Effort in reducing unaccountable water and economic consideration

2015 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 50-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Dimaano
Keyword(s):  
Water Pressure ◽  
Service Level ◽  
Management Program ◽  
Total System ◽  
Water Losses ◽  
Piped Water ◽  
Metro Manila ◽  
Non Revenue Water ◽  
Pipe Replacement ◽  
High Level

In 2007, Maynilad Water Services, Inc. (Maynilad), the private water and wastewater service provider of the West Zone of Metro-Manila (Philippines), had an enormous challenge ahead: to achieve 100% service coverage in the coming few years with basically no additional water resources; to connect an additional 3 million people still without access to piped water; and to improve the service level to the existing customers. The only way to meet this demand is to reduce water losses from its deteriorated pipe network. Water balance made in that year showed significant total non-revenue water of 1,500 million liters per day which is equivalent to 66% of the total system input volume. Maynilad recognized that to be financially viable, it needs to address the non-revenue water problem. Thus, the Central NRW team was immediately created in 2008 and was tasked to lead Maynilad's ambitious NRW reduction and management program, which is considered one of the largest NRW projects in the world in terms of amount of water losses and the scope and magnitude of works involved to bring down the high level of NRW. Maynilad's NRW program involves breaking up the whole network into hydraulically isolated and measurable district metered areas (DMA); monitoring and diagnosing each DMA; developing well-trained and fully equipped leak detection teams to find surfacing and non-surfacing leaks; active leakage control; pressure management; selective pipe replacement/rehabilitation; closing of illegal connections and decommissioning of old distribution pipes; integrated meter management; and a sustained capacity building of NRW teams. By the end of 2013, 6 years after implementing the NRW program, Maynilad was able to recover more than 700 MLD and managed to bring down the NRW level to 39%. The water that was saved in turn was used to supply additional 400,000 new customers in the expansion areas and generally improved the level of service of the existing customers by providing higher water pressure and longer water availability. These translated to an increase in billed volume by 56 and 107% increase in total revenues for the company.

Non-revenue water reduction strategies: a systematic review

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdelrahman M. Farouk ◽  
Rahimi A. Rahman ◽  
Noor Suraya Romali
Keyword(s):  
Water Distribution ◽  
Water Pressure ◽  
Water Distribution Network ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Comprehensive Overview ◽  
Water Losses ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Reduction Strategies ◽  
Non Revenue Water ◽  
And Control

PurposeSustainability involves ensuring that sufficient resources are available for current and future generations. Non-revenue water (NRW) creates a barrier to sustainability through energy and water loss. However, a comprehensive overview of NRW reduction strategies is lacking. This study reviews the existing literature to identify available strategies for reducing NRW and its components and discusses their merits.Design/methodology/approachA systematic literature review was conducted to identify and analyze different strategies for reducing NRW. The initial search identified 158 articles, with 41 of these deemed suitably relevant following further examination. Finally, 14 NRW reduction strategies were identified from the selected articles.FindingsThe identified NRW reduction strategies were grouped into strategies for reducing (1) apparent losses (AL), (2) real losses (RL) and (3) water losses, with the latter involving the combination of AL and RL. The strategies adopted most frequently are “prevent water leakage” and “control water pressure.” In addition, water distribution network (WDN) rehabilitation has additional benefits over other RL reduction strategies, including saving water and energy, increasing hydraulic performance and enhancing reliability. Finally, utilizing decision support systems is the only strategy capable of reducing multiple NRW categories.Originality/valueThis review provides insights into the overall NRW problem and the strategies best equipped to address it. Authorities can use these findings to develop case-specific NRW reduction action plans that save water and energy, while providing other economic benefits. In addition, NRW reduction can improve WDN reliability.

