History and Current Situation of Night Soil Treatment Systems and Decentralized Wastewater Treatment Systems in Japan

2010 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
X.M. Yang ◽  
A. Morita ◽  
I. Nakano ◽  
Y. Kushida ◽  
H. Ogawa
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Domestic Wastewater ◽  
Soil Treatment ◽  
Decentralized System ◽  
Decentralized Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Rapid Economic Growth ◽  
Unique System ◽  
Wastewater Treatment Systems

In Japan, night soil, or black water, was formerly used as fertilizer for agriculture. However, during the rapid economic growth that took place after 1960, chemical fertilizers began to be adopted for agriculture and night soil was almost abandoned. How to treat the excess of night soil then became a big challenge to tackle. From that time a variety of night soil treatment technologies have been developed and the Japanese government has actively promoted the construction of night soil treatment facilities all over the country. As measures for domestic wastewater treatment, sewerage systems were spread in high-density urban areas, while a decentralized system called johkasou was diffused in rural areas with low population density. Johkasou is a unique system that was devised in Japan and mainly treats domestic wastewater on-site. Night soil treatment systems and decentralized wastewater treatment systems used in Japan are introduced in this paper, in the hope that the experience acquired in Japan will contribute to improve the sanitation conditions in other countries.

scholarly journals The Potential of BIM in Disseminating Knowledge about Decentralized Wastewater Treatment Systems: Learning through the Design Process

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (11) ◽  
pp. 1504
Author(s):  
Matheus Alves Dariva ◽  
André Araujo
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Design Process ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Small Towns ◽  
Decentralized Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Modeling Process ◽  
Functional Aspects ◽  
Systems Learning ◽  
Teaching Professional ◽  
Wastewater Treatment Systems

Despite the low rate of sewer service coverage in developing countries, especially in small towns and rural areas, decentralized wastewater treatment systems (DEWATS) are alternatives to ensure public health. Nonetheless, understanding the physical or functional aspects of these system constructions remains difficult when there is no bibliography, a teaching professional, or even a prototype that allows technical conclusions about specific processes. Although resource combination in a BIM environment works as a facilitator to obtain compact and sustainable results, the purpose of this collaboration is not only to simplify the design process. This paper aims to propose a way to use BIM concepts as a learning tool throughout the modeling process. To do so, we developed a BIM template with specific DEWATS characteristics in order to provide not only information needed for construction, but also information that can favor learning. We measured how much the level of development (LOD) can influence learning about these systems during the design process, directing users to make the best implementation choices. The adoption of qualitative analysis of a questionnaire answered by three groups of professionals (general CADD software users, BIM software with generic template users, and BIM software with specific DEWATS template users) allowed us to identify differences among them, such as the number of DEWATS known, considered LOD, learning, and handicaps in the design of these systems. The results pointed out that the BIM tools can influence learning about new and unknown specific systems, which is directly related to the LOD of a model.

scholarly journals Assessment of decentralized wastewater treatment systems in the rural area of Cuenca, Ecuador

2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 240-249
Author(s):  
Andrés Alvarado ◽  
Josué Larriva ◽  
Esteban Sánchez ◽  
Diego Idrovo ◽  
Juan F. Cisneros
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Domestic Wastewater ◽  
Rapid Urbanization ◽  
Treatment Processes ◽  
Domestic Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Physical Infrastructure ◽  
Wastewater Treatment Systems

The rapid urbanization of Cuenca, Ecuador, since about 1990 has led to efforts to build and operate decentralized domestic wastewater treatment systems in periurban and rural areas. The treatment efficiency of some of these is falling, however, and others are no longer working. ETAPA, the municipal institution in charge of water supply and sanitation, is evaluating them fully to identify common operating and maintenance difficulties, as well as deficiencies in design and/or construction. This paper presents an evaluation of the physical infrastructure and characterization of the treatment processes performed historically. The objective is to overcome the technical deficiencies and adopt a long-term, sustainable O&M plan.

A review on full-scale decentralized wastewater treatment systems: techno-economical approach

2014 ◽  
Vol 71 (4) ◽  
pp. 468-478 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nitin Kumar Singh ◽  
A. A. Kazmi ◽  
M. Starkl
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Rural Communities ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Wastewater Treatment Plants ◽  
Full Scale ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Land Area ◽  
Decentralized Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Wastewater Treatment Systems

As a solution to the shortcomings of centralized systems, over the last two decades large numbers of decentralized wastewater treatment plants of different technology types have been installed all over the world. This paper aims at deriving lessons learned from existing decentralized wastewater treatment plants that are relevant for smaller towns (and peri-urban areas) as well as rural communities in developing countries, such as India. Only full-scale implemented decentralized wastewater treatment systems are reviewed in terms of performance, land area requirement, capital cost, and operation and maintenance costs. The results are presented in tables comparing different technology types with respect to those parameters.

scholarly journals Woven-Fiber Microfiltration (WFMF) and Ultraviolet Light Emitting Diodes (UV LEDs) for Treating Wastewater and Septic Tank Effluent

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (11) ◽  
pp. 1564
Author(s):  
Sara Beck ◽  
Poonyanooch Suwan ◽  
Thusitha Rathnayeke ◽  
Thi Nguyen ◽  
Victor Huanambal-Sovero ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Light Emitting Diodes ◽  
Domestic Wastewater ◽  
Septic Tank ◽  
Uv Disinfection ◽  
Small Community ◽  
Photochemical Process ◽  
Light Emitting ◽  
Decentralized Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Septic Tank Effluent

