The weather diary of Felipe de Zúñiga (1775-1786): A key documentary source to understand the hunger year in Mexico

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fernando Domínguez-Castro ◽  
María Cruz Gallego ◽  
José M. Vaquero ◽  
Ricardo García Herrera ◽  
Sergio M. Vicente-Serrano
Keyword(s):  
Forest Fires ◽  
Extreme Event ◽  
Drought Event ◽  
Water Shortages ◽  
Documentary Source ◽  
The Government ◽  
Instrumental Period ◽  
Almost All ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Rainy Days

<p>The weather diary of Felipe de Zúñiga y Ontiveros (FZO) (Oaxtepec, 1717–Mexico City, 1793) provides daily meteorological information for rain frequency, temperature, frost, hail, thunderstorms, and windy days, from January 1775 to December 1786. It is the earliest obser­vational data collection with daily resolution retrieved in the region so far and it has higher time resolution than any other climate proxy available for this period. Some of the meteorological information provided by FZO could be compared with current meteorological records i.e. frequency of rain, hail, and thunderstorm. The seasonal distribution of these variables corresponds well during the FZO period and the present climate. 1781 was the warmest year in the FZO record while 1785 and 1778 were the coldest. FZO also identified a wet period (1782/1783) and two dry periods (1780/1781 and 1785/1786). The later coincides with the hunger year. It is considered the worst famine in Mexico during the colonial period (1521–1821).  A combination of adverse climate, lack of food, and an outbreak of typhus epidemic killed around 300,000 people. During these years a drought event extended over almost all the Mexican territory and was particularly severe over the central and northeastern regions. During the period 1785/86 FZO only recorded 188 rainy days. A similar record of low rainy days only occurred two times in the instrumental period: i) 1909/10 (188 days) and ii) 2010/11 (189 days). Both episodes with harmful consequences to the country e.g. water shortages, important loses in agriculture, farming, and forest fires. However, the climate during the hunger year was worse than during the instrumental droughts due to the high frequency of early killing frost. During 1785, frost events happened on April, August and September. FZO describes the impact of the frost and the attempt of the government to alleviate the famine “<em>the frosts since August 28th have been so general that the fruits have been lost throughout the Kingdom, with the excep­tion of the warm lands; the government has asked them to sow corn, beans and other seeds in the irri­gated lands immediately so that they can be harvested by March 1786 and partially remedy the hunger that threatens</em>”. Nevertheless, this decision was no useful because 1786 was driest than the 1785 impeding the growing of any crop. The annual summary of FZO for 1786 was, “<em>It has been an unfortunate year due to scarcity of rain, supplies and everything needed for life, also in misfortune and public diseases</em>”. The FZO´s diary is a good example of a documentary source that allows understanding the climate situation and the socio-economic response in detail during an extreme event.</p>

scholarly journals Estimating Impact of Covid 19 Outbreaks on Regional Economic's Development

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 87
Author(s):  
Sambari Radianto ◽  
Mahjudin Mahjudin
Keyword(s):  
Economic Performance ◽  
Regional Economics ◽  
Composite Index ◽  
Counter Measures ◽  
Economic Problems ◽  
Community Activities ◽  
First Case ◽  
The Government ◽  
Almost All ◽  
The Impact

Indonesia officially declared the first case of the corona virus infection that caused Covid-19 in early March 2020. Since then, various counter measures have been taken by the government to reduce the impact of the Covid-19 outbreaks in various sectors. Restrictions on community activities affect business activities which led to economics declination. Almost all sectors are affected. This study aims to estimate the impact of the COVID-19 outbreaks on the regional economics development.  This research using composite index to estimate the impact of the COVID-19 outbreaks  on the regional economic develompment and this was carried out by building an index composite showing the severity of health on one hand and economic performance on the other. This research shows, 34 provinces in Indonesia can be classified into four quadrants: 1) health improving and the economy is improving, 2) health is improving and the economy is deteriorating, 3) health worsening and the economy is improving, and 4) health is deteriorating and the economy is deteriorating. This study aprovide suggestions in order to be more accurate in identifying problems and finding precise solutions, the local government should collect data and research on economic aspects in a fast and precise way, namely 1) the level of the COVID-19 outbreak in the province, 2 ) risk factors for natural disasters, 3), factors characteristic of economic problems, 4) fiscal burden factors.

