Using internal incentive contracts to improve water utility performance: the case of Uganda's NWSC

Water Policy ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 271-284 ◽  
Author(s):  
Silver Mugisha ◽  
Sanford V. Berg ◽  
William T. Muhairwe
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Performance Monitoring ◽  
Careful Consideration ◽  
Incentive Contracts ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Water Utility ◽  
Framework Design ◽  
Design Competition ◽  
Development Goals ◽  
Internal Incentive

The achievement of Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) by 2015 requires significant managerial innovation and creativity, especially in low-income countries where utility inefficiencies are still most prevalent. This paper describes approaches that have been used in Uganda's National Water and Sewerage Corporation (NWSC). We outline the potential for internal incentive contracts in delivering efficiency gains under public–public water management settings. No simple recipe for promoting efficiency exists. However, this paper highlights useful ingredients, including proper contract framework design, competition for managerial responsibility, effective business planning, performance monitoring and the use of managerial incentives. We conclude that these factors require careful consideration during the planning and implementation of incentive contracts.

A phased approach to efficiency improvement in low-income countries: the case of the National Water and Sewerage Corporation in Fort Portal town, Uganda

2005 ◽  
Vol 5 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 281-288 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Mutikanga ◽  
S. Mugisha
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Efficiency Improvement ◽  
Water Utility ◽  
The Public ◽  
Private Sector Participation ◽  
Potential Benefits ◽  
Development Goals ◽  
Private Management ◽  
National Water

Most water and sewerage utilities are faced with the challenges of improving efficiency and will pass on gains to their customers. The challenges are more in low-income countries especially those in Africa. There has been a lot of on-going debate and studies about approaches and options to water utility efficiency improvement in these countries to meet the Millennium Development Goals (MGDs). About ten years ago the emphasis was on private sector participation (PSP). Consequently, most development partners propagated this approach and even went to the extent of conditioning PSP implementation to funding. The option delivered varied degrees of successes contingent on the operating contexts in those countries. Attempts to mitigate the wrong contexts and conditions to suit the PSP have proved to be more expensive than potential benefits from the option itself. As a result, many low-income countries have been compelled to be more innovative and widen the scope of solution search. The debate currently is, therefore, about performance improvement other than PSP options. This paper presents a phased approach to efficiency improvement taken by National Water and Sewerage Corporation (NWSC) of Uganda in the last seven years. We discuss mechanisms that NWSC has used to achieve significant efficiency gains. Managerial incentives and autonomy are at the centre of the successes registered. We also draw conclusions on how private management principles can be introduced into the public sector to improve efficiency.

scholarly journals The Political Economy of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs): Does Performance on the SDGs Affect Re-Election?

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (16) ◽  
pp. 6445
Author(s):  
Christian Kroll ◽  
Vera Zipperer
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Gender Equality ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Voting Behavior ◽  
Sustainable Development Goals ◽  
Economic Voting ◽  
Policy Framework ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Agenda 2030 ◽  
Development Goals

While the economic voting hypothesis is a well-researched approach to explain behavior at the ballot box, a broader perspective of economic, social and environmental issues regarding a government’s chances to get re-elected is still missing in the literature. In this context, this paper makes use for the first time of the Agenda 2030 with its 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) as the comprehensive policy framework that all 193 UN member states have pledged to achieve. The objective of our study is therefore to examine the relationship between SDGs’ progress and the likelihood of re-election. Our analysis of 124 countries regarding performance on the SDGs over time and voting behavior shows: the chance to get re-elected as a government significantly increases for progress made towards SDG 5 (Gender Equality). Notable differences are also found for high-income vs. low-income countries. The fact that governments are rewarded at the ballot box for successful action towards gender equality is encouraging, while the mechanisms behind other SDG areas deserve more research.

A Review of Some Aspects of the Low-Income Country Debt Sustainability Framework

Policy Papers ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 09 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Income Country ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Preventive Action ◽  
Debt Sustainability ◽  
Low Income Country ◽  
Debt Burden ◽  
Development Goals ◽  
Lending Decisions ◽  
Sustainability Framework

The Bank-Fund Debt Sustainability Framework (DSF) is a standardized framework for analyzing debt-related vulnerabilities in low-income countries (LICs). It aims to help countries monitor their debt burden and take early preventive action, to provide guidance to creditors in ensuring their lending decisions are consistent with countries’ development goals, and to improve the Bank and Fund’s assessments and policy advice. The DSF was last reviewed in 2006, and a reconsideration of some aspects of the framework is timely.

