Assessing Sustainability of Paddy Farmers in Peri-Urban Khulna: An Application of Farmer Sustainability Index

Association of sustainability agriculture and farming practices is somehow closely connected. There are necessary different farming practices for both adjusted and unadjusted PFSI measurement. The study observes practices of paddy farming and if farmers are practicing agriculture sustainably by estimating PFSI in three villages of Gutudia union. The objective is to spot the present agricultural practices and accessible sustainable practices, to examine the sustainability degree at field beneath the present paddy farming systems using PFSI and additionally to identify recommendations. The unit of analysis is 50 farmers and measured on a scale of 0 to 100 and also through Saltiel, Bauder, and Palakovich (1994) index. The results discovers that the average sustainability level which is presumably quite unsustainable this shows the necessity for more extension of correct practices. Chi-square analysis shows that the level of farmers’ awareness toward sustainable agriculture and positive attitude are considerably different with the level of PFSI.

Analysis of the Empowerment Level of Rice Paddy Farmers in Abenggi Vilage Landono Distric, South Konawe Regency

Empowerment is a structured and planned process to increase the ability and independence of farmers in farm management. The study aims to analyze the program forms and the empowerment levels of lowland rice farmers. The research was conducted from April to December 2020 in Abenggi Village, Landono District, South Konawe Regency, Southeast Sulawesi. The location determination is done purposively, considering that the majority of the people work as farmers. The research population was 280 household lowland rice farmers, and the sample was 15% of the total members of the farmer population of 42 respondents. The data were analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively. Qualitatively analyze to explain the form of empowerment with research variables, including types of empowerment assistance. Quantitatively is used to determine the level of empowerment of lowland rice farmers by using variables to show economic and social empowerment, including the story of ability and independence of farmers in managing potential, planning and solving problems in the future, self-direction, and bargaining power. The results showed that the empowerment program for lowland rice farmers consists of capital assistance through the PUAP program, provision of infrastructures such as irrigation facilities, farm roads, and grain drying places. The lowland rice farmers are empowered on the economic aspect, but not yet on the social part.

Agri-input Buying Behaviour of Paddy Farmers: A Study in the Context of the New Normal Due to COVID-19

Humanity has witnessed diseases and illnesses since the ancient days. These diseases and illnesses resulted in days of suffering leading to disabilities or deaths of many people within communities and are termed as epidemics. As the society progressed, widespread trade increased the interactions between human, animals and ecosystems, thereby increasing the occurrence of these epidemics, often named as pandemics. Several pandemics have afflicted the world throughout history, be it malaria, tuberculosis, leprosy, influenza, smallpox, plagues or HIV/AIDS or the recent incidence of Novel Coronavirus. Diseases affect the supply chain of farm produce and agriculture. Consequently, it may impact food security. It is assumed that pandemic affects the buying behaviour of farmers and it has the capacity to alter the buying behaviour of paddy farmers in India. In this study, an attempt is made to investigate the effect of certain factors on farmers purchase behaviour during pandemic situation among rice farmers in Chhattisgarh, India. The studied sample included 120 farmers in Dhamtari, Raipur, India, selected randomly. Narratives were collected from the farmers and were analysed using qualitative data analysis software. From the qualitative data analysis, the implication for marketers is that itinerant trainers should be sent to villages to train the farmers, especially the bigger farmers (who have secondary influence), on the new technologies in agricultural inputs. The farmers also influence each other, and some amount of training coverage may eventually reach all farmers. The local dealers and the village headmen should also be influenced. An attempt should be made to marry the new technologies with the traditional methods, as much as possible.

