scholarly journals Evaluation of River Chenab water quality with respect to its users, using different classification schemes

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (8) ◽  
pp. 2971-2987
Author(s):  
Firdaus Kausar ◽  
Abdul Qadir ◽  
Sajid Rashid Ahmad ◽  
Mujtaba Baqar ◽  
Fozia Sardar
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Alkali Metals ◽  
Physicochemical Analysis ◽  
Point Sources ◽  
Sodium Absorption ◽  
Sodium Absorption Ratio ◽  
Salinity Hazard ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Chenab River

Abstract The Chenab River has always offered a cradle for civilizations in Punjab province of Pakistan; however, in recent times, the quality of this river has been gradually degraded due to several point and non-point pollution sources being introduced in its water. The riverine water quality was evaluated to check the suitability of water for drinking, livestock and irrigation purposes. Water samples (n = 54) were collected across the river, over a period of three years (2012–2014) and subjected to physicochemical analysis. Water quality index rating revealed that the water of River Chenab fell under the marginal category for drinking and livestock watering, due to the presence of heavy metals pollution above safe limits. Irrigation suitability parameters, such as the sodium absorption ratio (SAR), residual sodium carbonate (RSC), Na (%), Kelley's ratio (KR), magnesium hazard (MH) and the permeability index (PI) were measured, and most of the samples were within the safe limit. The piper classification of hydro-chemical parameters revealed that the alkaline-earth metals and strong acids exceed the alkali metals and weak acids, respectively. A Wilcox diagram indicated the alkali hazard was low while salinity hazard has an increasing trend. Spatiotemporal distribution of the pollutants highlighted minimal pollution until Qadirabad site (S4) which gradually keeps worsening at the downstream sites. Two factors of water quality deterioration were identified as pollution addition from the point and nonpoint sources, and diversion of the water through canals. It is inevitable to manage water quality of the Chenab River by reducing point sources pollution, through law enforcement.

Hydrogeochemistry of Urban Wetlands of Delhi, India

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Prerna Joshi ◽  
Neelam Siva Siddaiah
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Major Ions ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Surface Water Quality ◽  
Sodium Absorption ◽  
Primary Concern ◽  
Urban Wetlands ◽  
Sodium Absorption Ratio

<p>Delhi, India’s capital is the second largest urban agglomeration in the world. It is expected to surpass Tokyo to become world’s largest city by 2028 with ~37 million inhabitants (UNDESA, 2018). This rapid growth is characterized by unsystematic urbanization, rapid shifts in its landuse patterns and tremendous pressure on the city’s natural resources. Among other forms of resource degradation, rapidly shrinking and stinking wetlands are of primary concern. Thus evidence-based policy making for their sustainable development and conservation require regular reporting and monitoring of their status.<br>Present study compares the hydrochemistry of two urban wetlands of Delhi (Sanjay lake and Bhalswa lake) having some crucial differences in their nature and catchment area activities. Surface water quality of these wetlands was studied for winter and summer with respect to their physico-chemical properties (temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, alkalinity and hardness) including major ions and trace metals employing standard analytical methods (APHA, 2005). Waters from both the wetlands are alkaline in nature. While pH of Sanjay lake shows a greater variation (7.9 to 10.8), that of Bhalswa lake is fairly constant (8.4 to 8.7), across the seasons. The wetland waters also vary seasonally in their chemistry. Differences in the nature and associated landuse of the wetlands is reflected in their water quality. Hydrogeochemistry of these wetlands were determined by Piper plot and Gibb’s diagram. While water from both the wetlands are Na<sup>+</sup>- SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2-</sup> type during summer, water from Bhalswa lake is Na<sup>+</sup>- SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2-</sup> type and that from Sanjay lake is Ca<sup>2+</sup>-Mg<sup>2+</sup>- SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2-</sup> type during winter. While water from Bhalswa lake shows an evaporation dominance regime, that from Sanjay lake show dominance of rock-water interaction. Water from both the wetlands are generally unsuitable for drinking purpose. While water from Bhalswa lake is unsuitable for irrigation as well, water from Sanjay lake is generally suitable as determined using various indices (% Na, Residual Sodium Carbonate, Sodium Absorption Ratio, etc.). Both the drinking and irrigational water quality of these wetlands deteriorate during summer. Factor analysis was also used to determine sources of pollution for the two wetlands during both winter and summer. Domestic sewage is observed to be a major source of pollution for both the wetlands. Thus, this study indicates that urban wetlands of Delhi are fast depleting in their health. In light of their importance as a significant urban water resource, a crucial ecological niche and an essential recreational spot for urban areas, there is an urgent need for positive interventions.</p>

scholarly journals Hydrochemistry and multivariate statistical analysis of the quality of water from Lake Bosomtwe for agricultural and human consumption

