scholarly journals Prevalence and types of Campylobacter on poultry farms and in their direct environment

2017 ◽  
Vol 15 (6) ◽  
pp. 849-862 ◽  
Author(s):  
Franciska M. Schets ◽  
Wilma F. Jacobs-Reitsma ◽  
Rozemarijn Q. J. van der Plaats ◽  
Lianne Kerkhof-De Heer ◽  
Angela H. A. M. van Hoek ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
Species Distribution ◽  
Surface Waters ◽  
Multilocus Sequence Typing ◽  
Environmental Samples ◽  
Background Level ◽  
Environmental Matrices ◽  
High Background ◽  
Poultry Farms ◽  
Sequence Types

Abstract To study whether broiler and layer farms contribute to the environmental Campylobacter load, environmental matrices at or close to farms, and caecal material from chickens, were examined. Similarity between Campylobacter from poultry and environment was tested based on species identification and Multilocus Sequence Typing. Campylobacter prevalence in caecal samples was 97% at layer farms (n = 5), and 93% at broiler farms with Campylobacter-positive flocks (n = 2/3). Campylobacter prevalence in environmental samples was 24% at layer farms, and 29% at broiler farms with Campylobacter-positive flocks. Campylobacter was detected in soil and surface water, not in dust and flies. Campylobacter prevalence in adjacent and remote surface waters was not significantly (P > 0.1) different. Detected species were C. coli (52%), C. jejuni (40%) and C. lari (7%) in layers, and C. jejuni (100%) in broilers. Identical sequence types (STs) were detected in caecal material and soil. A deviating species distribution in surface water adjacent to farms indicated a high background level of environmental Campylobacter. STs from layer farms were completely deviant from surface water STs. The occasional detection of identical STs in broilers, wastewater at broiler farms and surface water in the farm environment suggested a possible contribution of broiler farms to the aquatic environmental Campylobacter load.

Enantioselective determination of ibuprofen residues by chiral liquid chromatography: a systematic study of enantiomeric transformation in surface water and sediments

2016 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 656 ◽  
Author(s):  
María Eugenia León-González ◽  
Noelia Rosales-Conrado
Keyword(s):  
Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Surface Water ◽  
Surface Waters ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Multivariate Techniques ◽  
Enantioselective Separation ◽  
Environmental Matrices ◽  
Ibuprofen Enantiomers ◽  
Shed Light

Environmental context Ibuprofen, a common anti-inflammatory drug and one of many pharmaceuticals sold as a mixture of enantiomers, has recently been found in river and surface waters. There are, however, few analytical methods able to separate and accurately measure ibuprofen enantiomers in environmental matrices. This study reports a method for quantifying ibuprofen enantiomers in sediments and surface water, and applies it to shed light on the degradation and fate of the enantiomers in aquatic systems. Abstract The enantioselective composition of ibuprofen in sediments in contact with surface water was evaluated over 168h in the presence and absence of light. Multivariate techniques applied for the evaluation of enantiomeric fraction (EF) and recoveries of enantiomers in water and sediments show differences in the EF and composition of each enantiomer. In sediments, differences in the EF are a result of the presence or absence of light, whereas in water it is attributable to degradation of the two enantiomers with time. To achieve enantioselective separation of ibuprofen in surface water and sediments, a clean-up and preconcentration procedure using solid phase extraction combined with a direct chiral liquid chromatography–ultraviolet method was developed. Quantitation limits of the proposed method were between 0.12 and 0.15µgg–1 for each enantiomer in sediments, and between 2.4 and 3.0µgL–1 in surface water. Intra- and inter-day precisions were between 5.1 and 8.9%. Multivariate techniques can be useful to identify enantiomeric modifications and to select the variables that should be used for modelling such transformations.

Application of metagenomics to assess microbial communities in water and other environmental matrices

2015 ◽  
Vol 96 (1) ◽  
pp. 121-129 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher Staley ◽  
Michael J. Sadowsky
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Microbial Communities ◽  
Surface Waters ◽  
Environmental Samples ◽  
Subsequent Development ◽  
Complete Characterization ◽  
Human Pathogens ◽  
Environmental Matrices ◽  
Sequencing Technologies ◽  
Anthropogenic Inputs