scholarly journals THE STATE'S RESPONSIBILITY IN THE WELFARE OF PEOPLE AND ECONOMIC RECOVERY IN THE FACE OF COVID-19 FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF LAW AND HUMAN RIGHTS

1970 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 187-198
Author(s):  
Serlika Aprita ◽  
Lilies Anisah
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Best Practices ◽  
Government Regulation ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Problem Solver ◽  
The World ◽  
The Face ◽  
The Government ◽  
Almost All ◽  
The Impact

The Covid-19 pandemic was taking place in almost all countries around the world. Along with the increasingly vigorous government strategy in tackling the spread of the corona virus that was still endemic until now, the government had started to enforce the Large-Scale Social Restrictions (PSBB) with the signing of Government Regulation (PP) No. 21 of 2020 about PSBB which was considered able to accelerate countermeasures while preventing the spread of corona that was increasingly widespread in Indonesia. The research method used was normative prescriptive. The government put forward the principle of the state as a problem solver. The government minimized the use of region errors as legitimacy to decentralization. The government should facilitated regional best practices in handling the pandemic. Thus, the pandemic can be handled more effectively. The consideration, the region had special needs which were not always accommodated in national policies. The government policy should be able to encourage the birth of regional innovations in handling the pandemic as a form of fulfilling human rights in the field of health. Innovation was useful in getting around the limitations and differences in the context of each region. In principle, decentralization required positive incentives, not penalties. Therefore, incentive-based central policies were more awaited in handling and minimizing the impact of the pandemic.    

scholarly journals THE IMPACT OF THE POST ARAB SPRING ON THE HUMAN RIGHTS IN SYRIA

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 456-463
Author(s):  
Dakheelallah Alharbi ◽  
Zarina Othman ◽  
Sity Daud
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Arab Spring ◽  
Case Study Research ◽  
Economic Sectors ◽  
Descriptive Research ◽  
The Government ◽  
Almost All ◽  
The Arab Spring ◽  
The Impact

Purpose: The purpose of the study is to give an analysis of the humanitarian situation and the case of human rights in Syria after the events of the Arab spring. Methodology: This is analytical-descriptive research that has been done through literature review, content analysis, and documentary and case study research. Result: our results suggest that the Syrian government made false concessions designed to end the revolts. The occurrence led to the formation of a rebel group, the Free Syrian Army whose main objective was to oust the authoritarian regime and stop the killing of civilians. This marked the beginning of the blatant violation of human rights as well as the civil war in Syria. The government not only ignited but also took the war to its own people killing, injuring and imprisoning thousands of people. Worse still, thousands of women and young girls still suffer sexual violence during the nightly raids conducted frequently on either opposing camps. Following the massive violations of human rights, almost all economic sectors of Syria have met rock-bottom. Applications: This research can be used for policymakers and the international community to take a further step to aid the Syrian civilians. Novelty/Originality: In our research, we try to target a very much debated topic in the Middle East. Although several articles written about the humanitarian and human rights situation in Syria studies on human rights after the Arab spring is still lacking.

scholarly journals Meningkatkan Kemampuan Berbahasa Melalui Media Sosial Instagram

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Inayatu Solikhah
Keyword(s):  
Information Technology ◽  
Social Media ◽  
Data Collection ◽  
Qualitative Method ◽  
Ministry Of Education ◽  
The Media ◽  
The Government ◽  
Ease Of Access ◽  
Almost All ◽  
The Impact

