scholarly journals Social tariffs for water and waste services in mainland Portugal: an impact analysis

2014 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 513-521 ◽  
Author(s):  
Inês Gonçalves ◽  
David Alves ◽  
Gisela Robalo
Keyword(s):  
Impact Analysis ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Social Rights ◽  
Mainland Portugal ◽  
Access To Water ◽  
Support Mechanisms ◽  
Water Provision ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Disproportionate Burden

Economic affordability and access to water and waste services (WWS) are extensively studied topics in economic literature. However, most papers focus on social rights or the importance of water provision for equity and development. The impact of different regulatory and/or management models, the measurement of affordability and efficient pricing have all deserved the attention of researchers, but few studies assess the actual revenue impact of the existing social support mechanisms. For Portugal, while some preliminary data collection has taken place, a comprehensive review is still lacking. With this paper, the Water and Waste Services Regulation Authority (ERSAR) takes a first step towards filling that gap, by calculating the amount of subsidisation inherent in the adoption of social tariffs in mainland Portugal municipalities. Starting with an account of the current status quo, the article analyses different subsidisation situations, including a hypothetical framework where social tariffs are administered according to ERSAR's guidelines. Results indicate that, if ERSAR's Recommendation were fully applied, the number of social tariff beneficiaries could be above current figures, possibly translating into a disproportionate burden on the remaining WWS users through the application of higher bills. In the context of the severe economic crisis that is forcing families into increasing budgetary constraints, the article stresses issues of feasibility, drawing on the policy implications of the adoption of such discounts.

E-Government and Local Service Delivery

2009 ◽  
pp. 735-751 ◽  
Author(s):  
Greta Nasi
Keyword(s):  
Policy Implications ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Quality Information ◽  
Chief Information Officers ◽  
Support Interaction ◽  
Provision Of Services ◽  
On Line ◽  
Survey Results ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Different Levels

The purpose of this chapter is to assess the current status and level of technology in providing on line services among larger Italian Municipalities (MUs) by presenting the results of a survey conducted by the researcher among all MUs with a population in excess of 40,000 inhabitants. Furthermore, the analysis also aims to assess the perceptions of Chief Information Officers (CIOs) with regard to the impact of e-government on the provision of services. The survey results show that MUs are generally using Internet to support interaction with different constituents and with different levels of technology. MUs have been developing all 4 stages of online service provision but higher levels of sophistication (transaction and integration) are primarily associated with the following types of LG interaction: government-to employees and government-to-government. CIOs argue that little achievement has been obtained so far in terms of efficiency while ICT usage is facilitating access to better quality information. Lessons learnt and policy implications are presented.

How well does government microcredit serve the investment needs of small and medium enterprises? An impact analysis on handloom weavers in Bangladesh

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mst Tania Parvin ◽  
Regina Birner ◽  
Ashrafun Nahar
Keyword(s):  
Impact Analysis ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Small And Medium Enterprises ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Least Squares Regression ◽  
Multiple Sources ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Medium Enterprises ◽  
The Impact

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to empirically estimate the impact of a government microcredit program on the handloom weavers to promote small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in Bangladesh.Design/methodology/approachThe data were collected from 311 handloom weavers from the Sirajganj District of Bangladesh from July to December 2015 using a multistage sampling technique. The analysis was conducted using a two-stage least squares regression model incorporating instrumental variables to control for the probable endogeneity problem associated with the study.FindingsThis study finds that government microcredit had no significant impact on borrowers' investment in their business, whereas credit received from multiple sources other than government credit had a significant negative impact. Additionally, literacy level, household assets and the number of operational handloom units positively affected investment, while the number of non-operational handloom units and distance negatively affected the investment.Research limitations/implicationsThis study's findings are more specific for the selected case and may not be generalizable to all kinds of SMEs.Practical implicationsThe policy implications are targeted at increasing loan size based on the number of operational handloom units to improve the performance of government and other microcredit programs to facilitate the growth of SMEs in Bangladesh.Originality/valueThis study specifically focuses on estimating the financial performance of government microcredit programs for SME development within the handloom industry, which has not been sufficiently explored in the literature.

