scholarly journals Infrastructure capacity planning for reducing risks of future hydrologic extremes

Water Policy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
John J. Boland ◽  
Daniel Peter Loucks
Keyword(s):  
Capacity Planning ◽  
Extreme Event ◽  
Drought Event ◽  
Damage Reduction ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Average Annual Cost ◽  
Mitigation Costs ◽  
Floods And Droughts ◽  
Risk Cost ◽  
Hydrologic Extremes

Abstract Floods and droughts and their associated economic, environmental, and social losses or damages are increasing in severity and frequency. Measures taken to reduce these losses or damages stemming from extreme events typically depend on how effective they are in reducing the consequences of having either too much or too little water and for longer periods of time. To identify trade-offs between the annual estimated loss or damage reduction, i.e., the benefits, however measured, and the average annual cost of various damage reduction measures, one can perform risk–cost analyses. Because of climate change, the likelihoods of future hydrologic extremes are both changing and uncertain. Also uncertain are any estimates of future damages that would occur given any specific extreme event. In addition, one cannot be certain of the future costs or benefits of damage reduction measures. This paper outlines a range of practical approaches for identifying these trade-offs, taking into account the uncertainties associated with future damages resulting from any specific flood or drought event, the changing uncertainties of future flood and drought events, and the uncertainty of future damage mitigation costs.

scholarly journals Characterizing Color Quality, Damage to Artwork, and Light Intensity of Multi-Primary LEDs for Museums

Heritage ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 188-197
Author(s):  
Dorukalp Durmus
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Appearance Model ◽  
Light Sources ◽  
Great Flexibility ◽  
Oil Paintings ◽  
Damage Reduction ◽  
Output Variability ◽  
Color Quality ◽  
Trade Offs

Light causes damage when it is absorbed by sensitive artwork, such as oil paintings. However, light is needed to initiate vision and display artwork. The dilemma between visibility and damage, coupled with the inverse relationship between color quality and energy efficiency, poses a challenge for curators, conservators, and lighting designers in identifying optimal light sources. Multi-primary LEDs can provide great flexibility in terms of color quality, damage reduction, and energy efficiency for artwork illumination. However, there are no established metrics that quantify the output variability or highlight the trade-offs between different metrics. Here, various metrics related to museum lighting (damage, the color quality of paintings, illuminance, luminous efficacy of radiation) are analyzed using a voxelated 3-D volume. The continuous data in each dimension of the 3-D volume are converted to discrete data by identifying a significant minimum value (unit voxel). Resulting discretized 3-D volumes display the trade-offs between selected measures. It is possible to quantify the volume of the graph by summing unique voxels, which enables comparison of the performance of different light sources. The proposed representation model can be used for individual pigments or paintings with numerous pigments. The proposed method can be the foundation of a damage appearance model (DAM).

scholarly journals A Data-driven Platform for Simulating Vehicular Fog Computing Environment

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ozgur Umut Akgul ◽  
Wencan Mao ◽  
Byungjin Cho ◽  
Yu Xiao
Keyword(s):  
Capacity Planning ◽  
Fog Computing ◽  
Deep Understanding ◽  
Temporal Variations ◽  
Edge Computing ◽  
Business Strategies ◽  
Open Platform ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Spatio Temporal ◽  
Computing Capacity

<div>Edge/fog computing is a key enabling technology in 5G and beyond for fulfilling the tight latency requirements of compute-intensive vehicular applications such as cooperative driving. Concerning the spatio-temporal variation in the vehicular traffic flows and the demand for edge computing capacity generated by connected vehicles, vehicular fog computing (VFC) has been proposed as a cost-efficient deployment model that complements stationary fog nodes with mobile ones carried by moving vehicles. Accessing the feasibility and the applicability of such hybrid topology, and further planning and managing the networking and computing resources at the edge, require deep understanding of the spatio-temporal variations in the demand and the supply of edge computing capacity as well as the trade-offs between achievable Quality-of-Services and potential deployment and operating costs. To meet such requirements, we propose in this paper an open platform for simulating the VFC environment and for evaluating the performance and cost efficiency of capacity planning and resource allocation strategies under diverse physical conditions and business strategies. Compared with the existing edge/fog computing simulators, our platform supports the mobility of fog nodes and provides a realistic modeling of vehicular networking with the 5G and beyond network in the urban environment. We demonstrate the functionality of the platform using city-scale VFC capacity planning as example. The simulation results provide insights on the feasibility of different deployment strategies from both technical and financial perspectives.</div>

