scholarly journals Microbial faecal pollution of river water in a watershed of tropical Ethiopian highlands is driven by diffuse pollution sources

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Douglas Mushi ◽  
Geda Kebede ◽  
Rita B. Linke ◽  
Aschalew Lakew ◽  
Daniel S. Hayes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
River Water ◽  
Microbiological Quality ◽  
Pollution Sources ◽  
Diffuse Pollution ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Riverine Water ◽  
Ethiopian Highlands ◽  
Faecal Pellets ◽  
Faecal Pollution

Abstract Tropical communities in the developing world depend heavily on riverine systems for their socioeconomic development. However, these resources are poorly protected from diffuse pollution, and there is a lack of quantitative information regarding the microbial pollution characteristics of riverine water, despite frequently reported gastrointestinal diseases. The aim of our study was to apply faecal taxation (i.e., faecal pellet counting in representative test areas to estimate the potential availability of diffuse pollution sources) in combination with a detailed microbiological faecal pollution analysis in a riverine environment to elucidate the importance of diffuse pollution. To realize this approach, ambient faecal pellets, a multiparametric data set for standard faecal indicator bacteria (SFIB), including Escherichia coli, Clostridium perfringens spores and enterococci from catchment soil and river water, and a number of riverine water physicochemical variables were analysed during a one-year cycle. We demonstrated that the abundance of ambient faecal pellets, which were consistently counted at reference sites in the catchment, was associated with faecal pollution in the river water. Water SFIB, dissolved oxygen, nutrients, conductivity and total suspended solids were strongly linked with the abundance of ambient faecal pellets in the river catchment, as demonstrated by principal component analysis (PCA). Elevated concentrations of SFIB in the riverine water in the absence of rainfall also suggested the direct input of faecal bacteria into the riverine water by livestock (e.g., during watering) and humans (e.g., during bathing). Statistical analyses further revealed that the microbiological water quality of the investigated riverine water was not influenced by SFIB potentially occurring in the soil. This study demonstrates the importance of diffuse faecal pollution sources as major drivers of the microbiological quality of riverine water in the Ethiopian Highlands. In addition, a new successfully applied integrated approach could be very useful for developing predictive models, which would aid in forecasting riverine microbiological quality in tropical developing countries.

scholarly journals Using hydrodynamic and hydraulic modelling to study microbiological water quality issues at a backwater area of the Danube to support decision-making

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julia Derx ◽  
Jürgen Komma ◽  
Philipp Reiner ◽  
Julia Vierheilig ◽  
Domenico Savio ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Decision Making ◽  
River Water ◽  
Groundwater Resources ◽  
Microbiological Quality ◽  
Hydraulic Transport ◽  
Faecal Pollution ◽  
Microbiological Water Quality ◽  
Support Decision Making

AbstractThe alluvial backwater areas of the Danube are valuable ecological habitats containing important drinking water resources. Due to the river regulation and the construction of power plants, the river water levels and natural dynamics of the backwater areas continuously decline, threatening their typical characteristics. The aim of this study was to evaluate how an increased connectivity of the backwater branch located in a nature-protected riverine floodplain (enabled by diverting river water into the backwater system via a weir) affects the microbiological quality of groundwater resources. The defined quality criterion was that the diversion measures must not lead to an increased detection frequency of faecal indicators in groundwater. The microbiological water quality of the Danube, its backwater branch and the groundwater was analysed from 2010 to 2013. E. coli was selected as bacterial indicator for recent faecal pollution. C. perfringens (spores) was analysed as indicator for persistent faecal pollution and potentially occurring pathogenic protozoa. We simulated the microbial transport from the Danube and the backwater river into groundwater using a 3‑D unsaturated-saturated groundwater model coupled with 2‑D hydrodynamic flow simulations. Scenarios for no diversion measures were compared with scenarios for an additional discharge of 3, 20 and 80 m3/s from the Danube River into the backwater branch. While the additional discharge of 20 and 80 m3/s of Danube water into the floodplain strongly improved the ecological status according to ecological habitat models, the hydraulic transport simulations showed that this would result in a deterioration of the microbiological quality of groundwater resources. The presented approach shows how hydraulic transport modelling and microbiological analyses can be combined to support decision-making.

Rapid and Simple Estimation of Microbiological Quality of Raw Milk Using Chromogenic Limulus Amoebocyte Lysate Endpoint Assay

2002 ◽  
Vol 65 (9) ◽  
pp. 1447-1451 ◽  
Author(s):  
MIN-SUK RHEE ◽  
DONG-HYUN KANG
Keyword(s):  
Microbiological Quality ◽  
Free Water ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Microtiter Plate ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Limulus Amoebocyte Lysate ◽  
Endpoint Assay ◽  
Lal Assay