scholarly journals Multilevel spatial impact analysis of high-speed rail and station placement: A short-term empirical study of the Taiwan HSR

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 317-341
Author(s):  
Yu-Hsin Tsai ◽  
Jhong-yun Guan ◽  
Yi-hsin Chung
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Study ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Impact Analysis ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Influential Factors ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
High Speed Rail ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Impact

Understanding the impact of high-speed rail (HSR) services on spatial distributions of population and employment is important for planning and policy concerning HSR station location as well as a wide range of complementary spatial, transportation, and urban planning initiatives. Previous research, however, has yielded mixed results into the extent of this impact and a number of influential factors rarely have been controlled for during assessment. This study aims to address this gap by controlling for socioeconomic and transportation characteristics in evaluating the spatial impacts of HSR (including station placement) at multiple spatial levels to assess overall impact across metropolitan areas. The Taiwan HSR is used for this empirical study. Research methods include descriptive statistics, multilevel analysis, and multiple regression analysis. Findings conclude that HSR-based towns, on average, may experience growing population and employment, but HSR-based counties are likely to experience relatively less growth of employment in the tertiary sector. HSR stations located in urban or suburban settings may have a more significant spatial impact. This differential in spatial change may be attributed to a high concentration of some subsectors and transportation services in the study area. Policy implications include adopting policies that encourage higher density at the local level, considering rural areas as a last choice for the installation of new HSR stations, and the use of HSR station placement to initiate brownfield urban regeneration in the urban core.

Equitable Access to Water at Alfred Duma Local Municipality

2022 ◽  
pp. 149-178
Author(s):  
Nokuphila Ndimande
Keyword(s):  
Water Access ◽  
Governance Framework ◽  
Ecological Scale ◽  
Marginalised Groups ◽  
Local Municipality ◽  
Access To Water ◽  
Ecological Governance ◽  
Constitutional Right ◽  
Water Provision ◽  
The Impact

Water plays a central role in the life of society. However, factors such as population growth, pollution, and poor allocation and distribution mechanisms place severe pressures on adequate and equitable water supply. The aim of this chapter was to look into equitable water access in the Alfred Duma Local Municipality as well as the ecological governance framework that supports water access in local areas. The chapter also looked at the position of local municipality in water access and the impact of ecological scale on water provision. Many people are still unable to exercise their constitutional right to water in Alfred Duma Local Municipality, where most women feel disempowered, marginalized, and excluded from the process of making water access decisions. This brings challenges to disadvantaged and arginalized groups socially, economically, and environmentally where vulnerable and marginalised groups have no opportunity to equitably benefit from water access.

Soziale Disziplinierung im flexiblen Kapitalismus

2004 ◽  
Vol 34 (136) ◽  
pp. 339-356
Author(s):  
Tobias Wölfle ◽  
Oliver Schöller
Keyword(s):  
Social Welfare ◽  
Second Step ◽  
Social Rights ◽  
Federal Law ◽  
Capitalist Development ◽  
The Core ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Municipal Level

Under the term “Hilfe zur Arbeit” (aid for work) the federal law of social welfare subsumes all kinds of labour disciplining instruments. First, the paper shows the historical connection of welfare and labour disciplining mechanisms in the context of different periods within capitalist development. In a second step, against the background of historical experiences, we will analyse the trends of “Hilfe zur Arbeit” during the past two decades. It will be shown that by the rise of unemployment, the impact of labour disciplining aspects of “Hilfe zur Arbeit” has increased both on the federal and on the municipal level. For this reason the leverage of the liberal paradigm would take place even in the core of social rights.