Decentralized wastewater treatment systems enable wastewater to be treated at the source for cleaner discharge into the environment, protecting public health while allowing for reuse for agricultural and other purposes. This study, conducted in Thailand, investigated a decentralized wastewater treatment system incorporating a physical and photochemical process. Domestic wastewater from a university campus and conventional septic tank effluent from a small community were filtered through a woven-fiber microfiltration (WFMF) membrane as pretreatment for ultraviolet (UV) disinfection. In domestic wastewater, WFMF reduced TSS (by 79.8%), turbidity (76.5%), COD (38.5%), and NO3 (41.4%), meeting Thailand irrigation standards for every parameter except BOD. In septic tank effluent, it did not meet Thailand irrigation standards, but reduced TSS (by 77.9%), COD (37.6%), and TKN (13.5%). Bacteria (total coliform and Escherichia coli) and viruses (MS2 bacteriophage) passing through the membrane were disinfected by flow-through UV reactors containing either a low-pressure mercury lamp or light-emitting diodes (LEDs) emitting an average peak wavelength of 276 nm. Despite challenging and variable water quality conditions (2% < UVT < 88%), disinfection was predictable across water types and flow rates for both UV sources using combined variable modeling, which enabled us to estimate log inactivation of other microorganisms. Following UV disinfection, wastewater quality met the WHO standards for unrestricted irrigation.

scholarly journals The Effects of China’s “Belt and Road Initiative” and “31 Measures to Benefit Taiwan” on the Development of Taiwanese Enterprises

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 53
Author(s):  
Hsiung-Shen Jung ◽  
Jui-Lung Chen
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Labor Cost ◽  
Chinese Government ◽  
Rapid Economic Growth ◽  
The People ◽  
Belt And Road ◽  
Reform And Opening Up ◽  
The Belt And Road ◽  
Opening Up

China has achieved rapid economic growth and become involved in the economic globalization through its policy of reform and opening-up and modernization. It has attracted much investment from lots of Taiwanese enterprises, including some small and medium-sized enterprises featuring a high labor cost and facing difficult operation in the traditional industries. Thanks to the policy, many Taiwanese enterprises have got a chance to rebirth by transforming their crises into opportunities. With the implementation of the policy of urbanization, the people from rural areas in China have been moving to urban areas, and the enterprises of the second and third industries have been concentrating in cities. This has not only fueled the livelihood-oriented consumption in China but also expanded the domestic demand market of the Taiwanese medium and large-sized livelihood enterprises in China. The Belt and Road trade foundation construction program, which aims to link Europe, Asia and Africa and was proposed in 2013, is an extension of the Great Development of Western Part of China and offers Taiwanese enterprises a chance to get fully involved in the development of the international market. The 31 Measures to Benefit Taiwan announced by the Chinese government in February 2018 has significant influence on the future development of the Taiwanese enterprises in China. Therefore, this paper will elaborate on the effects of the Belt and Road and the 31 Measures to Benefit Taiwan on the Taiwanese enterprises.

Evaluation of sanitation and wastewater treatment technologies: case studies from India

2013 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Starkl ◽  
T. A. Stenström ◽  
E. Roma ◽  
M. Phansalkar ◽  
R. K. Srinivasan
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
Initial Assessment ◽  
Cultural Economic ◽  
Septic Tanks ◽  
Decentralized Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Treatment Technologies ◽  
Sanitation Systems ◽  
Wastewater Treatment Systems

This paper reports about the results of an evaluation of selected sanitation systems in India. The following sanitation systems were evaluated: septic tanks, communal Ecosan systems, biogas toilets, solid immobilized biofilters, multiple stage filtration and decentralized wastewater treatment systems (DEWATS). The evaluation has been based on an initial assessment looking at whether the systems comply with their intended benefits, and more in depth evaluations on cultural, economic and/or hygienic aspects where the initial assessment has not provided sufficient knowledge. The evaluation showed that all sanitation systems were well accepted by the users. The highest hygienic risk is present in septic tanks, where sludge handling poses a high risk for persons handling it.

Evaluación de la eficiencia en el tratamiento de aguas residuales para riego mediante humedales Artificiales de flujo libre superficial (FLS) con las especies Cyperus Papyrus y Phragmites Australis, en Carapongo-Lurigancho

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jocelyn Dianella Torres Guerra ◽  
Jennifer Sheyla Magno Vargas ◽  
Raquel Rocio Pineda Aguirre ◽  
Milda Amparo Cruz Huaranga
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Phragmites Australis ◽  
Cyperus Papyrus ◽  
Decentralized Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Wastewater Treatment Systems

El objetivo de esta investigación es determinar la eficiencia de las especies Cyperus Papyrus y Phragmites Australis en el tratamiento de aguas residuales con Humedales Artificiales a escala piloto de flujo libre superficial (FLS) en el agua para riego de Carapongo-Lurigancho. Para su evaluación se midieron parámetros como: DBO (270 mg/l); Coliformes totales y Coliformes Termotolerantes (16x107 NMP/100ml), pH (7.8); Temperatura (21°C), Turbidez (130 UNT); los cálculos necesarios como las dimensiones, tiempo de retención hidráulica y velocidad de flujo del sistema son una adaptación de Crites yTchobanoglous, llamado Small Decentralized Wastewater Treatment Systems. De acuerdo a la Categoría 3: Riego de vegetales y bebida de animales de los ECA para agua D.S. 002-2001.MINAM, los parámetros deben ser: DBO (15ml/L), Coliformes totales (5 000 NMP/100ml) y Coliformes Termotolerantes (1000 NMP/100ml), pH (6.5-8.5). La efectividad del sistema de humedales un 80% de remoción, mientras que para a la determinación de eficiencia de las especies, Cyperus Papyrus tiene mayor remoción en la calidad de DBO y turbidez un 77% mayor a Phragmites Australis, mientras ésta un 30 % mayor en la remoción Coliformes totales y Coliformes Termotolerantes.

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