2020 ◽  
Vol 69 (7) ◽  
pp. 704-719
Author(s):  
Gordon Amankwaa ◽  
Xifeng Yin ◽  
Liming Zhang ◽  
Weihong Huang ◽  
Yunfei Cao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Underlying Mechanism ◽  
Sodium Absorption ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Multivariate Statistical ◽  
Sodium Absorption Ratio ◽  
Piper Trilinear Diagram ◽  
Lake Bosomtwe

Abstract One of the six major meteoric lakes in the world, Lake Bosomtwe, is of great ecological significance for Ghanaians and the scientific community, most importantly for agricultural and human consumption. Water samples (n = 30) were collected to analyze the hydrogeochemical characteristics and water quality of the lake. Statistical methods including correlation, principal component, cluster analysis, Gibbs ratio, and the Piper–Trilinear diagram were used to analyze parameters. The Water Quality Index revealed that the lake water is not suitable for human consumption because measured pH, temperature, total dissolved solids, color, and bicarbonate exceeded their respective thresholds on all occasions. The calculated sodium absorption ratio (13.7–14.8) and soluble sodium percentage (94.43–95.43%) showed that the lake is not appropriate for irrigation as they exceeded their respective limit of 2 and 60%. The Gibbs ratio revealed that rock–water interaction is the underlying mechanism for water evolution. The Piper–Trilinear diagram revealed that alkalies earth and weak acids dominate the water chemistry of the lake. The dominant cation is sodium (82.22%), while the dominant anion is bicarbonate (79.39%). Five monitoring stations were identified, and the water quality was influenced by diverse anthropogenic and natural sources. The findings will provide a reference for policymakers and decision-makers at Lake Bosomtwe.

scholarly journals Water quality of springs in Badigad Catchment, Western Nepal

2017 ◽  
Vol 18 ◽  
pp. 67-74 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jivan Bhusal ◽  
Prakash Gyawali
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Quality Analysis ◽  
Sodium Absorption ◽  
Sodium Absorption Ratio ◽  
Average Value ◽  
Salinity Hazard ◽  
Physiochemical Parameters ◽  
Drinking Purposes ◽  
Hilly Region ◽  
Bicarbonate Alkalinity

Population growth and intense agricultural activities in Nepal has caused substantial increase in demand for fresh water. As there is limited access to surface water in most parts of the country, groundwater and springs are the principal water sources for irrigation and drinking purposes in the Terai and hilly region, respectively. The present study carries out the water quality analysis of 30 spring samples in the Badigad Catchment from Gulmi and Baglung Districts. The study was made to analyse suitability of spring waters of the Badigad Catchment for irrigation and drinking purposes. The physiochemical parameters were analysed using standard methods in the site and laboratory. Average value for pH of the sample was 7.8 with conductivity value ranging from 630 to 1500 micro Siemens/cm. The bicarbonate alkalinity ranges from 140 to 350 mg/L, indicating a medium salinity hazard in the catchment. The water in the catchment was found to be moderately hard with an average of 75mg/L CaCO3 hardness. Nitrate, sulphate, ammonia, chloride, fluoride and sodium absorption ratio were found to be <0.1mg/L, <1mg/L, <1.5mg/L, 3mg/L, 1mg/L and <2, respectively in all samples. Iron content in the water was also below the permissible limits in some samples and not available in some samples. Thus, the spring water in Badigad Catchment is suitable for drinking and irrigation purposes.Bulletin of the Department of Geology, Vol. 18, 2015, pp. 67-74

scholarly journals Classification of groundwater suitability for irrigation purposes using a comprehensive approach based on the AHP and GIS techniques in North Kurdufan Province, Sudan

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
Author(s):  
Elsiddig Eldaw ◽  
Tao Huang ◽  
Adam Khalifa Mohamed ◽  
Yahaya Mahama
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Groundwater Quality ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Research Effort ◽  
Sodium Absorption ◽  
Irrigation Water Quality ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Sodium Absorption Ratio ◽  
Deep Aquifers

