rate, and it was found that silver-impregnated porous pot filters have a long life compared to biosand filter with zeolite-silver clay granular. Although household water treatment systems can effectively reduce the burden of waterborne diseases in impoverished communities, the success of adoption is dependent on the targeted group. This study highlights the significance of involving community members when making the decision to scale up household water treatment devices in rural areas for successful adoption.

scholarly journals Factors involved in sustained use of point-of-use water disinfection methods: a field study from Flores Island, Indonesia

2014 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 573-583 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Roma ◽  
T. Bond ◽  
P. Jeffrey
Keyword(s):  
Water Treatment ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Qualitative Evaluation ◽  
Ease Of Use ◽  
Water Disinfection ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Household Water Treatment ◽  
Implementation Phase ◽  
Point Of Use ◽  
Sustained Use

Many scientific studies have suggested that point-of-use water treatment can improve water quality and reduce the risk of infectious diseases. Despite the ease of use and relatively low cost of such methods, experience shows the potential benefits derived from provision of such systems depend on recipients' acceptance of the technology and its sustained use. To date, few contributions have addressed the problem of user experience in the post-implementation phase. This can diagnose challenges, which undermine system longevity and its sustained use. A qualitative evaluation of two household water treatment systems, solar disinfection (SODIS) and chlorine tablets (Aquatabs), in three villages was conducted by using a diagnostic tool focusing on technology performance and experience. Cross-sectional surveys and in-depth interviews were used to investigate perceptions of involved stakeholders (users, implementers and local government). Results prove that economic and functional factors were significant in using SODIS, whilst perceptions of economic, taste and odour components were important in Aquatabs use. Conclusions relate to closing the gap between factors that technology implementers and users perceive as key to the sustained deployment of point-of-use disinfection technologies.

scholarly journals A novel point-of-use water treatment method by antimicrobial nanosilver textile material

2014 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 670-677 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hongjun Liu ◽  
Xiaosheng Tang ◽  
Qishan Liu
Keyword(s):  
Water Treatment ◽  
Emergency Preparedness ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Treatment Method ◽  
Water Disinfection ◽  
Textile Material ◽  
Plastic Tube ◽  
Point Of Use

Pathogenic bacteria are one of the main reasons for worldwide water-borne disease causing a big threat to public health, hence there is an urgent need to develop cost-effective water treatment technologies. Nano-materials in point-of-use systems have recently attracted considerable research and commercial interests as they can overcome the drawbacks of traditional water treatment techniques. We have developed a new point-of-use water disinfection kit with nanosilver textile material. The silver nanoparticles were in-situ generated and immobilized onto cotton textile, followed by fixing to a plastic tube to make a water disinfection kit. By soaking and stirring the kit in water, pathogenic bacteria have been killed within minutes. The silver leaching from the kit was insignificant, with values <100 ppb – the current US EPA and WHO limit for silver level in drinking water. Herein, the nanosilver textile water disinfection kit could be a new, efficient and cost-effective point-of-use water treatment method for rural areas and emergency preparedness.

scholarly journals Use of ceramic pot filter (CPF) technology under pressure in an in-line pumping system

2017 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 843-852
Author(s):  
Travis D. Gardner ◽  
Joe D. Guggenberger
Keyword(s):  
Water Treatment ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Total Coliform ◽  
Fecal Coliforms ◽  
Coliform Bacteria ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Water Production ◽  
Pumping System ◽  
Point Of Use ◽  
Logarithmic Reduction