The costs of drought: the 2007/2008 case of Barcelona

Water Policy ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 539-560 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julia Martin-Ortega ◽  
Mikel González-Eguino ◽  
Anil Markandya
Keyword(s):  
Water Scarcity ◽  
Extreme Event ◽  
Indirect Costs ◽  
Environmental Damage ◽  
Severe Drought ◽  
Drought Event ◽  
Economic Sectors ◽  
Welfare Losses ◽  
Household Water ◽  
The Cost

Water scarcity and drought are social and economic problems in large parts of the world that will intensify due to climate change. The existing literature on the costs of drought is scarce, fragmented and heterogeneous and there is a need for comprehensive cost estimations to help design an effective policy response. This is particularly the case in Europe, which is currently developing its drought strategy. The severe drought that affected Barcelona in 2007/2008 is used here as a case study to illustrate the costs of this type of extreme event. We assess direct losses of the affected economic sectors, indirect costs to the rest of the economy and non-market welfare losses caused by environmental damage and household water restrictions. Additionally, we also look at the cost of the measures implemented to address the drought and discuss the implications in terms of their cost-effectiveness. Our results indicate a total cost of this drought event of 1,605 million Euros (0.48% of the regional GDP) and highlight the need for more accurate cost estimations at the European level. The study also points to the need to promote water saving measures and to increase the structural adaptive capacity of systems subjected to water scarcity.

scholarly journals Interactive Multiobjective Procedure for Mixed Problems and Its Application to Capacity Planning

Entropy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (10) ◽  
pp. 1243
Author(s):  
Maciej Nowak ◽  
Tadeusz Trzaskalik ◽  
Sebastian Sitarz
Keyword(s):  
Decision Maker ◽  
Capacity Planning ◽  
Optimization Problems ◽  
Decision Models ◽  
Simultaneous Occurrence ◽  
Final Decision ◽  
Ordered Structures ◽  
Mixed Problems ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Dynamic Programming Problem

A problem that appears in many decision models is that of the simultaneous occurrence of deterministic, stochastic, and fuzzy values in the set of multidimensional evaluations. Such problems will be called mixed problems. They lead to the formulation of optimization problems in ordered structures and their scalarization. The aim of the paper is to present an interactive procedure with trade-offs for mixed problems, which helps the decision-maker to make a final decision. Its basic advantage consists of simplicity: after having obtained the solution proposed, the decision-maker should determine whether it is satisfactory and if not, how it should be improved by indicating the criteria whose values should be improved, the criteria whose values cannot be made worse, and the criteria whose values can be made worse. The procedure is applied in solving capacity planning treated as a mixed dynamic programming problem.

The weather diary of Felipe de Zúñiga (1775-1786): A key documentary source to understand the hunger year in Mexico

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fernando Domínguez-Castro ◽  
María Cruz Gallego ◽  
José M. Vaquero ◽  
Ricardo García Herrera ◽  
Sergio M. Vicente-Serrano
Keyword(s):  
Forest Fires ◽  
Extreme Event ◽  
Drought Event ◽  
Water Shortages ◽  
Documentary Source ◽  
The Government ◽  
Instrumental Period ◽  
Almost All ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Rainy Days