DETERMINANTS OF NON-REVENUE WATER

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 642
Author(s):  
Haslinda Ab Malek ◽  
Mohamad Hafizi Zakaria ◽  
Muhammad Luqman Zulkifli ◽  
Nur Farahin Roslan
Keyword(s):  
Water Distribution ◽  
Water System ◽  
Multiple Linear Regression Model ◽  
Water Shortage ◽  
Water Losses ◽  
Efficient Management ◽  
The People ◽  
Water Plant ◽  
Production Quantity ◽  
Non Revenue Water

Water is one of the most essential needs in human daily life. Water losses or Non-Revenue Water (NRW) refers to the treated water that has been produced from water plant which did not reach to the customer. This waste of water has caused the company to suffer losses and hence, burdens the people with increasing water tariff. Moreover, it becomes one of the challenges for commercial water system management because the water company must fulfil the demand from the society which keep increasing day by day. In addition, the demand for water is increasing, as the population is growing. Despite having the rainfall throughout the year in Malaysia, many cities are experiencing water shortage and frequent water supply disruptions. Therefore, efficient management of water distribution is required to minimise the water losses and to make sure the sustainability of water reserve for a long period. This study focuses on identifying the significant factors that influence the Non-Revenue Water and modelling the data using Multiple Linear Regression Model. The sample size used in this study were 212 observations and the variables involved were Length of Connection, Number of Connection, Production Quantity, Consumption Quantity and Non-Revenue Water. It is found that the variables of Number of Connection, Consumption Quantity and Production Quantity were significant to Non-Revenue Water whereas the variable of Length of Connection was not significant. It is hoped that the result from this study can be used by the water authority company in improving the water distribution and thus reduce water losses and cost.

scholarly journals A Correlation Study between Self-esteem and Romantic Jealousy among University Students

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (5) ◽  
pp. 381-387
Author(s):  
Jenina Paula Y. Go ◽  
Jaeyanne A. Chan ◽  
Mary Julianne T. Dela Cruz ◽  
Thrissa Marie Gomez ◽  
Myla M. Arcinas
Keyword(s):  
University Students ◽  
Romantic Relationship ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Inverse Correlation ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
Correlation Study ◽  
Romantic Jealousy ◽  
Metro Manila ◽  
High Level

This correlation study  aimed to determine the association between the level of self-esteem and romantic jealousy among selected undergraduate university students from Metro Manila, Philippines. The researchers conducted an online survey with the use of self-administered questionnaires. Purposive non-probability sampling was used to identify the 40 respondents for this study. to gather respondents. Descriptive and inferential statistics.  Majority of the respondents were females (23 out of 40) and in their early stage of relationship (1-4 months). Results show that the respondents have a moderate level of self-esteem (median of 3) and high level of romantic jealousy (median of 5). A statistically significant inverse correlation was found between their level of self-esteem and romantic jealousy (r =-0.185, p<.05). The result suggests that the higher their level of self-esteem, the lower the romantic jealousy, i.e. romantic jealousy has no space if one is confident in one's romantic relationship.  

Performance Assessments of Geologic Repositories for High-Level Nuclear Waste: Are They Necessary or Sufficient?

2004 ◽  
Vol 824 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rodney C. Ewing
Keyword(s):  
Performance Assessment ◽  
Nuclear Waste ◽  
System Analysis ◽  
Regulatory Compliance ◽  
Performance Assessments ◽  
Data Uncertainty ◽  
Emergent Properties ◽  
Total System ◽  
High Level Nuclear Waste ◽  
High Level

AbstractPerformance assessments of geologic repositories for high-level nuclear waste will be used to determine regulatory compliance. The determination, that with a “reasonable expectation” regulatory limits are met, is based on the presumption that all of the relevant physical, chemical and biological processes have been modeled with enough accuracy to insure that a confident judgment of safety may be made. For the geologic disposal of high-level nuclear waste, this generally means that models must be capable of calculating radiation exposures to a specified population at distances of tens of kilometers for periods of tens to hundreds of thousands of years. A total system performance assessment will consist of a series of cascading models that are meant in toto to capture repository performance. There are numerous sources of uncertainty in these models: scenario uncertainty, conceptual model uncertainty and data uncertainty. These uncertainties will propagate through the analysis, and the uncertainty in the total system analysis must necessarily increase with time. For the highly-coupled, non-linear systems that are characteristic of many of the physical and chemical processes, one may anticipate emergent properties that cannot, in fact, be predicted. For all of these reasons, a performance assessment is not in and of itself a sufficient basis for determining the safety of a repository, but it remains a necessary part of the effort to develop a substantive understanding of a repository site.