Distribution Mechanism of Subsidies Fertilizer on Rice Farmers in Baruga Sub-District Kendari City

Effectiveness of the Distribution of Subsidized Fertilizers to Rice Paddy Farmers in Baruga Village, Baruga sub-District, Kendari City. This research objectives were to determine the mechanism of distribution of subsidized fertilizers on rice paddy farmers in Baruga village Baruga Sub-district, Kendari. This research was conducted in the Baruga Sub-District of Kendari from November 2019 until January 2020. The method of sampling research used is the research method to answer the goal is to use a descriptive analysis used to describe the distribution mechanisms of subsidized fertilizers on rice farmers and quantitative analysis using a systematic formula to know The effectiveness of the distribution of subsidized fertilizers on rice paddy farmers in Baruga village, Baruga sub-district, Kendari City. The results showed that the distribution mechanism of subsidized fertilizers on rice paddy farmers was following the distribution flow according to government regulations. Still, in part, Pengantongan Unit fertilizer does not do its job with the full IE must Label the fertilizer sack with the label "subsidized fertilizer, so as not to be sold to other parties with a higher price for the individuals in firmness and profit.

Factors affecting the capacity of farming rice farmers in managing rice field in the District Tangerang

Farmers' capacity to manage rice paddy farming is closely related to individuals' behaviour in managing the farm. Farmer capacity building program has been widely and often conducted relevant government innovation lowland rice farm and delivered to farmers. Still, the farmers cannot give a proper response to lowland rice farm management innovation, especially in terms of strengthening farmers' capacity. This study aims to: (1) determine the level of farmer capacity in managing rice paddy farmers and (2) to analyze the factors related to the capacity level of rice paddy farmers. The research was conducted in the northern part of Tangerang Regency (Pantura), the centre for rice production in the Tangerang Regency. The research was conducted from July to November 2020. Data was collected through FGD interviews and observations of 150 farmers. The data analysis used descriptive test and multiple regression. The results showed that the farmer capacity in managing lowland rice farming in Tangerang district was classified as moderate, both in resource utilization, problem identification, farming planning, and adaptability. The main factor determining the level of farmer capacity in managing rice paddy farmers is formal education and nonformal education.

Submerging paddy cultivation area due to coastal flooding in Kuala Kedah, Malaysia

Kuala Kedah is a coastal area where the majority of the community are paddy farmers and fishermen. Almost the entire coastal area is used as a paddy cultivation area. However, this area faces the threat of seawater intrusion into land due to climate change driven sea-level rise. The rising seawater has affected the surrounding area, not only in terms of crop yields but also property and livelihood to the locals. Therefore, this study is designed to detect and analyze the progress of seawater on land at the Kuala Kedah coastal area using a hydrodynamic approach. Mike 21 software was used to simulate the hydrodynamic effects on 2 segments (NA and SA) in this study area by considering two conditions namely Condition 1 (K1) and Condition 2 (K2) which are respectively with and without coastal protection structure. However, this structure was only built along the 2.5 km shoreline in the NA segment and not in the SA segment. The findings show that the coastal protection structure in K2 is effective in reducing 50 % of the impact of sea level rise in year 2100 at NA segment, while only 10 % at SA segment. Therefore, the construction of these structures permanently should be given consideration by local authorities in planning future development to ensure lowland areas are protected from coastal floods.

Awareness level of climate change among paddy farmers

This study examined the awareness level of paddy farmers on climate change. Among the 29 districts of Tamil Nadu, Nagapattinam district was selected to conduct the present study. This is situated in coastal area and very often subjected to natural calamities which were mainly reflected on the rice cultivation to the worst status. Data for the study were collected from 200 respondents selected through simple random sampling technique. The study revealed that majority (71.50 %) of the respondent had medium level of awareness of climate change followed by high (17.00 %) and low (11.50 %) category. More than eighty per cent of the respondents were aware about the issues viz., receipt of low rain fall (90.50 %), uneven distribution of rain fall (89.00 %), frequent cyclone (87.00 %) and reduction in number of rainy days (86.50 %). The awareness level was found to be minimum in the issues like acid rain (34.50 %), variation in wind speed and direction (44.50 %), increasing heat and cold waves (48.00 %). The study concluded that the majority of farmers were aware of climate change but some of them were lacked in detail information about climate change. Therefore, it is suggested that extension education should be strengthened to boost farmers’ awareness level on climate change in detailed and prepare them for adaptation measures and that appropriate technologies be promoted for adaptation by farmers.