scholarly journals Sick leave due to diarrhea caused by contamination of drinking water supply with Cryptosporidium hominis in Sweden: a retrospective study

2017 ◽  
Vol 16 (5) ◽  
pp. 704-710 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frida Ridderstedt ◽  
Micael Widerström ◽  
Johan Lindh ◽  
Mikael Lilja
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Sick Leave ◽  
Sick Child ◽  
Watery Diarrhoea ◽  
Waterborne Diseases ◽  
Cryptosporidium Hominis ◽  
Waterborne Outbreak ◽  
Potential Impact ◽  
Absence From Work

Abstract We investigated sick leave from work, studies, preschool, and kindergarten occurring between 1 November 2010 and 31 January 2011 and associated with a waterborne outbreak of diarrhea caused by Cryptosporidium hominis in late November 2010 in Östersund, Sweden with 45.2% of 60,000 residents being symptomatic. A questionnaire defining acute watery diarrhoea and/or ≥3 diarrhea episodes/day as cryptosporidiosis was sent to 1,508 residents in late January 2011 (response rate 69.2%). Among adults aged 18–60 years, 24.0% took sick leave for a mean of 4.6 (SD ± 4.0) days due to cryptosporidiosis, and an additional 10.6% were absent from work a mean of 4.0 (±2.2) days to care for symptomatic children. Among children (aged ≤17 years), 35.0% stayed home sick from kindergarten/preschool or school/university for a mean of 5.2 (±3.8) days resulting in 5.1 (±4.4) days of absence from work per sick child shared between parents/guardians. The estimated total number of sick leave days was 50,000 for adults and 20,700 for children, with an estimated direct cost of €7 million for employers. The potential impact on society of sick leave caused by waterborne diseases must be considered in decisions regarding the quality of drinking water.

scholarly journals Photocatalytic Enhancement for Solar Disinfection of Water: A Review

2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Anthony Byrne ◽  
Pilar A. Fernandez-Ibañez ◽  
Patrick S. M. Dunlop ◽  
Dheaya M. A. Alrousan ◽  
Jeremy W. J. Hamilton
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Waterborne Diseases ◽  
Safe Drinking Water ◽  
Developing Regions ◽  
Water Supplies ◽  
Semiconductor Photocatalysis ◽  
Solar Disinfection ◽  
Clean Drinking Water

It is estimated that 884 million people lack access to improved water supplies. Many more are forced to rely on supplies that are microbiologically unsafe, resulting in a higher risk of waterborne diseases, including typhoid, hepatitis, polio, and cholera. Due to poor sanitation and lack of clean drinking water, there are around 4 billion cases of diarrhea each year resulting in 2.2 million deaths, most of these are children under five. While conventional interventions to improve water supplies are effective, there is increasing interest in household-based interventions to produce safe drinking water at an affordable cost for developing regions. Solar disinfection (SODIS) is a simple and low cost technique used to disinfect drinking water, where water is placed in transparent containers and exposed to sunlight for 6 hours. There are a number of parameters which affect the efficacy of SODIS, including the solar irradiance, the quality of the water, and the nature of the contamination. One approach to SODIS enhancement is the use of semiconductor photocatalysis to produce highly reactive species that can destroy organic pollutants and inactivate water pathogens. This paper presents a critical review concerning semiconductor photocatalysis as a potential enhancement technology for solar disinfection of water.

Epidemiology and estimated costs of a large waterborne outbreak of norovirus infection in Sweden

2013 ◽  
Vol 142 (3) ◽  
pp. 592-600 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. LARSSON ◽  
Y. ANDERSSON ◽  
G. ALLESTAM ◽  
A. LINDQVIST ◽  
N. NENONEN ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Confidence Interval ◽  
Sick Leave ◽  
Questionnaire Survey ◽  
Odds Ratio ◽  
Genotype I ◽  
Viral Contamination ◽  
Waterborne Outbreak ◽  
Large Outbreak ◽  
Stool Samples

SUMMARYA large outbreak of norovirus (NoV) gastroenteritis caused by contaminated municipal drinking water occurred in Lilla Edet, Sweden, 2008. Epidemiological investigations performed using a questionnaire survey showed an association between consumption of municipal drinking water and illness (odds ratio 4·73, 95% confidence interval 3·53–6·32), and a strong correlation between the risk of being sick and the number of glasses of municipal water consumed. Diverse NoV strains were detected in stool samples from patients, NoV genotype I strains predominating. Although NoVs were not detected in water samples, coliphages were identified as a marker of viral contamination. About 2400 (18·5%) of the 13 000 inhabitants in Lilla Edet became ill. Costs associated with the outbreak were collected via a questionnaire survey given to organizations and municipalities involved in or affected by the outbreak. Total costs including sick leave, were estimated to be ∼8 700 000 Swedish kronor (∼€0·87 million).

scholarly journals Microbiological Quality of Drinking Water and Prevalence of Waterborne Diseases in the Gaza Strip, Palestine: A Narrative Review

