Virtual water and input–output framework: an alternative method for assessing trade and water consumption in FYR Macedonia

2014 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 317-326
Author(s):  
Jordan Hristov ◽  
Aleksandra Martinovska-Stojcheska ◽  
Yves Surry
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Water Consumption ◽  
Manufacturing Sector ◽  
National Level ◽  
Virtual Water ◽  
Input Output ◽  
Total Water ◽  
Economic Sectors ◽  
Agriculture Sector ◽  
Total Water Consumption

This study analyzed direct and indirect relationships in water consumption by Macedonian economic sectors using virtual water in an input–output framework. Macedonia was found to be characterized by intensive water consumption, with some sectors having a significant virtual water content in their products. Virtual water multipliers were used to analyze the trade balance and determine whether national commercial trade strategies are in line with Heckscher–Ohlin (HO) theory. It was found that Macedonia trade strategies in terms of virtual water were generally in line with HO theory. However, as a consequence of significant exports and high virtual water content in vegetables, fruit, grapes and sheep and goat products within the agriculture sector and in food and basic metal products in the manufacturing sector, the region was a net exporter of virtual water, losing about 124 million m3 of water at 2005 level or 18% of total water consumption. Reducing exports of the most water-intensive products with significant net positive exports would result in substantial water savings of 42% of total water consumption. The results presented here can help policy makers in promoting production specializations that are more environmentally sustainable or in redesigning existing water pricing policies at national level to encourage rational use of water.

scholarly journals Direct and indirect water use within the Australian economy

Water Policy ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 20 (6) ◽  
pp. 1227-1239
Author(s):  
Beatriz Reutter ◽  
Paul A. Lant ◽  
Joe L. Lane
Keyword(s):  
Water Use ◽  
Water Consumption ◽  
State Level ◽  
Virtual Water ◽  
Temporal Analysis ◽  
Input Output ◽  
Economic Sectors ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Australian Economy ◽  
Australian Bureau Of Statistics

Abstract We present the first analysis of water use in the Australian economy to account for inter-state trade, exports and consumption patterns, across all economic sectors and incorporating a temporal analysis. This is achieved by using the environmentally extended input-output technique, combining state-level input-output and water accounts from the Australian Bureau of Statistics. Results show that the three big eastern economies (New South Wales, Victoria, Queensland) rely mostly on water used within their jurisdictions. Approximately one-third of water consumption is for exported commodities, with the biggest export flows of virtual water being associated with agricultural production. Comparing results across the years (2000–2011), the water consumption associated with the provision of goods and services has decreased by 32% for exports, and by 38% for domestic markets. To date in Australia, the focus for improved trans-boundary water management (within Australia) has been on improved mechanisms for sharing physical allocation of water; these results provide the trans-boundary economic dependencies related to water availability. Recent innovations in the compilation of economic input-output models create an opportunity to progress this analysis, exploring in detail the economy–water interlinkages. It is our intention that the paper shows the value of analysing water flows using the multi-regional input-output techniques.

The Economic Role of Water in FYR Macedonia: An Input–Output Analysis and Implications for the Western Balkan Countries

2016 ◽  
Vol 02 (04) ◽  
pp. 1650025 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jordan Hristov ◽  
Aleksandra Martinovska-Stojcheska ◽  
Yves Surry
Keyword(s):  
Water Resources ◽  
Water Consumption ◽  
Natural Water ◽  
Input Output ◽  
Economic Sectors ◽  
Output Analysis ◽  
Pricing Policy ◽  
Electrical Machinery ◽  
Agriculture Sector

Sustainable management of water resources is imperative in the Western Balkan (WB) region, due to the seasonal, spatial and quality distribution of these resources. This paper analyzed water consumption and associated relationships between the economic sectors in Macedonia in 2005, based on input–output (IO) analysis. Using an environmentally extended IO framework, water consumption was investigated by developing several indicators. Disaggregation of the agriculture sector into 11 sub-sectors, combined with backward and forward linkage analysis, allowed us to identify rice, fruits, grapes and wine, other crop and cattle production as key water-consuming sub-sectors. The developed indicators revealed a high proportion of direct water consumption in agriculture and some other non-agricultural sectors such as mining and quarrying, other mining and quarrying products, food products and beverages as well as electrical machinery, which imposed significant pressure on natural water resources in Macedonia. Therefore, changes in production technology and specializations in Macedonia toward less water-intensive options are needed to ease the pressure on natural water resources. Extending the existing water pricing policy to capture economic, social and environmental aspects should also be considered. Moreover, the development and construction of water accounts and the disaggregation procedure have valuable implications for the WB countries. Applications elsewhere following this Macedonian example can provide a meaningful understanding of the role of water and interdependencies at regional level and increase awareness of the water resource availability at trans-boundary scale.

scholarly journals The Bases of Peach Tree Irrigation in the Fruit-Growing Basin from Oradea, Romania, and the Use of the Microsprinkler System