The emergence of metagenomics-based approaches in biology has overcome historical culture-based biases in microbiological studies. This has also enabled a more comprehensive assessment of the microbial ecology of environmental samples. The subsequent development of next-generation sequencing technologies, able to produce hundreds of millions of sequences at improved cost and speed, necessitated a computational shift from user-supervised alignment and analysis pipelines, that were used previously for vector-based metagenomic studies that relied on Sanger sequencing. Current computational advances have expanded the scope of microbial biogeography studies and offered novel insights into microbial responses to environmental variation and anthropogenic inputs into ecosystems. However, new biostatistical and computational approaches are required to handle the large volume and complexity of these new multivariate datasets. While this has allowed more complete characterization of taxonomic, phylogenetic and functional microbial diversity, these tools are still limited by methodological biases, incomplete databases, and the high cost of fully characterizing environmental biodiversity. This review addresses the evolution of methods to monitor surface waters and characterize environmental samples through the recent computational advances in metagenomics, with an emphasis on the study of surface waters. These new methods have provided an abundance of opportunities to expand our understanding of the interaction between microbial communities and public health. Specifically, they have allowed for comprehensive monitoring of bacterial communities in surface waters for changes in community structure associated with faecal contamination and the presence of human pathogens, rather than relying on only a few indicator bacteria to direct public health concerns.

scholarly journals Investigation of Food and Environmental Exposures Relating to the Epidemiology of Campylobacter coli in Humans in Northwest England

2009 ◽  
Vol 76 (1) ◽  
pp. 129-135 ◽  
Author(s):  
Will Sopwith ◽  
Andrew Birtles ◽  
Margaret Matthews ◽  
Andrew Fox ◽  
Steven Gee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Logistic Regression ◽  
Surface Waters ◽  
Multilocus Sequence Typing ◽  
Species Level ◽  
Campylobacter Coli ◽  
Pork Products ◽  
Case Methodology ◽  
Eating Out ◽  
Sequence Types ◽  
Epidemiological Information

ABSTRACT This study uses multilocus sequence typing (MLST) to investigate the epidemiology of Campylobacter coli in a continuous study of a population in Northwest England. All cases of Campylobacter identified in four Local Authorities (government administrative boundaries) between 2003 and 2006 were identified to species level and then typed, using MLST. Epidemiological information was collected for each of these cases, including food and recreational exposure variables, and the epidemiologies of C. jejuni and C. coli were compared using case-case methodology. Samples of surface water thought to represent possible points of exposure to the populations under study were also sampled, and campylobacters were typed with multilocus sequence typing. Patients with C. coli were more likely to be older and female than patients with C. jejuni. In logistic regression, C. coli infection was positively associated with patients eating undercooked eggs, eating out, and reporting problems with their water supply prior to illness. C. coli was less associated with consuming pork products. Most of the cases of C. coli yielded sequence types described elsewhere in both livestock and poultry, but several new sequence types were also identified in human cases and water samples. There was no overlap between types identified in humans and surface waters, and genetic analysis suggested three distinct clades but with several “intermediate” types from water that were convergent with the human clade. There is little evidence to suggest that epidemiological differences between human cases of C. coli and C. jejuni are a result of different food or behavioral exposures alone.

scholarly journals Current status and future direction for examining engineered nanoparticles in natural systems

2014 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 351 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manuel D. Montaño ◽  
Gregory V. Lowry ◽  
Frank von der Kammer ◽  
Julie Blue ◽  
James F. Ranville
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Samples ◽  
Accurate Determination ◽  
Engineered Nanoparticles ◽  
Engineered Nanomaterials ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Environmental Matrices ◽  
New Techniques ◽  
Unique Challenge ◽  
High Background ◽  
Naturally Occurring

Environmental context The detection and characterisation of engineered nanomaterials in the environment is essential for exposure and risk assessment for this emerging class of materials. However, the ubiquitous presence of naturally occurring nanomaterials presents a unique challenge for the accurate determination of engineered nanomaterials in environmental matrices. New techniques and methodologies are being developed to overcome some of these issues by taking advantage of subtle differences in the elemental and isotopic ratios within these nanomaterials. Abstract The increasing manufacture and implementation of engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) will continue to lead to the release of these materials into the environment. Reliably assessing the environmental exposure risk of ENMs will depend highly on the ability to quantify and characterise these materials in environmental samples. However, performing these measurements is obstructed by the complexity of environmental sample matrices, physiochemical processes altering the state of the ENM and the high background of naturally occurring nanoparticles (NNPs), which may be similar in size, shape and composition to their engineered analogues. Current analytical techniques can be implemented to overcome some of these obstacles, but the ubiquity of NNPs presents a unique challenge requiring the exploitation of properties that discriminate engineered and natural nanomaterials. To this end, new techniques are being developed that take advantage of the nature of ENMs to discern them from naturally occurring analogues. This paper reviews the current techniques utilised in the detection and characterisation of ENMs in environmental samples as well as discusses promising new approaches to overcome the high backgrounds of NNPs. Despite their occurrence in the atmosphere and soil, this review will be limited to a discussion of aqueous-based samples containing ENMs, as this environment will serve as a principal medium for the environmental dispersion of ENMs.