AbstractDeterioration of groundwater quality due to drastic human interventions is rising at an alarming rate particularly in lower- and middle-income countries. Yet, limited research effort has been devoted to monitoring and ascertaining groundwater quality. The present study develops a comprehensive irrigation water quality index (IWQI) for rating water quality of shallow and deep aquifers in North Kurdufan province, Sudan. The new approach is developed to overcome the deficiencies of the existing irrigation indices and coming up with a unified decision for classifying water quality for irrigation purposes. Because of these indices like permeability index (PI), sodium absorption ratio (SAR), etc., depending on specific elements, entirely subjective, as well as the great variations in their results, particularly when classifying water quality. Thus, IWQI is created based on eight indices that are generally used to evaluate irrigation water quality, plus three physicochemical parameters have been proven an impact on water quality. The analytic hierarchy process (AHP) is applied to minimize the subjectivity at assign parameter weights under multiple criteria decision analysis tools (MCDA). The spatial distribution of IWQI agrees with the spatial distribution of the most parameters. The results of our approach reveal that the majority of samples are suitable for irrigation uses for both aquifers except few wells in the confined aquifer. Also, noted that there are very variations in the irrigation indices results for classifying water quality. The comparison result showed that the new index robust, fair calculations and has best classifying of water quality.

scholarly journals Hydrochemical assessment of water quality for irrigation: A case study of the wetland complex of Guerbes-Sanhadja, North-East of Algeria

2018 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-52 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sihem Hedjal ◽  
Derradji Zouini ◽  
Abdelwaheb Benamara
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
Irrigated Agriculture ◽  
Sodium Absorption ◽  
Sodium Absorption Ratio ◽  
North East ◽  
The Status ◽  
Wetland Complex ◽  
Eastern Algeria ◽  
Irrigation Quality

AbstractThe wetland complex of Guerbes-Sanhadja (north-eastern Algeria), has experienced in recent years a certain economic expansion, particularly agricultural, about 47% of the useful agricultural area marked by several varieties of crops ranging from market gardening to speculative crops, requiring large quantities of water for irrigation purposes, however the swampy areas are the main sources used for irrigation purposes in this practice. It is therefore necessary for this water to have physicochemical properties adapted to plants, in particular the absence of salinity. This study was done to evaluate the status of the swamps areas quality and its suitability for irrigated agriculture. To achieve this objective, water samples from ten swamps areas water were collected from Guerbes-Sanhadja in February and June of 2016. The water quality of these swamps was estimated from different water quality parameters such as pH and electrical conductivity (EC), the chemical parameters like Na+, K+, Ca2+, HCO3−, SO42−, Cl−, BOD5, NO3−, NO2−, NH4+ and PO43−. Based on the physico-chemical analyses, irrigation quality parameters like sodium absorption ratio (SAR), percent sodium (% Na), residual sodium carbonate (RSC), permeability index (PI), magnesium hazard (MH) were calculated. The results showed that the overall concentration of nitrate was very high. About 60 percent of the swampy areas had suitable water quality for chloride, and they had a concentration below the permissible limit for crop irrigation. From the Richards diagram, it is observed that most of the samples from the study area fall in the good to permissible classes for irrigation purpose.

scholarly journals HYDROCHEMISTRY OF THE PYANJ TRANSBOUNDARY RIVER UPSTREAM, MIDDLE AND DOWNSTREAM AND THE CRITERION ITS USE FOR IRRIGATION

2021 ◽  
Vol 445 (1) ◽  
pp. 114-120
Author(s):  
I. Sh. Normatov ◽  
V.V. Goncharuk ◽  
N.A. Amirgaliev ◽  
A.S. Madibekov ◽  
A.I. Normatov
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Water Quality ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Alkali Metals ◽  
Alkaline Earth ◽  
Maximum Permissible Concentration ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Transboundary River ◽  
Formation Zone

The water quality of the transboundary Pyanj River in the formation zone and along the riverbed before merging with another tributary of the transboundary Amu Darya River-the Vakhsh River was studied. The water quality on the upstream river corresponds to the very soft class (> 1.5 mmol/dm3) and in the middle and the downstream to the soft class (1.5-3.0 mmol/dm3). At the upper, middle and lower reaches of the Pyanj river the concentration of alkaline earth exceeds alkali metals (Ca2+ + Mg2+> Na+ + K+) at HCO3- > SO42- + Cl- and according to the Handa classification they are characterized by temporary rigidity. To assess the criterion of applicability of the Pyanj river water for irrigation the coefficient of sodium adsorption (SAC) was calculated for water samples from the upstream (Khorog), middle (Darvaz) and the downstream (Lower Pyanj) of the Pyanj river that were equal to 0.88; 1.07; 1.71, respectively. The SAC values for all water samples (from the upper, middle and lower reaches) of the Pyanj river indicate their good qualities for irrigation of agricultural land. The concentration of heavy metals in the Pyanj river is significantly lower than the maximum permissible concentration (MPC).