2018 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 213-222
Author(s):  
Cristian G. DOMUȚA ◽  
Cornel DOMUȚA ◽  
Manuel A. GÎTEA ◽  
Ioana M. BORZA ◽  
Ana C. PEREȘ ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Water Consumption ◽  
Irrigation System ◽  
Mathematical Expression ◽  
Irrigation Scheduling ◽  
Peach Tree ◽  
Total Water ◽  
Total Water Consumption ◽  
Variation Range

The paper presents the results obtained on preluvo-soil in Sâniob, Oradea, during 2007-2015. In order to maintain the soil water content between easily available water content and field capacity, the irrigation rate used was between 60 mm/ha and 470 mm/ha. Irrigation determined an increase of the total water consumption by 53% (712 mm/ha vs. 466 mm/ha). For the non-irrigated variant (71%) and for the irrigated one (46%), the rainfalls registered between 15 March-1 October yearly represented the main source of supplying the total water consumption, while irrigation supplied 40% of the total water consumption (with a variation range 11%-61%). The microsprinkler irrigation system led to a 30.6% yield gain, with a variation range of 15.8%-58.7%. It also determined a higher size index in comparison with the non-irrigated variant and a smaller percentage of kernels. All differences were statistically very significant. Several correlations were quantified in the soil-water-plant-atmosphere system. The parameters of the system were: pedological drought, strong pedological drought and water consumption. All correlations were statistically very significant; the best mathematical expression was the polynomial function. Four methods (Penman Monteith, Pan, Piche and Thornthwaite evaporimeter methods) were studied to determine the reference evapotranspiration (ETo) in comparison with the optimal water consumption of the peach tree. As it was cheaper and easier to use, the Pan evaporation method was recommended in the irrigation scheduling, although the Penman Monteith method could have given more accurate results in assessing the optimal water consumption.

scholarly journals Macroeconomic Accounting of Water Resources: An Input-Output Approach to Linkage Analysis and Impact Indicators Applied to the State of Ceará, Brazil

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 869
Author(s):  
Rogério Barbosa Soares ◽  
Samiria Maria Oliveira da Silva ◽  
Francisco de Assis de Souza Filho ◽  
Witalo de Lima Paiva
Keyword(s):  
Water Consumption ◽  
Water Demand ◽  
Water Security ◽  
Household Consumption ◽  
Joint Analysis ◽  
Intermediate Water ◽  
Input Output ◽  
Economic Sectors ◽  
Agriculture Sector ◽  
Water Flows

This work aims to identify the key sectors of the economic structure, considering their water flows, and estimate each sector’s impact. The goal is to highlight systemic characteristics in the regional economy, establish water use priorities, and assess water security. Based on a regional input-output matrix, we use the following methodologies: the Rasmussen and Hirschman indices for the ‘forward and backward linkages’; simple multipliers of production, job, and income; and the elasticity of water consumption to final water demand. Thirty-two economic sectors and household consumption are analysed. From the elasticity of final water demand, we find that both trade and household consumption put more pressure on water consumption. Furthermore, a joint analysis of the applied methodologies shows that: (a) the trade sector is more relevant for the linkage of water flows, (b) the agriculture sector has the highest direct water consumption, and (c) the public administration sector has the highest intermediate water consumption.

scholarly journals The Paradox of the Virtual Water Trade Balance in the Mediterranean Region

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 2978
Author(s):  
Alexandros Gkatsikos ◽  
Konstadinos Mattas
Keyword(s):  
Water Consumption ◽  
Trade Balance ◽  
Trade Deficit ◽  
Virtual Water ◽  
Total Water ◽  
Water Sustainability ◽  
Virtual Water Trade ◽  
Produce Water ◽  
Total Water Consumption ◽  
The Mediterranean

Climate change, water shortages and desertification threaten the economic and environmental sustainability in the Mediterranean. Limited rainfall and higher temperatures put agricultural production, which relies on water availability, in jeopardy. Thereupon, Mediterranean countries pursue agri-food resilience and water preservation through efficient water policies. Hence, water-deprived areas ought to import rather than produce water-intensive products to maintain water inventories and sustainability consequently. As this study examines the water sustainability for a Mediterranean water-scarce region with a particular focus on agriculture, the virtual water trade balance explores this hypothesis. A regional input–output model is constructed, and then total water consumption and the virtual water flows for each economic sector are estimated to determine the virtual water trade balance of the economy. Results indicate that the study area has a trade deficit and struggles economically but is a net importer of virtual water and secures water sustainability. As this virtual water deficit relies heavily on agriculture and originates in vast total water consumption rather than a large trade deficit, a paradox occurs; water-intensive cultivations and animals that consume 91.75% of water resources end up appearing to be water-saving. Further research is needed to strike a balance between economic growth and environmental protection.