THOMSON SCATTERING WITH A HIGH BACKGROUND LEVEL OF PLASMA RADIATION

1979 ◽  
Vol 40 (C7) ◽  
pp. C7-851-C7-852
Author(s):  
B. Van der Sijde ◽  
T. Poorter ◽  
S. Adema ◽  
B. F.M. Pots ◽  
D. C. Schram
Keyword(s):  
Background Level ◽  
Thomson Scattering ◽  
Plasma Radiation ◽  
High Background

Groundwater protection and diffuse nitrogen emissions to surface waters – which catchment areas have to be considered?

2007 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 103-110
Author(s):  
C. Schilling ◽  
M. Zessner ◽  
A.P. Blaschke ◽  
D. Gutknecht ◽  
H. Kroiss
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
Total Nitrogen ◽  
Surface Waters ◽  
Flow Path ◽  
Emission Model ◽  
Catchment Scale ◽  
Danube Basin ◽  
Nitrogen Emissions ◽  
Nitrogen Levels ◽  
Catchment Areas

Two Austrian case study regions within the Danube basin have been selected for detailed investigations of groundwater and surface water quality at the catchment scale. Water balance calculations have been performed using the conceptual continuous time SWAT 2000 model to characterise catchment hydrology and to identify individual runoff components contributing to river discharge. Nitrogen emission calculations have been performed using the empirical emission model MONERIS to relate individual runoff components to specific nitrogen emissions and for the quantification of total nitrogen emissions to surface waters. Calculated total nitrogen emissions to surface waters using the MONERIS model were significantly influenced by hydrological conditions. For both catchments the groundwater could be identified as major emission pathway of nitrogen emissions to the surface waters. Since most of the nitrogen is emitted by groundwater to the surface water, denitrification in groundwater is of considerable importance reducing nitrogen levels in groundwater along the flow path towards the surface water. An approach was adopted for the grid-oriented estimation of diffuse nitrogen emissions based on calculated groundwater residence time distributions. Denitrification in groundwater was considered using a half life time approach. It could be shown that more than 90% of the total diffuse nitrogen emissions were contributed by areas with low groundwater residence times and short distances to the surface water. Thus, managing diffuse nitrogen emissions the location of catchment areas has to be considered as well as hydrological and hydrogeological conditions, which significantly influence denitrification in the groundwater and reduce nitrogen levels in groundwater on the flow path towards the surface water.

scholarly journals Microplastics distribution in the Eurasian Arctic is affected by Atlantic waters and Siberian rivers

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Evgeniy Yakushev ◽  
Anna Gebruk ◽  
Alexander Osadchiev ◽  
Svetlana Pakhomova ◽  
Amy Lusher ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
Surface Waters ◽  
Water Masses ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Plastic Pollution ◽  
Siberian River ◽  
Highest Weight ◽  
Surface Samples ◽  
Atlantic Origin ◽  
Type Size

AbstractPlastic pollution is globally recognised as a threat to marine ecosystems, habitats, and wildlife, and it has now reached remote locations such as the Arctic Ocean. Nevertheless, the distribution of microplastics in the Eurasian Arctic is particularly underreported. Here we present analyses of 60 subsurface pump water samples and 48 surface neuston net samples from the Eurasian Arctic with the goal to quantify and classify microplastics in relation to oceanographic conditions. In our study area, we found on average 0.004 items of microplastics per m3 in the surface samples, and 0.8 items per m3 in the subsurface samples. Microplastic characteristics differ significantly between Atlantic surface water, Polar surface water and discharge plumes of the Great Siberian Rivers, allowing identification of two sources of microplastic pollution (p < 0.05 for surface area, morphology, and polymer types). The highest weight concentration of microplastics was observed within surface waters of Atlantic origin. Siberian river discharge was identified as the second largest source. We conclude that these water masses govern the distribution of microplastics in the Eurasian Arctic. The microplastics properties (i.e. abundance, polymer type, size, weight concentrations) can be used for identification of the water masses.

scholarly journals Phenotypic and Molecular Analysis of Penicillin-Nonsusceptible Streptococcus pneumoniae Isolates in Poland