The Impact of a Potential Public/Private Initiative on a Defined Region of the South Suburban Chicago Metropolitan Area

2019 ◽  
pp. 14-32
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chain ◽  
Economic Impact ◽  
Impact Analysis ◽  
Census Data ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Local Economy ◽  
Market Area ◽  
State And Local ◽  
The University ◽  
The Impact

The university is considered one of the engines of growth in a local economy or its market area, since its direct contributions consist of 1) employment of faculty and staff, 2) services to students, and supply chain links vendors, all of which define the University’s Market area. Indirect contributions consist of those agents associated with the university in terms of community and civic events. Each of these activities represent economic benefits to their host communities and can be classified as the economic impact a university has on its local economy and whose spatial market area includes each of the above agents. In addition are the critical links to the University, which can be considered part of its Demand and Supply chain. This paper contributes to the field of Public/Private Impact Analysis, which is used to substantiate the social and economic benefits of cooperating for economic resources. We use Census data on Output of Goods and Services, Labor Income on Salaries, Wages and Benefits, Indirect State and Local Taxes, Property Tax Revenue, Population, and Inter-Industry to measure economic impact (Implan, 2016).

Clinical Pharmacokinetic Studies in Pregnant Women and the Relevance of Pharmacometric Tools

2019 ◽  
Vol 25 (5) ◽  
pp. 483-495 ◽  
Author(s):  
André Dallmann ◽  
Paola Mian ◽  
Johannes Van den Anker ◽  
Karel Allegaert
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Clinical Pharmacokinetic ◽  
Individual Variability ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Pharmacokinetic Studies ◽  
Full Potential ◽  
Pbpk Models ◽  
Pregnancy And Postpartum ◽  
Population Pk ◽  
The Impact

Background: In clinical pharmacokinetic (PK) studies, pregnant women are significantly underrepresented because of ethical and legal reasons which lead to a paucity of information on potential PK changes in this population. As a consequence, pharmacometric tools became instrumental to explore and quantify the impact of PK changes during pregnancy. Methods: We explore and discuss the typical characteristics of population PK and physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models with a specific focus on pregnancy and postpartum. Results: Population PK models enable the analysis of dense, sparse or unbalanced data to explore covariates in order to (partly) explain inter-individual variability (including pregnancy) and to individualize dosing. For population PK models, we subsequently used an illustrative approach with ketorolac data to highlight the relevance of enantiomer specific modeling for racemic drugs during pregnancy, while data on antibiotic prophylaxis (cefazolin) during surgery illustrate the specific characteristics of the fetal compartments in the presence of timeconcentration profiles. For PBPK models, an overview on the current status of reports and papers during pregnancy is followed by a PBPK cefuroxime model to illustrate the added benefit of PBPK in evaluating dosing regimens in pregnant women. Conclusions: Pharmacometric tools became very instrumental to improve perinatal pharmacology. However, to reach their full potential, multidisciplinary collaboration and structured efforts are needed to generate more information from already available datasets, to share data and models, and to stimulate cross talk between clinicians and pharmacometricians to generate specific observations (pathophysiology during pregnancy, breastfeeding) needed to further develop the field.

Impact Analysis of the Mechanization Program for Tribal Paddy Farmers of Goa

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
MATHALA JULIET GUPTA ◽  
ASHISH M. PITRE ◽  
SUMATI CHAVAN PANDURNAG ◽  
SALONI SALIL VANJARI
Keyword(s):  
Impact Analysis ◽  
Field Capacity ◽  
Significant Saving ◽  
Manual Methods ◽  
Paddy Farmers ◽  
The Impact ◽  
And Training

This paper assessed the impact of the mechanization of the 8 tribal paddy farmers’ groups of Goa benefited in the year 2011 through the Tribal sub-plan program of ICAR-CCARI through results of surveys conducted in 2012 and 2015. Shift to mechanization among beneficiaries was significant in power tillers (64-100%) but less in power reapers(0-91%). Also significant saving in manpower (Power tillers:33.3% to 60%, power reapers: 33.3% to 83.3%), , time (field capacity increased (power tillers : 41.7% to141%, power reapers :58.1% to 912.8%) and cost(power tillers :44.7% to 59.1%, power reapers : 57.8% to 82.9%) was reportedthrough the use of equipment as compared to desi plough or manual methods of harvesting. Some constraints like lack of access roads and training in use and maintenance of the equipment were reported by the beneficiary farmers.

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