&lt;p&gt;The weather diary of Felipe de Z&amp;#250;&amp;#241;iga y Ontiveros (FZO) (Oaxtepec, 1717&amp;#8211;Mexico City, 1793) provides daily meteorological information for rain frequency, temperature, frost, hail, thunderstorms, and windy days, from January 1775 to December 1786. It is the earliest obser&amp;#173;vational data collection with daily resolution retrieved in the region so far and it has higher time resolution than any other climate proxy available for this period. Some of the meteorological information provided by FZO could be compared with current meteorological records i.e. frequency of rain, hail, and thunderstorm. The seasonal distribution of these variables corresponds well during the FZO period and the present climate. 1781 was the warmest year in the FZO record while 1785 and 1778 were the coldest. FZO also identified a wet period (1782/1783) and two dry periods (1780/1781 and 1785/1786). The later coincides with the hunger year. It is considered the worst famine in Mexico during the colonial period (1521&amp;#8211;1821). &amp;#160;A combination of adverse climate, lack of food, and an outbreak of typhus epidemic killed around 300,000 people. During these years a drought event extended over almost all the Mexican territory and was particularly severe over the central and northeastern regions. During the period 1785/86 FZO only recorded 188 rainy days. A similar record of low rainy days only occurred two times in the instrumental period: i) 1909/10 (188 days) and ii) 2010/11 (189 days). Both episodes with harmful consequences to the country e.g. water shortages, important loses in agriculture, farming, and forest fires. However, the climate during the hunger year was worse than during the instrumental droughts due to the high frequency of early killing frost. During 1785, frost events happened on April, August and September. FZO describes the impact of the frost and the attempt of the government to alleviate the famine &amp;#8220;&lt;em&gt;the frosts since August 28th have been so general that the fruits have been lost throughout the Kingdom, with the excep&amp;#173;tion of the warm lands; the government has asked them to sow corn, beans and other seeds in the irri&amp;#173;gated lands immediately so that they can be harvested by March 1786 and partially remedy the hunger that threatens&lt;/em&gt;&amp;#8221;. Nevertheless, this decision was no useful because 1786 was driest than the 1785 impeding the growing of any crop. The annual summary of FZO for 1786 was, &amp;#8220;&lt;em&gt;It has been an unfortunate year due to scarcity of rain, supplies and everything needed for life, also in misfortune and public diseases&lt;/em&gt;&amp;#8221;. The FZO&amp;#180;s diary is a good example of a documentary source that allows understanding the climate situation and the socio-economic response in detail during an extreme event.&lt;/p&gt;

scholarly journals Floods and droughts in association with cold and warm ENSO events and related circulation features

MAUSAM ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 50 (4) ◽  
pp. 355-364
Author(s):  
MEDHA KHOLE ◽  
U.S DE
Keyword(s):  
Summer Monsoon ◽  
Extreme Event ◽  
Southern Oscillation ◽  
Indian Subcontinent ◽  
Phase Locking ◽  
Regional Scale ◽  
Circulation Pattern ◽  
Enso Events ◽  
Monsoon System ◽  
Floods And Droughts

For the Indian subcontinent. the occurrence of floods and droughts is closely linked with the summer monsoon activity. The phenomenon of El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) has been established to be one of the major teleconnections of Indian Summer Monsoon. Also the relationship between the circulation features and summer monsoon activity is well documented in the literature. The interaction of F.NSO with monsoon system was known to the seasonal forecasters in India from the days of G. Walker. Northland (1953) summarising these results has remarked that ‘Monsoon has a prolonged influence on the global weather rather than global weather parameters influencing the monsoon’. 1990-94 was a prolonged period of warm ENSO producing weather anomalies in different regions of the globe. Yet during the same period all India rainfall was very close to normal and in fact. 1994 was a year of abundant rainfall for India. The aim of the study is to examine some of these features more critically.   It is observed that ENSO has a modifying effect on the regional scale circulation pattern and possible interactions and/or phase-Locking with the planetary scale circulation pattern. which results into the occurrence or non-occurrence of an extreme event. Also, a qualitative analysis is carried for a period 1960-90 to assess how far the mid-season rainfall deficiency is made up at the end of the season. It is observed that even during drought years, the mid-season rainfall deficiency is made up at the end of the season for a considerable percentage of the total number of cases.

scholarly journals Stable isotopes track the ecological and biogeochemical legacy of mass mangrove forest dieback in the Gulf of Carpentaria, Australia

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (22) ◽  
pp. 5599-5613
Author(s):  
Yota Harada ◽  
Rod M. Connolly ◽  
Brian Fry ◽  
Damien T. Maher ◽  
James Z. Sippo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Time Series ◽  
Stable Isotope ◽  
Stable Isotope Analysis ◽  
Extreme Event ◽  
Isotope Analysis ◽  
Series Data ◽  
Drought Event ◽  
Ecosystem Recovery ◽  
Impacted Site