2019 ◽  
Vol 07 (04) ◽  
pp. 122-138 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samer Abuzerr ◽  
Simin Nasseri ◽  
Masud Yunesian ◽  
Samir Yassin ◽  
Mahdi Hadi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Gaza Strip ◽  
Microbiological Quality ◽  
Narrative Review ◽  
Waterborne Diseases ◽  
The Gaza Strip

Quality of drinking water of Kosti city, White Nile State, Sudan, collected during February 2021

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 032-036
Author(s):  
Abdelaal Ali Hammad Ali ◽  
Mutaman Ali A. Kehail ◽  
Mazahir Elhadi Abdallah Mohammed
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Total Dissolved Solids ◽  
Waterborne Diseases ◽  
Standard Methods ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Physical Chemical ◽  
Routine Work ◽  
Sanitation And Hygiene ◽  
White Nile

Lack of clean water supply, sanitation and hygiene are major causes for the spread of waterborne diseases in a community. This study was conducted, to determine the quality of drinking water collected from Kosti City, White Nile State, Sudan. In this study, the quality levels of drinking water (physical, chemical and the microbial), were determined following the standard methods. Five sites were selected to sampling drinking water during Feb. 2021. The results showed that, some of pH, HCO3-, Hardness, SO-, Na+ and Ca++ values were not fall within the standard ranges. Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Cl and K+ data agreed with standard ranges. CO3 show a very strong +ve correlation (0.99) with Na and -ve correlation (-0.98) with HCO3. E. coli were relatively high in comparison to standards (which should be zero). The study recommends evaluating the quality of the drinking water, and this should be routine work.

scholarly journals Outbreak of Cryptosporidium hominis in northern Sweden: persisting symptoms in a five-year follow-up

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Malin Sjöström ◽  
Malin Arvidsson ◽  
Lars Söderström ◽  
Mikael Lilja ◽  
Johan Lindh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Joint Pain ◽  
Gastrointestinal Symptoms ◽  
Watery Diarrhoea ◽  
Northern Sweden ◽  
Ocular Pain ◽  
Cryptosporidium Hominis ◽  
Waterborne Outbreak ◽  
The City ◽  
Post Infectious

Abstract ObjectivesIn 2010-2011, a waterborne outbreak of the parasite, Cryptosporidium hominis, affected approximately 27,000 inhabitants in the city of Östersund, Sweden. Previous research suggested that post-infectious symptoms, such as gastrointestinal symptoms and joint pain, could persist for up to two years after the initial infection. In this study, we investigated whether the parasite caused post-infectious sequelae for up to five years after the outbreak. This prospective cohort study examined whether individuals infected during the outbreak were more likely than uninfected individuals to report post-infectious symptoms five years later. The participants completed a questionnaire on whether they experienced a list of symptoms. We analysed data using logistic regression and calculated odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals.Results The analysis included 626 individuals. Among the 262 individuals infected during the outbreak, 56.5% reported symptoms at follow-up. Compared to uninfected individuals, infected individuals were significantly more likely to report watery diarrhoea, diarrhoea, swollen joints, abdominal pain, bloating, joint discomfort, acid indigestion, alternating bowel habits, joint pain, ocular pain, nausea, and fatigue at the follow-up, after adjusting for age and sex. Our findings suggested that cryptosporidiosis was mainly associated with gastrointestinal- and joint-related post-infectious symptoms for up to 5 years after the infection.

scholarly journals Bacteriological and Physicochemical Quality of Drinking Water in Adis Kidame Town, Northwest Ethiopia

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Baye Sitotaw ◽  
Mulu Geremew
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Physicochemical Parameters ◽  
Coliform Bacteria ◽  
Residual Chlorine ◽  
Waterborne Diseases ◽  
Who Guidelines ◽  
Faecal Coliforms ◽  
Potential Health

Drinking water pollution and the resulting waterborne diseases have been among the major public health burden in low-income countries such as Ethiopia. A high prevalence of waterborne diseases, up to 65%, has been reported in Adis Kidame Town (Ethiopia). Moreover, there have been poor waste disposal practices in this town. Thus, this study aimed to assess bacteriological and physicochemical drinking water quality in Adis Kidame Town to get insight into any potential health risks due to waterborne diseases. A total of 90 water samples were analyzed for enumeration of coliform bacteria and basic physicochemical parameters. In this study, total and faecal coliform counts (CFU/100 ml) ranged from 0 to 23 and 0 to 18, respectively. In all cases, 89 and 77% of the water samples in terms of total and faecal coliforms, respectively, did not comply with WHO guidelines. The highest level of coliforms was found in drinking water samples from households’ containers and taps, where 100% and 90% of samples were tested positive for total and faecal coliforms, respectively. Among the physicochemical parameters recorded, only temperature and residual chlorine did not comply with WHO guidelines. Temperature values in all samples ranged from 20 to 28°C, while the values of residual chlorine were below the recommended range in the 56.7% of water samples from the reservoir and almost in all (96.7%) water samples from the taps and households’ containers. High coliform count in the water system demands proper chlorination, regular inspection of the distribution line, and good hygienic practices to improve the microbiological quality of drinking water in Adis Kidame Town.