Abstract Ceramic pot filters (CPFs) are an effective point of use water treatment device in developing nations due to their low cost and effectiveness. CPFs are gravity fed, typically making water production a major limiting factor to a CPF's lifetime and acceptability. Directly connecting CPFs to in-line pumping systems or systems with an elevated storage tank would allow filter usage for constant water treatment at increased pressures, increasing the quantity of treated water. Ceramic disks were manufactured for testing in a specially designed housing apparatus. Filters of varying thicknesses and clay to sawdust mass ratios were manufactured to fit tightly. Flowrate and microbiological removal efficacy (logarithmic reduction value (LRV)) were determined over the testing period at various pressures. Flowrate values ranged from 2.44 to 9.04 L per hour, significantly higher than traditional CPF technology. LRVs ranged from 1.1 to 2.0, lower than traditional CPF technology but still effective at removing most Escherichia coli and total coliform bacteria. Filters proved effective at removing total and fecal coliforms at pressures less than 70 kilopascals. The optimum filter had a thickness of 3.2 cm and clay to sawdust ratio of 6:1 by mass. Filters proved to be ineffective if flowrates were above 5 L/h.

scholarly journals In vitro toxicity studies of novel solar water disinfection reactors using the E-screen bioassay and the Ames test

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paloma Ozores Diez ◽  
M. Inmaculada Polo-López ◽  
Azahara Martínez-García ◽  
Monique Waso ◽  
Brandon Reyneke ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ames Test ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Water Disinfection ◽  
In Vitro Toxicity ◽  
Toxic Substances ◽  
Solar Water ◽  
Point Of Use ◽  
Solar Water Disinfection

Abstract Solar water disinfection (SODIS) is a cost-effective point of use method for disinfecting water, usually in a 2 L polyethylene terephthalate (PET) plastic bottle. To increase the volume of water disinfected, three novel transparent reactors were developed using PET in 25 L transparent jerrycans, polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) in tubular solar reactors capable of delivering >20 L of water and polypropylene (PP) in 20 L buckets. In vitro bioassays were used to investigate any toxic substances leached from the plastic reactors into disinfected water as a result of exposure to sunshine for up to 9 months. The Ames test was used to test for mutagenicity and the E-screen bioassay to test for estrogenicity. No mutagenicity was detected in any sample and no estrogenicity was found in the SODIS treated water produced by the PMMA reactors or the PP buckets. While water disinfected using the PET reactors showed no estrogenicity following exposure to the sun for 3 and 6 months, estrogenicity was detected following 9 months' exposure to sunlight; however levels detected were within the acceptable daily intake for 17β-estradiol (E2) of up to 50 ng/kg body weight/day.

scholarly journals Point-Of-Use Drinking Water Treatment in the Developing World: Community Acceptance, Project Monitoring and Revision

2011 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 14-32
Author(s):  
Temitope Adebimpe Ogunyoku ◽  
Daniel M. Nover ◽  
Erica R. McKenzie ◽  
Geetika Joshi ◽  
William E. Fleenor
Keyword(s):  
Water Treatment ◽  
Developing World ◽  
Drinking Water Treatment ◽  
Treatment Method ◽  
Ease Of Use ◽  
Particle Removal ◽  
Solar Disinfection ◽  
Community Acceptance ◽  
Point Of Use ◽  
One Year

Abstract - Project design and implementation of water treatment technologies in the developing world often overlooks potential pitfalls because: 1) technical experts focus on technologies without considering cultural acceptability and 2) projects lack monitoring, evaluation, and project revision. Over the past five years, Engineers Without Borders (EWB) at the UC-Davis partnered with the Rural Agency for Sustainable Development (RASD) in Nkokonjeru, Uganda, to implement sustainable point of use (POU) water systems. POU systems (i.e. Filtron clay pot filters, solar disinfection, chlorine treatment, and colloidal silver) were tested and implemented at RASD’s training center in Nkokonjeru. While all of the systems effectively removed pathogens, cultural appropriateness and education were the most important drivers of project acceptance. After a one-year assessment, it was determined that community preference was driven by transparency of treatment method, cost, stigma, and ease of use. Clay pot filters were preferred because of ease of use and physical particle removal capabilities. However, high cost, lack of local production and transportation difficulties dictated that their use was not sustainable. Biosand filters were introduced as an alternative and although originally deemed to be too complicated, they have been accepted by the community and continue to be manufactured by RASD in Nkokonjeru.

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