Abstract. A combination of elemental analysis, bulk stable isotope analysis (bulk SIA) and compound-specific stable isotope analysis of amino acids (CSIA-AA) was used to assess and monitor carbon (C), nitrogen (N) and sulfur (S) cycling of a mangrove ecosystem that suffered mass dieback of trees in the Gulf of Carpentaria, Australia in 2015–2016, attributed to an extreme drought event. Three field campaigns were conducted 8, 20 and 32 months after the event over a period from 2016 to 2018 to obtain biological time-series data. Invertebrates and associated organic matter including mangroves and sediments from the impacted ecosystem showed enrichment in 13C, 15N and 34S relative to those from an adjacent unimpacted reference ecosystem, likely indicating lower mangrove carbon fixation, lower nitrogen fixation and lower sulfate reduction in the impacted ecosystem. For example, invertebrates representing the feeding types of grazing, leaf feeding and algae feeding were more 13C enriched at the impacted site, by 1.7 ‰–4.1 ‰, and these differences did not change over the period from 2016 to 2018. The CSIA-AA data indicated widespread 13C enrichment across five essential amino acids and all groups sampled (except filter feeders) within the impacted site. The seedling density increased from 0.2 m−2 in 2016 to 7.1 m−2 in 2018 in the impacted forest, suggesting recovery of the vegetation. Recovery of CNS cycling, however, was not evident even after 32 months, suggesting a biogeochemical legacy of the mortality event. Continued monitoring of the post-dieback forest is required to predict the long-term trajectory of ecosystem recovery. This study shows that time-series SIA can track biogeochemical changes over time and evaluate recovery of an impacted ecosystem from an extreme event.

scholarly journals Varieties of risk regulation in Europe: coordination, complementarity and occupational safety in capitalist welfare states

2017 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 993-1020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Henry Rothstein ◽  
David Demeritt ◽  
Regine Paul ◽  
Anne-Laure Beaussier ◽  
Mara Wesseling ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Occupational Safety ◽  
Health And Safety ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Dominant Mode ◽  
Welfare States ◽  
Risk Regulation ◽  
Market Economies ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Risk Cost ◽  
The Uk

Abstract This article tests the extent to which the organization and stringency of occupational health and safety regulation complements the dominant mode of coordination in the political economy. While the UK explicitly sanctions risk-cost-benefit trade-offs, other European countries mandate ambitious safety goals. That contrast appears to reflect cleavages identified in the Varieties of Capitalism literature, which suggests worker protection regimes are stronger in coordinated market economies than in liberal market economies. Our analysis of Germany, France, UK and the Netherlands, shows that the varied organization of their regulatory regimes is explained through a three-way complementarity with their welfare systems and modes of coordination. However, despite varied headline goals, we find no systematic differences in the stringency of those countries’ regulatory protections insofar as they all make trade-offs on safety. Instead, the explicitness, rationalizations and logics of trade-offs vary according to each country’s legal system, state tradition and coupling between regulation and welfare system.

scholarly journals Hydrological Disasters Management and Risk Assessment

2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 520-529 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.K. Lohani ◽  
Gopal Krishan ◽  
Surendra Chandniha
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Area ◽  
Flood Plain ◽  
The Other ◽  
Severe Drought ◽  
Natural Processes ◽  
Floods And Droughts ◽  
Hydrologic Extremes ◽  
Damages And Losses ◽  
Management Issues

In India, floods and droughts are recurrent hydrological phenomenon causing huge losses to lives, livelihood, properties and infrastructure due to non-uniformly distributed rainfall both in time and space leading to the dimensionally opposite problems of flood and drought in different parts of the country. Out of 3290 lakh hectares geographical area, 40 million hectares is prone to floods which show high risk, vulnerability and is one of the most common hydrologic extremes frequently experienced by our country. On the other hand drought has a varying frequency from once in two years to once in fifteen years. It has been observed that there is flood in one part of country and severe drought in the other part. Various short term and long term measures should be adopted to prevent and mitigate the consequences of floods and drought rather than causing damages and losses due to interfering of the natural processes. In this paper, drought and flood problems in India are highlighted along with some of the important management issues requiring immediate attention. Furthermore, it presents the recently developed non-structural techniques for flood forecasting, flood plain zoning, glacial lake outburst modeling and decision support system.

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