A rapid chromogenic Limulus amoebocyte lysate (LAL) endpoint assay for the enumeration of total mesophilic microbial loads and coliforms was investigated as a means to assess the microbiological quality of raw milk. For experiment 1, raw milk samples (n = 25) were stored in a refrigerator (2 ± 2°C) and then analyzed at regular intervals (1, 5, 10, and 15 days). For experiment 2, fresh raw milk samples (n = 50) were tested to determine the utility of the LAL assay for fresh raw milk. The sample was diluted threefold in a 96-well microtiter plate with pyrogen-free water and assayed with a chromogenic LAL kit to find a final reaction point. The LAL results were compared with standard plate counts (SPC) and coliform counts determined by conventional plating methods. The results of the LAL assay were strongly correlated to conventional SPC (r2 = 0.93; n = 100) and were highly correlated to coliforms (r2 = 0.74; n = 100). A highly significant linear relationship (r2 = 0.82; n = 50) was also observed between the predicted SPC based on the LAL value and the actual SPC. The results of LAL testing were classified into one of seven contamination groups. The data set for SPC was effectively differentiated using the LAL technique (P < 0.01). The chromogenic LAL assay was found to be a rapid (within 16 min) and simple (not requiring specific instruments) method for monitoring microbial levels in raw milk. This method may be successfully implemented to rapidly determine highly microbial contaminated raw milk (>3.0 log10 CFU/ml of SPC).

scholarly journals Evaluation of anthropogenic pollution in river water based on the genetic diversity of Aeromonas hydrophila

2012 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
pp. 41-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karol Korzekwa ◽  
Iwona Gołaś ◽  
Monika Harnisz
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
River Water ◽  
Aeromonas Hydrophila ◽  
Microbiological Quality ◽  
Anthropogenic Pollution ◽  
Electrophoretic Patterns ◽  
Quality Of Water ◽  
Water Based ◽  
Many Sources

Abstract Aeromonas hydrophila is a valuable indicator of the quality of water polluted by sewage and pathogens that pose a risk for humans and cold-blooded animals, including fi sh. The main aim of this research was to evaluate anthropogenic pollution of river water based on genetic diversity of 82 A. hydrophila strains by means of RAPD, semi-random AP-PCR (ISJ) and the rep-BOX conservative repeats test. Genetic diversity of A. hydrophila was HT = 0.28 (SD = 0.02) for all DNA markers (RAPD, semi random and rep-BOX). None of the analyzed electrophoretic patterns was identical, implying that there were many sources of strain transmission. The presence of genes for aerolysin (aerA), hemolysin (ahh1) and the cytotoxic enzyme complex (AHCYTOGEN) was verifi ed for all tested strains, and drug resistance patterns for tetracycline, enrofl oxacin and erythromycin were determined. The most diverse A. hydrophila strains isolated from river water were susceptible to enrofl oxacine (HS = 0.27), whereas less diverse strains were susceptible to erythromycin (HS = 0.24). The presence of the multidrug resistance marker (ISJ4-25; 1100 bp locus) in the examined strains (resistant to three analyzed drugs) indicates that intensive fi sh cultivation affects the microbiological quality of river water.

scholarly journals Assessment of the Deterioration in Physiochemical and Microbiological Quality of Shivnath River Water in Durg District, India

2010 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 733-738
Author(s):  
Seema A. Belorkar
Keyword(s):  
River Water ◽  
Microbiological Quality ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Color Temperature ◽  
Plate Count ◽  
Most Probable Number ◽  
Total Hardness ◽  
Probable Number ◽  
Tolerant Strain

The water samples collected from Shivnath river in Durg Dist., India, were analyzed for physical properties like color, temperature, turbidity and odor, chemical properties like pH, alkalinity, total hardness, calcium hardness, magnesium hardness, total solids {Total dissolved solids (TDS) and total suspended solids (TSS)}, sulphates, nitrates were analyzed. Microbiological characteristics like detection of coliforms, quantitative analysis and most probable number (MPN) of coliforms was also performed. Incidences ofEscherichia coli0157 (Thermo tolerant strain) andSalmonellaspecies were analyzed. All stated properties were analyzed for both upstream and downstream sampling points to determine the effect of residential and industrial discharges on the quality of river water. The addition of discharges has shown many fold increase in all the analyzed physiochemical parameters. The MPN/100 mL for upstream sample was 900 and down stream sample showed rises up to 1600. The heterotrophic plate count (HPC) also increased from 1.30×104/100 mL to 1.53×104/100 mL. Incidences ofE.coli0157 (Thermo tolerant strain) andSalmonellaspecies were both found even before the addition of discharges.

scholarly journals Hospital hydrotherapy pools treated with ultra violet light: bad bacteriological quality and presence of thermophilicNaegleria

1982 ◽  
Vol 88 (2) ◽  
pp. 205-214 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. F. De Jonckheere
Keyword(s):  
Microbiological Quality ◽  
Ultra Violet ◽  
The Other ◽  
Isoenzyme Analysis ◽  
Pollution Indicators ◽  
Faecal Pollution ◽  
Violet Light ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Very High