In this day and age many people use Indonesian language which is not in accordance with the rules of language and with the advancement of information technology which rapidly raises many social media, one of which is Instagram which is loved by almost all Indonesian people. The purpose of this study is to find out and explain how much influence instagram has in fostering the development of Indonesian. The method used is descriptive qualitative method with data collection techniques. The results of the study explained that Instagram social media was also used by the Ministry of Education and Culture to develop Indonesian language through accounts @badanbahasakemndikbud which upload many Indonesian rules and grammar, including spelling of words, equivalent words, raw words, punctuation, word terms, proverbs, and so on. Not only official accounts from the government, some communities also contribute to developing the Indonesian language through Instagram, one of which is @sastraindonesia with upload contents that together discuss Indonesian rules and grammar. The impact of the instagram as one of the media used in the development of Indonesian language is that more and more people know about Indonesian rules and grammar because of the ease of access by Instagram communities.

scholarly journals PENERAPAN METODE WEIGHTED PRODUCT UNTUK PENENTUAN PENERIMA BANSOS KEPADA MASYARAKAT TERDAMPAK COVID-19

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (01) ◽  
pp. 5-10
Author(s):  
Dian Permata Sari
Keyword(s):  
Employment Status ◽  
Poverty Rate ◽  
Economic Sector ◽  
Inaccurate Data ◽  
Product Method ◽  
The Face ◽  
The Government ◽  
Almost All ◽  
The Impact ◽  
To Receive

Since Covid 19 attacked Indonesia, almost all sectors have been affected. In the education sector, which requires students to study from home (online), in the economic sector the poverty rate is getting higher, many workers have been laid off and some are sent home. The face of the Indonesian economy has become a mess. One of the ways for the government to reduce the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic is to provide social assistance to the community. However, in distributing aid, the distributors are often constrained in prioritizing the recipient community. The mechanisms for distributing aid are complicated and often not well targeted due to inappropriate criteria for beneficiaries and inaccurate / inaccurate data. So that not a few people protested because they did not receive assistance even though they were also affected by the Covid 19 pandemic. The decision support system using the weighted product method was considered capable of finding the highest priority for beneficiaries based on predetermined criteria, namely employment status, home status, domicile, dependents. and income per month. The final result is a rating of vactor V where the alternative which has the highest value has the highest priority to receive assistance.

scholarly journals Pengedukasian Umkm Jegeg Bali Tailor melalui Transformasi Digital Selama Pandemi Covid-19 di Tabanan-Bali

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kadek Adi Wibawa ◽  
Ni Made Devi Mayanti
Keyword(s):  
Community Service ◽  
Product Packaging ◽  
Social Distancing ◽  
Direct Observations ◽  
Political Implications ◽  
Service Activity ◽  
The Government ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Promotion Process ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. The existence of the Covid-19 pandemic requires people to comply with health protocols established by the government, such as wearing masks, social distancing, traveling outside the house only when there is an interest, and diligently washing their hands properly and using soap. The Covid-19 pandemic has economic, social and political implications not only for big countries but almost all countries in the world. Indonesia is one of the countries affected especially on the economic side. Indonesia which is dominated by Usaha Mikro Kecil Menengah (UMKM) needs to pay special attention to this sector because the contribution of UMKM to the National economy is quite large. The target of this community service is an UMKM that is engaged in the production of sewing women's kebaya and formal clothes. Based on the results of direct observations, there were problems faced by UMKM, namely the problem of lack of product promotion media and the absence of financial records at UMKM. Activities carried out include assisting the online promotion process by utilizing social media and e-commerce, creating logos and product packaging innovations, and making financial records for UMKM. In its implementation, activities are carried out online and offline. This community service activity is expected to help UMKM in the economic sector due to the impact caused by Covid-19.Key Words: The impact of Covid-19, UMKM, online promotions, and product innovationAbstrak. Adanya pandemi Covid-19 mewajibkan masyarakat mematuhi protokol kesehatan yang ditetapkan oleh pemerintah, seperti memakai masker, menjaga jarak atau social distancing, bepergian keluar rumah hanya saat ada kepentingan, dan rajin mencuci tangan dengan benar dan menggunakan sabun. Pandemi Covid-19 memberikan implikasi ekonomi, sosial, dan politik tidak saja pada negara-negara besar akan tetapi hampir seluruh negara di dunia. Indonesia adalah salah satu negara yang terdampak terutama pada sisi ekonomi. Indonesia yang didominasi oleh Usaha Mikro, Kecil, dan Menengah (UMKM) perlu memberikan perhatian khusus terhadap sektor ini karena kontribusi UMKM terhadap perekonomian Nasional yang cukup besar. Sasaran pengabdian pada masyarakat ini merupakan sebuah UMKM yang bergerak dibidang produksi menjahit kebaya wanita dan pakaian formal. Berdasarkan hasil observasi yang  dilakukan secara langsung, ditemukan permasalahan yang dihadapi UMKM ini, yaitu masalah kurangnya media promosi produk dan tidak adanya catatan keuangan pada UMKM. Kegiatan yang dilakukan adalah membantu proses promosi secara online dengan memanfaatkan media sosial dan e-commerce, pembuatan logo dan inovasi kemasan produk, serta pembuatan catatan keuangan untuk UMKM. Dalam pelaksanaannya kegiatan dilakukan secara online dan offline. Kegiatan pengabdian pada masyarakat ini diharapkan dapat membantu UMKM dalam bidang ekonomi akibat dampak yang disebabkan oleh Covid-19.Kata kunci: Dampak Covid-19, UMKM, promosi online, dan inovasi produk

