scholarly journals The effect of seasonal climate on bottled water distribution in rural Cambodia

2013 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 798-807
Author(s):  
D. White ◽  
C. A. Hutchens ◽  
P. Byars ◽  
B. Antizar-Ladislao
Keyword(s):  
Water Distribution ◽  
Historical Data ◽  
Household Wealth ◽  
Bottled Water ◽  
Common Source ◽  
Safe Drinking Water ◽  
Seasonal Climate ◽  
Dry Seasons ◽  
Wet And Dry Seasons

The rural population of Cambodia currently has limited access to improved water sources, with monthly access significantly varying between the wet and dry seasons. This poses difficulties for many households across the country, especially in the dry season when stored rainwater – a common source for many – becomes difficult to obtain, necessitating a switch to sources unsafe for consumption. This study evaluates the effect of seasonal climate on bottled water as an alternative solution to accessing safe drinking water. A study of 240 households in the Battambang province, Cambodia correlated seasonal uptake of bottled water with household wealth, quality of road access and access to alternatives. This was supported by historical data on bottled water uptake from three communities. The results suggest that substantial seasonal change in uptake occurs in rural Cambodia; most noticeably in households of low wealth. As one of the first studies on bottled water in Cambodia, these are important findings; particularly given the recent increase in rural bottled water distribution. The study finds bottled water is not an appropriate means for Non-Governmental Organisations targeting the poorest strata of the community; however there is potential for the private sector to supply more affluent households.

scholarly journals Seasonal Changes and Spatial Variation in Water Quality of a Large Young Tropical Reservoir and Its Downstream River

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Teck-Yee Ling ◽  
Norliza Gerunsin ◽  
Chen-Lin Soo ◽  
Lee Nyanti ◽  
Siong-Fong Sim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Aquatic Organisms ◽  
Organic Pollution ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Tropical Reservoir ◽  
Different Depths ◽  
Dry Seasons ◽  
Water Quality Deterioration ◽  
Wet And Dry Seasons

This study examined the water quality of the large young tropical Bakun hydroelectric reservoir in Sarawak, Malaysia, and the influence of the outflow on the downstream river during wet and dry seasons. Water quality was determined at five stations in the reservoir at three different depths and one downstream station. The results show that seasons impacted the water quality of the Bakun Reservoir, particularly in the deeper water column. Significantly lower turbidity, SRP, and TP were found during the wet season. At 3–6 m, the oxygen content fell below 5 mg/L and hypoxia was also recorded. Low NO2--N, NO3--N, and SRP and high BOD5, OKN, and TP were observed in the reservoir indicating organic pollution. Active logging activities and the dam construction upstream resulted in water quality deterioration. The outflow decreased the temperature, DO, and pH and increased the turbidity and TSS downstream. Elevated organic matter and nutrients downstream are attributable to domestic discharge along the river. This study shows that the downstream river was affected by the discharge through the turbines, the spillway operations, and domestic waste. Therefore, all these factors should be taken into consideration in the downstream river management for the health of the aquatic organisms.

Quality of urban runoff in wet and dry seasons: a case study in a semi-arid zone

2016 ◽  
Vol 23 (24) ◽  
pp. 25156-25168 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joyce Ortiz-Hernández ◽  
Carlos Lucho-Constantino ◽  
Liliana Lizárraga-Mendiola ◽  
Rosa Icela Beltrán-Hernández ◽  
Claudia Coronel-Olivares ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Arid Zone ◽  
Urban Runoff ◽  
Dry Seasons ◽  
Semi Arid ◽  
Wet And Dry Seasons

scholarly journals Investigating Groundwater Quality in the Flood Prone Neighborhood Area in Malaysia

2019 ◽  
Vol 51 (2) ◽  
pp. 123
Author(s):  
Nasir Nayan ◽  
Yazid Saleh ◽  
Mohmadisa Hashim ◽  
Hanifah Mahat ◽  
Koh Liew See
Keyword(s):  
Groundwater Quality ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Alternative Source ◽  
Dry Seasons ◽  
Wet And Dry Seasons