2006 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
pp. 40-47 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ewa Sadowy ◽  
Radosław Izdebski ◽  
Anna Skoczyńska ◽  
Paweł Grzesiowski ◽  
Marek Gniadkowski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Streptococcus Pneumoniae ◽  
Molecular Analysis ◽  
Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Multilocus Sequence Typing ◽  
Susceptibility Testing ◽  
Bacterial Pathogen ◽  
Pulsed Field Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Pulsed Field ◽  
Related Clone ◽  
Sequence Types

ABSTRACT β-Lactams are the drugs of choice for the treatment of infections caused by the important bacterial pathogen Streptococcus pneumoniae. The recent growth of resistance of this organism to penicillin observed worldwide is of the highest concern. In this study, using 887 surveillance pneumococcal isolates recovered in Poland from 1998 to 2002, we observed the increase in penicillin nonsusceptibility from 8.7% to 20.3%. All of the 109 penicillin-nonsusceptible S. pneumoniae (PNSP) isolates identified, together with 22 archival PNSP isolates from 1995 to 1997, were subsequently analyzed by susceptibility testing, serotyping, profiling of pbp genes, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, and multilocus sequence typing (MLST). Four predominant serotypes, serotypes 6B, 9V, 14, and 23F, characterized 85.5% of the isolates. MLST revealed the presence of 34 sequence types, 15 of which were novel types. Representatives of seven multiresistant international clones (Spain23F-1, Spain6B-2, Spain9V-3, Taiwan23F-15, Poland23F-16, Poland6B-20, and Sweden15A-25) or their closely related variants comprised the majority of the study isolates. The spread of Spain9V-3 and its related clone of serotype 14/ST143 has remarkably contributed to the recent increase in penicillin resistance in pneumococci in the country.

scholarly journals Practical strategies for identifying groundwater discharges into sediment and surface water with fiber optic temperature measurement

2014 ◽  
Vol 16 (7) ◽  
pp. 1772-1778 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Selker ◽  
Frank Selker ◽  
Julie Huff ◽  
Russ Short ◽  
Deborah Edwards ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
Temperature Measurement ◽  
Surface Waters ◽  
Fiber Optic ◽  
Remedial Actions ◽  
Fiber Optic Temperature

Identifying or ruling out groundwater discharges into sediment and surface waters is often critical for evaluating impacts and for planning remedial actions.

scholarly journals Population Genetics and Characterization ofCampylobacter jejuniIsolates from Western Jackdaws and Game Birds in Finland

2018 ◽  
Vol 85 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara Kovanen ◽  
Mirko Rossi ◽  
Mari Pohja-Mykrä ◽  
Timo Nieminen ◽  
Mirja Raunio-Saarnisto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Host Specificity ◽  
Campylobacter Jejuni ◽  
Multilocus Sequence Typing ◽  
Wild Birds ◽  
Whole Genome ◽  
Mallard Duck ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Game Birds ◽  
Hygienic Measures ◽  
Sequence Types

ABSTRACTPoultry are considered a major reservoir and source of human campylobacteriosis, but the roles of environmental reservoirs, including wild birds, have not been assessed in depth. In this study, we isolated and characterizedCampylobacter jejunifrom western jackdaws (n= 91, 43%), mallard ducks (n= 82, 76%), and pheasants (n= 9, 9%). Most of the western jackdaw and mallard duckC. jejuniisolates represented multilocus sequence typing (MLST) sequence types (STs) that diverged from those previously isolated from human patients and various animal species, whereas all pheasant isolates represented ST-19, a common ST among human patients and other hosts worldwide. Whole-genome MLST revealed that mallard duck ST-2314 and pheasant ST-19 isolates represented bacterial clones that were genetically highly similar to human isolates detected previously. Further analyses revealed that in addition to a divergent ClonalFrame genealogy, certain genomic characteristics of the western jackdawC. jejuniisolates, e.g., a novelcdtABCgene cluster and the type VI secretion system (T6SS), may affect their host specificity and virulence. Game birds may thus pose a risk for acquiring campylobacteriosis; therefore, hygienic measures during slaughter and meat handling warrant special attention.IMPORTANCEThe roles of environmental reservoirs, including wild birds, in the molecular epidemiology ofCampylobacter jejunihave not been assessed in depth. Our results showed that game birds may pose a risk for acquiring campylobacteriosis, because they hadC. jejunigenomotypes highly similar to human isolates detected previously. Therefore, hygienic measures during slaughter and meat handling warrant special attention. On the contrary, a unique phylogeny was revealed for the western jackdaw isolates, and certain genomic characteristics identified among these isolates are hypothesized to affect their host specificity and virulence. Comparative genomics within sequence types (STs), using whole-genome multilocus sequence typing (wgMLST), and phylogenomics are efficient methods to analyze the genomic relationships ofC. jejuniisolates.

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