scholarly journals Aid to education and sustainable development

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 816-837
Author(s):  
Keith Lewin
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Comparative Education ◽  
Development Aid ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
The Sustainable Development ◽  
Poor Countries ◽  
Accelerate Development ◽  
Development Goals ◽  
National Investment

The Sustainable Development Goals commit all countries to make rights to education realities for all children. Most of those out of school, and in school but not learning, are in Low Income Countries. Poor countries allocate 3%-4% of GDP to education. 6% is needed to finance universal primary and secondary school. Aid can help. However, aid to education in poor countries has stagnated since 2010 at USD 12 Billion annually. Aid can accelerate development that is self-sustaining through investment in human capitals and the promotion of public goods. Over the last three decades national investment has helped some countries transform their education systems. In other countries progress has been disappointing. The challenge for old and new donors to education is how should future aid be provided to promote sustainable development aid and how can Comparative Education help?

2013 Low-Income Countries Global Risks and Vulnerabilities Report

Policy Papers ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 (75) ◽  
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Millennium Development Goals ◽  
Total Population ◽  
Emerging Market ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Financial Resources ◽  
External Shocks ◽  
International Financial Institutions ◽  
Development Goals ◽  
Per Capita

An assessment of vulnerabilities and risks in LICs remains important both for LICs themselves and for the international community. There are currently 74 LICs, eligible for concessional financing from the Fund. This group of countries has a total population of about 1.3 billion, with an average per capita income of around $850. They typically face the steepest challenges in meeting the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and are increasingly the focus of global development assistance to assist them in this endeavor. This report serves several purposes. It provides a cross-cutting analysis of the economic vulnerabilities of LICs, yielding some general policy conclusions and messages aimed at strengthening their resilience to external shocks. It delivers a richer coverage of developments in LICs than is typically contained in the major IMF multilateral surveillance reports, where analysis is focused primarily on developments in the advanced and emerging market economies. The report serves as an effective outreach tool to country authorities and the wider public. Finally, it provides useful information to other international financial institutions (IFIs) and donors that provide financial resources to LICs on the potential financing needs of these countries under varying global scenarios.

scholarly journals Embedding research into health services in Latin America and the Caribbean: experiences and challenges of the Technical Support Center

2021 ◽  
Vol 45 ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Víctor Becerril-Montekio ◽  
Pilar Torres-Pereda ◽  
Luis Alberto García-Bello ◽  
Jacqueline Alcalde-Rabanal
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Latin America ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Technical Support ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Joint Work ◽  
The Sustainable Development ◽  
Health Related ◽  
Development Goals ◽  
The Caribbean

This article describes the main models for embedding research and the successful experiences and challenges faced in joint work by researchers and decisionmakers who participated in the Embedding Research for the Sustainable Development Goals (ER-SDG) initiative, and the experience of the Technical Support Center. In June 2018, funding was granted to 13 pre-selected research projects from 11 middle- and low-income countries in Latin America and the Caribbean (Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, Paraguay, and Peru). The projects focused on the system-, policy-, or program-level changes required to improve health and build on the joint work of researchers and decisionmakers, with a view to bringing together evidence production and decision-making in health systems and services. The Technical Support Center supported and guided the production of quality results useful for decision-making. This experience confirmed the value of initiatives such as ER-SDG in consolidating bridges between research on the implementation of health policies, programs, and systems, and the officials responsible for operating health-related programs, services, and interventions. It highlighted the importance of both respecting and taking advantage of each context—and the specific arrangements and patterns in the relationships between researchers and decisionmakers—through incentives for embedded research.

The Impact of COVID-19 on the International Education System: Disruptions in Low-income Countries

2020 ◽  
pp. 115-126
Author(s):  
Anne Achieng Aseey
Keyword(s):  
International Education ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Quality Education ◽  
World Health ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Development Goals ◽  
To Come ◽  
Pipe Dream ◽  
Continued Learning ◽  
Health Organization

Africa as a continent has had challenges in its social, economic and political setup. COVID -19 pandemic amplified some of the issues the continent is struggling to contain at various levels to ensure sustainability. In terms of Education, the continent is yet to come to terms in realizing universal literacy, career related skills development for 21st century, quality education, infrastructure among others. Achieving 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) is still a pipe dream. This chapter addresses issues that warrant discussion and raise concerns in education circles in developing continents. The disruptions that affected and impacted on the education sector during the corona pandemic from various standpoints need to be debated and addressed. The chapter will look at issues that impacted on education and how institutional mechanisms were put in place to ensure continuity in education upon World Health organization declaration of COVID -19 as a pandemic. Terms and concepts like online learning, Remote learning ,home schooling, distance learning and others which were not considered as crucial in education became the ‘new normal ‘This study highlights responses at various levels of education and in various geographical settings as to how various governments handled the pandemic. The chapter takes a look of the benefits of using technology during crisis and the value of innovation in continued learning. The role of technology in education and also how it changed and challenged the learning landscape is also highlighted. It also explores instances of equity, unpreparedness and access to quality education at all levels in education.