The impact of COVID-19 on children from poor families in Ghana and the role of welfare institutions

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 185-190
Author(s):  
Lorretta Domfeh Owusu ◽  
Kwabena Frimpong-Manso
Keyword(s):  
Public Schools ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Global Public Health ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Welfare Institutions ◽  
Poor Families ◽  
The Government ◽  
Almost All ◽  
The Impact

Purpose This paper is focussed on answering the following questions: How are poor families surviving in this era of COVID-19? What is life for children from poor families? What has become of their reality? To understand the realities of poor families and children during COVID-19, specifically in Ghana, this paper aims to analyse how COVID-19 has affected children from poor families in Ghana and how welfare institutions can work to provide rapid help to such families. Design/methodology/approach COVID-19 is affecting different populations in almost all parts of the world. One group that is likely to experience challenges are children because they have to depend on others for their survival. This study, therefore, provides an expert opinion on the issues that children in Ghana might face because of the global public health pandemic. Nonetheless, this research relied on secondary data from articles, journals, related studies, textbooks and relevant web pages to support the points made in the paper. Findings COVID-19 has put a lot of undue economic and social pressure on poor families. Due to these pressures, children from such families are likely to suffer a higher risk of child labour and streetism. Furthermore, they may miss out on the social and economic benefits the school system provides such as the free meals provided for public schools by the Government of Ghana under the school feeding programme. Originality/value Admittedly, there have been numerous studies since the outbreak of C0VID-19 pandemic. However, this paper is the first paper discussing into detail how COVID-19 has affected children from poor families and addresses how state welfare institutions can leverage on the use of efficient management information system to identify and support poor families during and post-COVID-19.

scholarly journals Impact of Navaratnalu on Manabadi (Nadu-Nedu / Education) in Andhra Pradesh State

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 20-28
Author(s):  
P V Subba Reddy
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Andhra Pradesh ◽  
The State ◽  
Poor People ◽  
Government Schools ◽  
Model Schools ◽  
Self Confidence ◽  
The Government ◽  
Almost All ◽  
The Impact