The purpose of this study is to compare the quality of groundwater during wet and dry seasons in Malaysia especially in Kuala Krai District which frequently involved in annual monsoon floods and the question whether the wells can be used during floods as well as an alternative source when there are no floods. Six sampling stations were selected using six main parameters which included DO, pH, BOD, COD, TSS and NH3N. The assessment was conducted based on the standards set by Malaysian INWQS and the classification of WQI. The results of the analysis showed that most of the water samples taken during the wet season had concentration values that did not meet the DOE standards such as the DO, BOD, and NH3N parameters. Based on the WQI classification, majority stations during the wet season were in moderately contaminated except for station T6 which was clean. On the contrary, during a dry season were found to be clean except for station T1 which was moderately contaminated.

Mesenchymal Stem Cells in the Treatment of Cartilage Defects of the Knee: A Systematic Review of the Clinical Outcomes

2021 ◽  
pp. 036354652098681
Author(s):  
Monketh Jaibaji ◽  
Rawan Jaibaji ◽  
Andrea Volpin
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Stem Cells ◽  
Mesenchymal Stem Cells ◽  
Stem Cell ◽  
Mesenchymal Stem Cell ◽  
Osteochondral Lesions ◽  
Common Source ◽  
Significant Heterogeneity ◽  
Osteochondral Defects

Background: Osteochondral lesions are a common clinical problem and their management has been historically challenging. Mesenchymal stem cells have the potential to differentiate into chondrocytes and thus restore hyaline cartilage to the defect, theoretically improving clincal outcomes in these patients. They can also be harvested with minimal donor site morbidity. Purpose: To assess the clinical and functional outcomes of mesenchymal stem cell implantation to treat isolated osteochondral defects of the knee. A secondary purpose is to assess the quality of the current available evidence as well as the radiological and histological outcomes. We also reviewed the cellular preparation and operative techniques for implantation. Study Design: Systematic review. Methods: A comprehensive literature search of 4 databases was carried out: CINAHL, Embase, MEDLINE, and PubMed. We searched for clinical studies reporting the outcomes on a minimum of 5 patients with at least 12 months of follow-up. Clinical, radiological, and histological outcomes were recorded. We also recorded demographics, stem cell source, culture technique, and operative technique. Methodological quality of each study was assessed using the modified Coleman methodology score, and risk of bias for the randomized controlled studies was assessed using the Cochrane Collaboration tool. Results: Seventeen studies were found, encompassing 367 patients. The mean patient age was 35.1 years. Bone marrow was the most common source of stem cells utilized. Mesenchymal stem cell therapy consistently demonstrated good short- to medium-term outcomes in the studies reviewed with no serious adverse events being recorded. There was significant heterogeneity in cell harvesting and preparation as well as in the reporting of outcomes. Conclusion: Mesenchymal stem cells demonstrated a clinically relevant improvement in outcomes in patients with osteochondral defects of the knee. More research is needed to establish an optimal treatment protocol, long-term outcomes, and superiority over other therapies. Registration: CRD42020179391 (PROSPERO).

scholarly journals A Head Formulation for the Steady-State Analysis of Water Distribution Systems Using an Explicit and Exact Expression of the Colebrook–White Equation

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (9) ◽  
pp. 1163
Author(s):  
Mengning Qiu ◽  
Avi Ostfeld
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Distribution System ◽  
Distribution Systems ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Solution Method ◽  
Water Distribution System ◽  
Academic Research ◽  
Exact Expression ◽  
Contamination Source

Steady-state demand-driven water distribution system (WDS) solution is the bedrock for much research conducted in the field related to WDSs. WDSs are modeled using the Darcy–Weisbach equation with the Swamee–Jain equation. However, the Swamee–Jain equation approximates the Colebrook–White equation, errors of which are within 1% for ϵ/D∈[10−6,10−2] and Re∈[5000,108]. A formulation is presented for the solution of WDSs using the Colebrook–White equation. The correctness and efficacy of the head formulation have been demonstrated by applying it to six WDSs with the number of pipes ranges from 454 to 157,044 and the number of nodes ranges from 443 to 150,630. The addition of a physically and fundamentally more accurate WDS solution method can improve the quality of the results achieved in both academic research and industrial application, such as contamination source identification, water hammer analysis, WDS network calibration, sensor placement, and least-cost design and operation of WDSs.