scholarly journals Environmental health aspects of drinking water-borne outbreak due to karst flooding: case study

2010 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 513-520 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gyula Dura ◽  
Tamás Pándics ◽  
Mihály Kádár ◽  
Katalin Krisztalovics ◽  
Zoltánné Kiss ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Public Health Intervention ◽  
Extreme Rainfall ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Waterborne Diseases ◽  
Microbiological Contamination ◽  
Extreme Rainfall Events ◽  
Waterborne Outbreak ◽  
Karstic Water

Climate change may increase the incidence of waterborne diseases due to extreme rainfall events, and consequent microbiological contamination of the water source and supply. As a result of the complexity of the pathways from the surface to the consumer, it is difficult to detect an association between rainfall and human disease. The water supply of a Hungarian city, Miskolc (174,000 inhabitant), is mainly based on karstic water, a vulnerable underground water body. A large amount of precipitation fell on the catchment area of the karstic water source, causing an unusually strong karstic water flow and flooding, and subsequent microbiological contamination. The presence of several potential sources of contamination in the protective zone of the karstic water source should be emphasized. The water supplier was unprepared to treat the risk of waterborne outbreak caused by an extreme weather event. Public health intervention and hygienic measures were taken in line with epidemiological actions, focusing on the protection of consumers by providing safe drinking water. The contamination was identified, and measures were taken for risk reduction and prevention. This case study underlines the increasing importance of preparedness for extreme water events in order to protect the karstic water sources and to avoid waterborne outbreaks.

scholarly journals Bacteriological and physicochemical quality of drinking water in Kobo town, Northern Ethiopia

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Baye Sitotaw ◽  
Molla Nigus
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Physicochemical Parameters ◽  
Membrane Filtration ◽  
Microbiological Quality ◽  
National Standards ◽  
Fecal Coliforms ◽  
Northern Ethiopia ◽  
Waterborne Diseases

Abstract Despite drinking water supply in Kobo town is from a borehole through pipes, a high incidence of waterborne diseases are frequently reported. Hence, this study aimed to assess the bacteriological and physicochemical drinking water quality in Kobo town. One hundred and twenty water samples were collected from four sampling sites (the source, reservoir, taps, and households' containers) from February to April 2020. Total and fecal coliforms were counted from the water samples using membrane filtration while selected physicochemical parameters were determined using standard methods. The mean counts of total and fecal coliforms ranged from 3.9 to 22.9 and 1 to 13.6 CFU/100 mL, respectively. Hence, all water samples did not satisfy the WHO guidelines and national standards. There were statistically significant differences in the coliform counts between the different sampling sites, and the counts were significantly higher in the taps and households' containers compared to the counts in the source and reservoir (p < 0.05). All physicochemical parameters, except for temperature, were within the recommended acceptable limits. High coliform count in the water system demands proper maintenance of the distribution line and good hygiene practices at household level to improve the microbiological quality of drinking water in Kobo town.

Gender and Regional Differences in the Life Expectancy in Russia

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 106-120 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. A. Rodionova ◽  
E. D. Kopnova
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Alcohol Consumption ◽  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Poor Quality ◽  
Living Conditions ◽  
Regional Differentiation ◽  
Russian Regions ◽  
Poor Nutrition

The relevance of the chosen topic is closely related to the development of a system for monitoring the implementation of the May Presidential Decree (2018) to increase life expectancy and improve the quality of life of the population. It has been stated that despite the positive dynamics of life expectancy over the past decade, Russia still has a huge regional differentiation (16,6 years for women, 18,2 years for men in 2016) and an average gender gap - 10,6 years. The choice of factors affecting the gender gap in life expectancy in Russian regions is supported by a conclusion most common in foreign studies that climatic conditions, living conditions, the quality of food and drinking water, alcohol consumption are essential components of public health and life expectancy.The article provides an overview of studies on assessment factors of life expectancy, presents the authors’ approach to identifying gender gaps in life expectancy, living conditions, and lifestyle affecting the indicator of life expectancy. The paper presents the results of a comparative analysis of gender gap in life expectancy in Russia and foreign countries. The paper studies the correlation between living conditions and lifestyle, and life expectancy.Classification of the regions by the life expectancy at birth for men and women is an important component of this study. The authors used Rosstat data for 2016 and the k-means method to select three clusters of Russian regions taking into account gender, living conditions and lifestyle. The paper identifies similar health problems of the regions that are associated with alcohol consumption, poor nutrition and poor quality of drinking water, poor housing and living conditions. The lowest life expectancy rates for men and women are recorded in regions of the 1st cluster (Jewish Autonomous Region, Republic of Tuva, Chukotka Autonomous Area). High mortality rates are a result of external causes. There is a poor quality of drinking water and poor nutrition, excessive alcohol consumption, and inadequate housing conditions.Based on the obtained results were determined possible reserves for reducing the gender and regional differentiation of life expectancy.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document