The strategic design of port services based on a total landed cost approach

2020 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rosa G. González-Ramírez ◽  
J. Rene Villalobos ◽  
Cesar Meneses
Keyword(s):  
Service Time ◽  
Public Information ◽  
Service Level ◽  
Competitive Position ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Service Levels ◽  
Strategic Design ◽  
Confidentiality Agreement ◽  
Traffic Volumes ◽  
High Level

PurposeThis paper explores the effect of port's service time, particularly the mean and variability, on shippers' total landed costs to determine the competitive position of the port and derive recommendations for the strategic design of port services.Design/methodology/approachThe competitive position of a port is estimated considering the service level offered to the end-users of the port such as port service time, its variability and its effect on the total landed costs observed by the port users. The proposed methodology is meant to help ports to determine the required service time levels to maintain or gain a competitive advantage against other ports, in terms of attracting common hinterland's customers.FindingsResults show the advantages of considering service levels factors to determine the competitive position of a port, and what are the minimum characteristics required to capture more traffic volumes, that can help port managers to take strategic design decisions to better position the port in the current fierce market.Research limitations/implicationsThe proposed methodology is illustrated by considering a case study, which is the Port of Guaymas in Mexico. Data was not directly collected by the port, but based on interviews with shippers and public information, a representative case is presented. Due to a confidentiality agreement with the Port, specific references for most of the data used to estimate the model's parameters are not provided. The analysis is intended to show the potential value of this mechanism and can be used for evaluating the competitive position, from a high-level perspective, of any port to determine potential hinterland by improving the service level of the port.Originality/valueThe existing literature on port choice and port competition has not previously considered the effect of port service levels under the perspective of total landed costs of the users, being this paper a contribution to fulfill this gap.

scholarly journals Does the source of water for piped supplies affect child health? Evidence from rural Vanuatu

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 591-595
Author(s):  
Tim Foster ◽  
Emily Rand ◽  
Erie Sami ◽  
Brieana Dance ◽  
Jeremy Kohlitz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Service Level ◽  
Water Systems ◽  
Global Network ◽  
Water Supply Systems ◽  
Piped Water ◽  
Generous Support ◽  
Year 2000 ◽  
Supply Systems

Abstract Piped water systems are considered to provide the highest service level for drinking water supplies; however, global monitoring of safe water access pays little attention to the type of water source that piped systems draw upon, even if the water is not treated prior to distribution. This study sought to understand whether the source of water for untreated piped supplies influences the prevalence of diarrhoea among children in rural Vanuatu. The analysis was based on a dataset integrating a Demographic and Health Survey and a nationwide water supply inventory. After adjusting for a range of potential confounders, the results revealed a significant association between diarrhoea and the type of water source supplying a piped system. Compared with borehole-supplied piped systems, spring-fed piped systems were significantly associated with increased odds of diarrhoea (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] 5.8, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.1–31, p = 0.040). No significant association between diarrhoea and piped systems drawing on surface water was observed. Increased odds of diarrhoea were significantly associated with water supply systems constructed prior to the year 2000 (AOR 4.9, 95% CI 1.9–13, p = 0.001). The results highlight the need for improvements in spring protection as well as ongoing maintenance and periodic renewal of water supply infrastructure. This article has been made Open Access thanks to the generous support of a global network of libraries as part of the Knowledge Unlatched Select initiative.