scholarly journals Seasonal and Temperature Dependent Variations in Proximate Parameters and Mineral Elements of Smoke-Dried Catfish (Clarias gariepinus, Burchell, 1822) using Traditional and Eco-Friendly Kilns in Lagos, Nigeria

2020 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 639-643
Author(s):  
M.M. Ogunbambo
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Clarias Gariepinus ◽  
Mineral Elements ◽  
Drying Process ◽  
Temperature Dependent ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Dry Seasons ◽  
Mineral Compositions ◽  
Wet And Dry Seasons

Smoke-drying Clarias gariepinus (catfish) provides animal protein and a source of livelihood in Lagos, Nigeria. Changes occurring to seasonal and mineral compositions of smoke-dried catfish using local Traditional Drum Kiln (TDK) and a newly constructed Eco-Friendly Kiln (EFK) fitted with a flame, drying and electronic components was carried out in this study. The smoke-drying process was carried out in both wet and dry seasons and smoke-dried catfish samples stored at ambient and adjusted refrigerated temperatures of 28 and 4 0C. The smoke-drying procedure was  standardized at 60 - 80 0C and kiln lasted 24 ± 3 hours. Moisture content results showed a significant difference when the catfish samples were smoke-dried using TDK and EFK and stored in ambient and controlled temperatures in both wet and dry seasons while crude protein, lipid, ash and crude fibre values were significantly different when stored only in dry season. Mineral elements phosphorus, sodium, copper, magnesium and iron showed a significant difference when stored at both temperatures and seasons using both kilns. Mineral elements were found to be most stable in smoke-dried catfish samples when stored at controlled temperatures. This work proved that standardizing smoke-drying process using both kilns resulted in good quality smoke-dried catfish but showed that higher biochemical values were obtained when EFK is used. Key words: Nigeria, Smoke-drying Kilns, Seasons, Ambient, Controlled Temperatures

Do we achieve the Montgomery standard for consent in orthopaedic surgery?

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Xenia N Tonge ◽  
Henry Crouch-Smith ◽  
Vijay Bhalaik ◽  
William D Harrison
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Options ◽  
Information Provision ◽  
Common Source ◽  
Health Board ◽  
Improvement Project ◽  
Specific Patient ◽  
Written Information ◽  
Orthopaedic Patients ◽  
Recorded Data

Aims/Background The Montgomery v Lanarkshire Health Board (2015) case set a precedent that has driven the modernisation of consenting practice. Failure to demonstrate informed consent is a common source of litigation. This quality improvement project aimed to provide pragmatic guidance for surgeons on consent and to improve the patient experience during decision making. Methods Elective orthopaedic patients were assessed and the quality of documented consent was recorded. Data were collected over two discrete cycles, with cycle 1 used as a baseline in practice. The following criteria were reviewed: grade of consenting clinician, alternative treatment options, description of specific risks, place and timing of consent and whether the patient received written information or a copied clinic letter. Cycle 1 results were presented to clinicians; a teaching session was provided for clinicians on the standard of consent expected and implementation of a change in practice was established with a re-audit in cycle 2. Results There were 111 patients included in cycle 1, and 96 patients in cycle 2. Consent was undertaken mostly by consultants (54%). Specific patient risks were documented in 50% of patients in cycle 1 and 60% in cycle 2. Risks associated with a specific procedure were documented in 42% in cycle 1 and 76% in cycle 2, alternative options in 48% (cycle 1) and 66% (cycle 2). A total of 14% of patients in cycle 1 and 8% in cycle 2 had documented written information provision. Copied letters to patients was only seen in 12% of all cycles. Documentation from dedicated consenting clinics outperformed standard clinics. Conclusions Highlighting poor documentation habits and refining departmental education can lead to improvements in practice. The use of consenting clinics should be considered and clinicians should individually reflect on how to address their own shortcomings. Other units should strongly consider a similar audit. This article provides stepwise advice to improve consent and specifics from which to audit.

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