SummaryThe microbiological quality of eight halogenated and two u.v.-treated hydrotherapy pools in hospitals was investigated. The microbiological quality of halogenated hydrotherapy pools was comparable to halogenated public swimming pools, although in somePseudomonas aeruginosaand faecal pollution indicators were more frequent due to bad management.On the other hand u.v.-treated hydrotherapy pools had very bad microbiological quality. Apart from faecal pollution indicators,P. aeruginosawas present in very high numbers.Halogenated hydrotherapy pools were not highly contaminated with amoebae, andNaegleriaspp. were never detected. On the other hand u.v.-treated pools contained very high numbers of thermophilicNaegleria. TheNaegleriaisolates were identified asN. lovaniensis, a species commonly found in association withN. fowleri.Isoenzyme analysis showed a different type ofN. lovaniensiswas present in each of two u.v.-treated pools.

Microbiological quality of ready to hang enteral formulas

2005 ◽  
Vol 30 (03) ◽  
Author(s):  
J Kehr ◽  
B Morales ◽  
P Contreras ◽  
L Castillo ◽  
W Aranda
Keyword(s):  
Microbiological Quality ◽  
Enteral Formulas

VALORIZATION OF THE URBAN ENVIRONMENT OF SOUTH SERBIA FROM THE AIR QUALITY ASPECT

2018 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 1329-1333
Author(s):  
Miodrag Šmelcerović
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Air Quality ◽  
Urban Environment ◽  
Pollution Sources ◽  
Anthropogenic Sources ◽  
Anthropogenic Factors ◽  
Limit Values ◽  
Cause And Effect ◽  
Sources Of Pollution

The protection of the environment and people’s health from negative influences of the pollution of air as a medium of the environment requires constant observing of the air quality in accordance with international standards, the analysis of emission and imission of polluting matters in the air, and their connection with the sources of pollution. Having in mind the series of laws and delegated legislations which define the field of air pollution, it is necessary to closely observe these long-term processes, discovering cause-and-effect relationships between the activities of anthropogenic sources of emission of polluting matters and the level of air degradation. The relevant evaluation of the air quality of a certain area can be conducted if the level of concentration of polluting matters characteristic for the pollution sources of this area is observed in a longer period of time. The data obtained by the observation of the air pollution are the basis for creation of the recovery program of a certain area. Vranje is a town in South Serbia where there is a bigger number of anthropogenic pollution sources that can significantly diminish the air quality. The cause-and-effect relationship of the anthropogenic sources of pollution is conducted related to the analysis of systematized data which are in the relevant data base of the authorized institution The Institute of Public Health Vranje, for the time period between the year of 2012. and 2017. By the analysis of data of imission concentrations of typical polluting matters, the dominant polluting matters were determined on the territory of the town of Vranje, the ones that are the causers of the biggest air pollution and the risk for people’s health. Analysis of the concentration of soot, sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides indicates their presence in the air of Vranje town area in concentrations that do not exceed the permitted limit values annually. The greatest pollution is caused by the soot content in the air, especially in the winter period when the highest number of days with the values above the limit was registered. By perceiving the influence of natural and anthropogenic factors, it is clear that the concentration of polluting matters can be decreased only by establishing control over anthropogenic sources of pollution, and thus it can be contributed to the improvement of the air quality of this urban environment.

Impact of Raw Materials and Processing Techniques on The Microbiological Quality of Egyptian Domiati Cheese

2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Microbiological Quality ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Plate Count ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Fresh Cheese ◽  
Processing Techniques ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Total Yeast

Domiati cheese is the most popular brand of cheese ripened in brine in the Middle East in terms of consumed quantities. This study was performed to investigate the impact of the microbiological quality of the used raw materials, the applied traditional processing techniques and ripening period on the quality and safety of the produced cheese. Three hundred random composite samples were collected from three factories at Fayoum Governorate, Egypt. Collected samples represent twenty-five each of: raw milk, table salt, calf rennet, microbial rennet, water, environmental air, whey, fresh cheese, ripened cheese & swabs from: worker hands; cheese molds and utensils; tanks. All samples were examined microbiologically for Standard Plate Count (SPC), coliforms count, Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) count, total yeast & mould count, presence of E. coli, Salmonellae and Listeria monocytogenes (L. monocytogenes). The mean value of SPC, coliforms, S. aureus and total yeast & mould counts ranged from (79×102 CFU/m3 for air to 13×108 CFU/g for fresh cheese), (7×102 MPN/ cm2 for tank swabs to 80×106 MPN/ml for raw milk), (9×102 CFU/g for salt to 69×106 CFU/g for fresh cheese) and (2×102 CFU/cm2 for hand swabs to 60×104 CFU/g for fresh cheese), respectively. Whereas, E. coli, Salmonella and L. monocytogenes failed to be detected in all examined samples. There were significant differences in all determined microbiological parameters (p ≤0.05) between fresh and ripened cheese which may be attributed to different adverse conditions such as water activity, pH, salt content and temperature carried out to improve the quality of the product.

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