Total System Performance Assessment Model for the Final Environmental Impact Statement for the Potential High-Level Nuclear Waste Repository at Yucca Mountain

2002 ◽  
Author(s):  
George J. Saulnier ◽  
K. Patrick Lee ◽  
Donald A. Kalinich ◽  
S. David Sevougian ◽  
Jerry A. McNeish
Keyword(s):  
System Performance ◽  
Transport Model ◽  
Yucca Mountain ◽  
Nuclear Waste Repository ◽  
Total System ◽  
Operating Modes ◽  
Final Rule ◽  
High Level Nuclear Waste ◽  
High Level ◽  
Component Models

The total-system performance assessment (TSPA) model for the final environmental impact statement (FEIS) for the potential high-level nuclear-waste repository at Yucca Mountain, Nevada was developed from a series of analyses and model studies of the Yucca Mountain site. The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) has recommended the Yucca Mountain, Nevada site for the potential development of a geologic repository for the disposal of high-level radioactive waste and spent nuclear fuel. In May 2001, the DOE released the Yucca Mountain Science and Engineering Report (S&ER) for public review and comment. The S&ER summarizes more than 20 years of scientific and engineering studies supporting the site recommendation (SR). Following internal reviews of the S&ER and other documents, the DOE performed supplemental analyses of uncertainty in support of the SR as summarized in the Supplemental Science and Performance Analysis (SSPA) reports [2, 3]. The SSPA (1) provided insights into the impact of new scientific data and improved models and (2) evaluated a range of thermal operating modes and their effect on the predicted performance of a potential repository. The various updated component models for the SSPA resulted in a modified TSPA model, referred to as the supplemental TSPA model or SSPA TSPA model capturing the combined effects of the alternative model representations on system performance. The SSPA TSPA model was the basis for analyses for the FEIS for the Yucca Mountain site. However, after completion of the SSPA, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) released its final radiation-protection standards for the potential repository at Yucca Mountain (40 CFR Part 197). Compliance with the regulation required modification of several of the component models (e.g., the biosphere transport model and the saturated-zone transport model) in order to evaluate repository performance against the new standards. These changes were incorporated into the SSPA TSPA model. The resulting FEIS TSPA model, known as the “integrated TSPA model,” was used to perform the calculations presented in this report. The results of calculations using the FEIS TSPA model under a non-disruptive scenario, show that the potential disposal of commercial and DOE waste at a Yucca Mountain repository would not produce releases to the environment that would exceed the regulatory standards promulgated in the EPA Final Rule 10 CFR 197 and the NRC Final Rule 10 CFR 63 for both individual protection and groundwater protection. The analyses also show that both the high and low-temperature operating modes result in similar mean annual dose to the reasonably maximally exposed individual (RMEI). Further, the analyses show that consideration of intrusive and extrusive igneous events, human intrusion, or inclusion of the potential inventory of all radioactive material in the commercial and DOE inventory would not exceed those published standards.

Creating a Quality Management Program

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard P. Dutton
Keyword(s):  
Quality Improvement ◽  
Continuous Improvement ◽  
Healthcare Providers ◽  
Management Program ◽  
Adverse Outcomes ◽  
Culture Of Safety ◽  
Anesthesia Practice ◽  
Reference Guide ◽  
Or Practice ◽  
High Level

This chapter provides an overview of how to create a quality improvement (QI) program. It is intended as a high-level reference guide for a department, division or practice quality improvement officer. It covers the topics of recruiting allies; finding, aggregating and creating data; basic analytic techniques; mechanisms for feedback of QI data to healthcare providers; implementing cyclical QI activities; managing individual adverse events and complications; and benchmarking to outside data sources. A template quality capture form for an anesthesia practice is included, and examples of reporting graphics and strategies are included. Woven throughout the chapter are specific thoughts on how the QI officer can create a “culture of safety” within the group, such that practitioners feel safe in reporting adverse outcomes and expect to see continuous improvement efforts within their systems.

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