Global nutrition

2020 ◽  
pp. 435-468
Keyword(s):  
Food Security ◽  
Iron Deficiency ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Iron Deficiency Anaemia ◽  
Vitamin A Deficiency ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Deficiency Anaemia ◽  
Humanitarian Emergencies ◽  
Development Goals ◽  
Global Nutrition

Types of childhood ‘malnutrition’, low-income countries, Infant feeding, Millennium development goals, Iron deficiency anaemia, Iodine deficiency, Vitamin A deficiency, emergencies, humanitarian emergencies, Anthropometric surveys, Food security

scholarly journals Developing an international higher education partnerships between high and low-income countries: two case studies

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 94-100 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edwin Van Teijlingen ◽  
Sujan Babu Marahatta ◽  
Padam Simkhada ◽  
Malcolm McIver ◽  
Jiwan P. Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Higher Education Institutions ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
The Sustainable Development ◽  
Study Approach ◽  
Global Partnership ◽  
Development Goals ◽  
National Partnership

Many people and departments in higher education institutions and hospitals across the globe have objectives that include cross-national partnership working, internationalisation, capacity-building and sharing education and research.  We find such commendable ideals at a global level in the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) to strategic plans of individual organisations from both low and high-income countries.  Using a case-study approach this paper offers insights into some of the key practical issues around global partnership working.  We use two case studies of a developing partnership between two separate higher education institutions from the United Kingdom (UK) and one from Nepal.  To inform and guide others interested in developing global partnerships we highlight key the reasons for, considerations about, key procedures around the development of such Nepal-UK partnerships and key challenges. Journal of Manmohan Memorial Institute of Health SciencesVol. 3, No. 1, 2017, page: 94-100

scholarly journals Trends and Determinants of Underweight among Under-Five Children in Ethiopia: Data from EDHS

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Haile Mekonnen Fenta ◽  
Lijalem Melie Tesfaw ◽  
Muluwerk Ayele Derebe
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Demographic And Health Surveys ◽  
Under Five ◽  
Under Five Children ◽  
Anthropometric Index ◽  
The Status ◽  
Education Status ◽  
Development Goals ◽  
Mother’S Age

Background and Aims. Malnutrition among under-five children is one of the major causes of death in low-income countries. Accordingly, health sectors in developing countries are providing renewed attention to the status of children’s nutrition. This study sought to explore the trends and identify the determinants of underweight Ethiopian under-five children across time. Methods. The data in the study was obtained from the 2000, 2005, 2011, and 2016 Ethiopian Demographic and Health Surveys (EDHS). The study involved 27564 under-five children across Ethiopian regions. The status of underweight is determined using weight for age. This anthropometric index has been categorized as “underweight” (Z-score less than -2) and “not underweight” (Z-score greater or equal to -2). Logistic regression was used for each survey to detect significant determinants of underweight, while multivariate decomposition was used to determine the trends and identified the child, maternal, and household characteristics that are associated with underweight. Result. The survey in 2000, 2005, 2011, and 2016 showed that 41, 33, 29, and 24% of sampled under-five children were underweight, respectively, and after adjusting for confounders, children were more likely to be underweight if they were male (OR=1.16, 95%CI=1.02, 1.33) in 2016 EDHS. Children whose mother’s age is below 20 (OR=5.75, 95%CI=1.44, 23.1)) were more likely to be underweight compared with children whose mother’s age is above 45. Children whose mothers had no education and primary education only (OR=1.65, 95% CI 1.05, 2.59 and OR=1.43, 95% CI 1.15, 1.78, respectively) were more likely underweight compared to children whose mothers had higher education. Conclusion. Children’s age, birth weight, mother’s education status, and children’s gender were the most common significant factors of underweight. The prevalence of underweight among under-five children declined over time which leads to an achievement in terms of meeting millennium development goals and nutritional targets. Government and concerned stakeholders should work to maintain this achievement for further reduction of underweight among under-five children.

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