Navaratnalu is in operation in Andhra Pradesh State from 30th May 2019 to provide various schemes to the beneficiaries viz, Farmers, Students, Mothers, old age Persons, Auto-walas, Weavers community, Fisherman community, Poor people in OC, BC, SC, ST, Minorities, and others for better living in the society. The purpose of one Programme of Navaratnalu is to provide infrastructure facilities for all government schools on far with corporate schools and capacity building of the teachers to improve the quality of education in the state.Purpose of the study: The study tried to assess two issues, which are the impact of Manabadi-Nadu-Nedu/Education and to recommend suitable suggestions for the improvement of the schools under government control.Methodology: This empirical research adopted a quantitative method by distributing a schedule to 108 beneficiaries representing from four districts in Andhra Pradesh State. The data analyzed by using statistical techniques such as mean and percentages to assess the impact of the Manabadi-Nadu-Nedu/Education.Main Findings: MANA-BADI project is intended to develop with a provision for up-gradation of schools as model schools for the benefit of the students in rural and semi-urban areas in A.P. Majority of the respondents are aware of the manabadi /Education (nadu-nedu) program a, and everybody knows the activities being implemented by the government of A.P and are positively responded.Application of the Study: The findings of the study are useful for the government in implementing the navaratnalu in the state. As education has increased the self-confidence level among the students of primary, higher, technical knowledge, the state of Andhra Pradesh, which is developing fast in almost all areas people to be educated so that they become part and parcel of development.Novelty/originality of the Study: The impact of navaratnalu (Manabadi-Nadu-Nedu/Education) has been addressed categorically, empowering the manabadi-Nadu nedu. Therefore, a determined plan of implementation of further action can significantly allow the manabadi / Education (nad-unedu)

scholarly journals The Impact of the ECB’s Quantitative Easing Policy on Capital Flows in the Cesee Region

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 25-48 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anita Angelovska-Bezhoska ◽  
Ana Mitreska ◽  
Sultanija Bojcheva-Terzijan
Keyword(s):  
Capital Flows ◽  
Balance Sheet ◽  
Capital Inflows ◽  
Eastern Region ◽  
Quantitative Easing ◽  
Fiscal Policies ◽  
Trade And Financial Linkages ◽  
The Government ◽  
Almost All ◽  
The Impact

Abstract This paper attempts to empirically assess the impact of the ECB’s quantitative easing policy on capital flows in the countries of the Central and South Eastern region. Given the tight trade and financial linkages of the region with the euro area, one should expect that the buoyant liquidity provided by the ECB might affect the size of the capital inflows. We test this hypothesis by employing panel estimation on a sample of 14 countries CESEE countries for the 2003-2015 period. Contrary to the expected outcome, the results reveal either negative or insignificant impact of the change in the ECB balance sheet on the different types of capital inflows. The results suggest that the magnitude of the crisis, to which the ECB responded to was immense, hence precluding any significant impact of the monetary easing on capital flows in the region. The inclusion of a dummy in the model, to control for the 2008 crisis confirms the findings from the first specification and also does not change the finding on the ECB quantitative easing impact on the capital flows. The impact of the crisis dummy on capital flows is negative and it holds for almost all types of capital inflows, except for the government debt flows, which is consistent with the countercyclical fiscal policies and rising public debt after the crisis.

scholarly journals Human Activity Affects Forest Fires: The Impact of Anthropogenic Factors on the Density of Forest Fires in Poland

Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 728
Author(s):  
Aleksandra Kolanek ◽  
Mariusz Szymanowski ◽  
Andrzej Raczyk
Keyword(s):  
Forest Fires ◽  
Goodness Of Fit ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Anthropogenic Factors ◽  
Road Density ◽  
Regression Methods ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Mixed Regression ◽  
Almost All ◽  
The Impact

Forest fires, due to climate change, are a growing threat to human life, health, and property, especially in temperate climates. Unfortunately, the impact of individual factors on forest fires varies, depending on the geographical region and its natural and socio-economic conditions. The latter are rarely introduced into fire warning systems, which significantly reduces their effectiveness. Therefore, the main goal of this study was to quantify the impact of a wide range of anthropogenic factors on forest fires, using Poland as a representative example of a Central European country. Data were analyzed in relation to districts for the period 2007–2017, using correlation analysis and regression modeling applying global and local/mixed regression methods. It was found that almost all of the 28 variables taken for analysis significantly determined the density of forest fires, but the greatest role was played by the length of the border between forests and built-up areas, and road density. In addition, the impact of most of the analyzed variables on forest fires varied over the study area, so implementing non-stationarity in geographically weighted regression models significantly improved the goodness-of-fit compared to global models.

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