Irrigation regime and water consumption of potatoes in the Republic of Bashkortostan, depending on the reclamation condition of lands

2020 ◽  
Vol 0 (6) ◽  
pp. 13-19
Author(s):  
Guzel Gumerova ◽  
Georgiy Gulyuk ◽  
Dmitry Kucher ◽  
Anatoly Shuravilin ◽  
Elena Piven
Keyword(s):  
Water Consumption ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Vegetation Period ◽  
Forest Steppe ◽  
Total Water ◽  
Total Water Consumption ◽  
Republic Of Bashkortostan ◽  
Irrigated Lands ◽  
The Republic

Data of long-term researches (2015–2018) in southern forest-steppe zone of the Republic of Bashkortostan, is justified theoretically and experimentally the mode of irrigation of potatoes on leached chernozems of unsatisfactory, satisfactory and good ameliorative condition of irrigated lands. For the growing periods of potatoes with different heat and moisture supply, the number of watering, the timing of their implementation, irrigation and irrigation norms are established. On lands with unsatisfactory meliorative state the number of irrigation depending on weather conditions of potato vegetation period varied from 0 to 3 (1.5 on average) with average irrigation norm – 990 m3/ha. With satisfactory meliorative state of lands the number of irrigation on average increased from 0 to 4 (2.3 on average) with irrigation norm – 1305 m3/ha. On lands with good meliorative state the number of irrigation was the highest – from 1 to 5 (3 on average) with average irrigation irrigation norm is 1653 m3/ha. It was noted that in the dry periods of potato vegetation the greatest number of watering was carried out (3–5 watering), and in the wet periods (2017) watering was not carried out except for the area with a good reclamation state, where only one irrigation was carried out by the norm of 550 m3/ha. Water consumption of potato was studied in dynamics as a whole during the growing season and the months of the growing season depending on weather conditions of vegetation period and land reclamation condition of irrigated lands, as well as in the control (without irrigation). The lowest total water consumption was in the area without irrigation and averaged 226.8 mm. In irrigated areas, its values increased to 319-353.4 mm. The average daily water consumption varied from 2.12 to 3.3 mm. The highest rates of potato water consumption were observed in June and July, and the lowest – in May and August. In the total water consumption of potatoes on the site without irrigation, the largest share was occupied by atmospheric precipitation and in addition to them the arrival of moisture from the soil. Irrigation water was used in irrigated areas along with precipitation, the share of which was 30.2–46.1 %.

Analyzing the Effect of Mandatory Water Restrictions on Water Usage

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Trey Dronyk-Trosper ◽  
Brandli Stitzel
Keyword(s):  
Water Use ◽  
Water Consumption ◽  
Water Rights ◽  
Water Usage ◽  
Total Water ◽  
Water Restriction ◽  
Way Of Life ◽  
Total Water Consumption ◽  
Water Restrictions

AbstractAs water rights and water usage become an ever more important part of municipalities’ and states’ way of life, it becomes important to understand what policies can be effective for encouraging conservation of water. One method that has been employed at various times and throughout numerous communities is to limit outdoor watering days. We use a dataset with over 3 million property-month observations during the 2007–2015 period in Norman, Oklahoma, to identify whether the periodic implementation of mandatory water restrictions reduces water usage. Our data allow us to exploit variance in the timing of these water restriction programs. Our findings indicate that this policy reduces water consumption by 0.7 % of total water consumption. Additionally, we use home assessment prices to identify heterogeneity in this response, finding that high priced homes are more responsive to water use restrictions.

scholarly journals The Evolution of the Key Sectors in the Philippine Economy Using an AHP-Based Sector Prioritization Index

Economies ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 78
Author(s):  
Daryn Joy Go ◽  
Michael Angelo Promentilla ◽  
Kathleen Aviso ◽  
Krista Danielle Yu
Keyword(s):  
Structural Changes ◽  
Manufacturing Sector ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Economic Sectors ◽  
Output Analysis ◽  
Analytic Hierarchy ◽  
Agriculture Sector ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Key Sectors

Economic sectors play a vital role in ensuring that government’s goals are achieved. This study analyzes the evolution of the structure and key sectors of an economy through the use of a sector prioritization index. This methodology integrates input-output analysis and analytic hierarchy process to determine the structural changes experienced by the economy, while accounting for the changes in the government’s priorities and concerns over time. Using the case of the Philippines from 1969 to 2012, this study shows a time-series analysis of the transformation that the economy underwent alongside with the government’s prioritization mechanism. We found that the manufacturing sector had consistently received high-priority rankings, while the agriculture sector had recently moved from a high- to mid-priority ranking, indicating the country’s shift towards a more industry-driven economy. These findings were supported by the private services and trade sectors’ high-priority rankings towards the latter half of the time period. Overall, our methodology was able to identify key sectors that reflect the country’s economic and political situation across different eras.

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