Bacterial Source Tracking of Nonpoint Source Pollution Using GIS and DNA Fingerprinting Technologies

2011 ◽  
pp. 208-223
Author(s):  
M. E. Folkoff ◽  
E. A. Venso ◽  
D. W. Harris ◽  
M. F. Frana ◽  
M. S. Scott
Keyword(s):  
Water Pollution ◽  
Water Quality ◽  
Dna Fingerprinting ◽  
Physical Environment ◽  
Nonpoint Source ◽  
Point Sources ◽  
Source Tracking ◽  
Great Promise ◽  
Bacterial Source Tracking

This study is only the second to use DNA fingerprinting technology in Maryland to identify fecal coliform sources in order to guide the implementation of water pollution control practices in a watershed with bacterial impairment. By combining the use of digital air photos and GPS with GIS, fieldwork is planned and conducted more efficiently because sample sites can be selected that accurately represent the physical environment of the study area. We can also return to the field and find our sample sites or locate new ones, even in the remotest part of the study area. It is also possible to more accurately map the data directly in the context of its physical environment, greatly increasing the quality of analysis. The integration of DNA fingerprinting techniques with GIS shows great promise for extending our capabilities to identify the controls on water quality and point sources of waterborne health hazards.

Study on Pollution Status of Nitrogen and Phosphorus in Typical Reservoirs in Liaoning Province

2013 ◽  
Vol 777 ◽  
pp. 420-423
Author(s):  
Chen Xi Mi
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Point Sources ◽  
Liaoning Province ◽  
Treatment Quality ◽  
Special Treatment ◽  
Primary Research ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
Quality Indexes

Through the analysis on the data of monitoring water quality of typical reservoirs in Liaoning province, the major reservoirs in the province are in the state of mesotrophication or even eutrophication. The main pollutants are DO-consumption organic pollutants such as ammonia nitrogen and phosphorus. Despite years of special treatment, quality indexes about such nutrients are still high and they severely restrict improvement of the water quality. On the basis of the primary research, this article analyses the main reason for production of phosphorus and nitrogen, estimates the annual load of non point sources pollution and provides a basis for controlling of the pollution.

Modeling the effects of point and non-point source pollution on a diversion channel from Yellow River to an artificial lake in China

2015 ◽  
Vol 71 (12) ◽  
pp. 1806-1814 ◽  
Author(s):  
X. P. Gao ◽  
G. N. Li ◽  
G. R. Li ◽  
C. Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Point Source ◽  
Yellow River ◽  
Point Sources ◽  
Pollution Sources ◽  
Main Stream ◽  
Artificial Lake ◽  
Diversion Channel ◽  
Wei River

The Dragon lake diversion channel (DLDC) is the only river that recharges Dragon Lake, an artificial lake in China. This paper examines the main factors influencing water quality by investigating point source and non-point source pollutants along the main route. Based on the complicated system of rivers and desilting basins, a three-dimensional water quality model using environmental fluid dynamics code (EFDC) was developed. The model of DLDC was calibrated and verified using observed data. The error ranges of river water level, total phosphorus, total nitrogen and chemical oxygen demand were within 5%, 10%, 16% and 20%, respectively, all of which meet the precision requirement. The model was employed to predict the concentrations of pollutants in the main stream under current pollution loads within a year and a flood lasting for 24 hours. The results revealed that the main pollution sources that influence the water quality of waterways were the point sources followed by the non-point pollution sources. Water quality improved when large water quantities were delivered and this trend can be described as dilution. The water quality of the Dongfeng main channel meets the requirement; however, the water quality of the Dongfeng River is somewhat poor, and the water quality of the Wei River is seriously contaminated. To address these problems, we suggest that the Dongfeng River and Wei River adopt a culvert under its riverbeds.

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