Evaluation of corn crops drip irrigation quality at different versions of the tillering zone

Presents results of a study of the uniformity of distribution of irrigation water along the length of the drip lines at its pre-treatment in sand gravel and disc filters (typical) and hydrocyclone installation (experimental version) and the efficiency of water technology in the cultivation of corn. It was found that when using a sand-gravel and disc filter as a water treatment unit on a drip irrigation system, the coefficient of effective irrigation was 0.635, insufficient irrigation - 0.240, and excessive irrigation - 0.125. The use of hydrocyclone installation for water treatment, which combines the processes of capture of dispersed particles by the method of sedimentation in a centrifugal field and the filtration method provides an increase of the coefficient of effective irrigation to 0.715 and reduce the rates of under-and over-irrigation, respectively, to 0.20 and 0.085. Thus, increasing the uniformity of the distribution of irrigation water along the length of the drip lines ensures the regulation of irrigation of agricultural crops. In field experiments on corn cultivation with drip irrigation, an increase in grain yield was achieved by 9% when using an experimental version of the water treatment unit instead of the standard one on the irrigation system.

Evaluation of Groundwater quality and suitability for irrigation using hydro-chemical process in Bhavani taluk, Erode District, Tamilnadu, India

In most regions of the present study area, Bhavani Taluk, groundwater quality is deteriorating at an alarming rate as a result of anthropogenic activities, however, little attention was given to groundwater quality and management. This research examines the quality of groundwater in Bhavani Taluk, Tamilnadu and compares its suitability for irrigation. The Bhavani region of Erode District, Tamilnadu is the most cultivated, with a considerable use of fertilizers and pesticides. Groundwater quality for irrigation purposes was assessed during the pre-monsoon season by collecting samples from 53 different locations. Physico-chemical parameters such as pH, EC, TDS, HCO3−, CO32−, Cl−, SO42−, NO3−, Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+ and K+were measured in these groundwater samples. Irrigation quality measures such as salinity hazard, sodium hazard expressed as SAR, percentage of sodium (% Na), and permeability index (PI) were calculated to evaluate groundwater quality for agricultural irrigation. Based on the classification of Electrical conductivity (EC) most of the groundwater samples are falling under the permissible limit. As per the USSL diagram, the large majority of groundwater samples fall within the category of C3-S1 and the water is suitable for irrigation. Piper trilinear diagram interpretations were made to know the chemical type of the groundwaters. The piper diagram indicates that 50% of the groundwater sample were belongs to Mg2+, Ca2+, HCO3−, and Cl−. The groundwater samples fall under Class I category according to Doneen’s Classifications.

Irrigation properties of Kuchurgan and Baraboi Water Reservoirs

The problem of irrigation of agricultural lands in the southern part of Ukraine, including Odesa Region, has been and still remains extremely important. The limited amount of water resources of irrigation quality forces the nation to create artificial reservoirs for water accumulation with the purpose of their further use for irrigation. Sources of reservoirs recharge in the southern part of Odesa Region usually include the Danube and the Dniester whose waters meet irrigation conditions. However, mixing the Danube or Dniester water with the water from natural reservoirs, together with the influence of local factors of water quality formation, lead to changes in water masses properties. Sasyk Reservoir is one of the examples: the water from the reservoir, when mixed with the Danube water, may be used for irrigating only light, well-permeable and drained soil, whilst the Danube water is suitable for irrigating all types of soils throughout the warm period of the year. The article presents an overview of different methods of irrigation water assessment. It offers detailed typification of irrigation waters based on natural waters typification offered by Aliokin O.A., and includes a table for calculating the concentration of toxic hypothetical salt in water samples of different subtypes. The water quality assessment of Kuchurgan and Baraboi Reservoirs was performed according to the studied methods. It is found that the irrigation properties of their water masses significantly differ. Kuchurgan Reservoir: mineralization of water during 90% of the warm period (WP) is in the range of 1-3 g/dm3; according to the classification of Kostiakov A.M. such water faces "increased danger" of salinization (category 3); the amount of toxic salts does not exceed 2.4 g/dm3; water of subtype IIb (84% of the WP); composition of toxic salts is represented by NaCl (max 0.92 g/dm3), Na2SO4 (max 0.79 g/dm3) and MgSO4 (max 1.5 g/dm3); the total content of chloride and sodium sulfate in the water does not exceed the standard value for watering light, well-permeable and drained soils; the magnesium content promotes salinization during 70-75% of the WP. Baraboi Reservoir: water salinity does not exceed 1 g/dm3; according to Kostiakov A.M. watering requires a "careful approach" (category 2) during 71% of the WP, and 29% of water falls into "good" category (category 1); the ratio of major ions refers to subtypes IIa (53%) and IIb (41%); according to Bezdnina S.Ya. water belongs to category I (suitable for irrigation of all types of soils) with a probability of 65% during the WP and to category II (suitable for irrigation of most types of soils) – with 35% probability; the amount of magnesium adversely affects the soil during 53% of the WP. The water masses of Kuchurgan and Baraboi Reservoirs are suitable for irrigation, but require a careful approach due to the possibility of magnesium salinization. The water of Baraboi Reservoir has the best irrigation properties and is suitable for watering most types of soils. The water of Kuchurgan Reservoir may be used only for watering light, well-permeable and drained soils.

Assessment of seasonal groundwater quality using CHIDAM software in Virudhunagar district of Tamil Nadu.

Hard rock aquifer is the most predominant in the southern peninsula exclusively in Tamil Nadu, India. Virudhunagar district is situated in the South west part of Tamil Nadu, mostly of hard rock topography. Groundwater plays a major role in this area contributing to domestic, irrigation and industrial practices. Running down of groundwater by extreme consumption and less recharge in the study area has reduced the level of groundwater. On the other hand, intensive domestic, agriculture and industrial practices impacts the quality of quality of groundwater as well. Hydro geochemistry plays an important role in evaluation of suitability of groundwater for its usage in several purposes. A total of 72 samples from North East Monsoon (NEM) and Post Monsoon (POM) has been analyzed hydrochemically. The irrigation quality parameters such as sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), %Na, Residual Sodium Carbonate (RSC), Kelley’s index and Magnesium hazard were calculated using CHIDAM software 2020 in conjunction with USSL and Doneen diagrams. During NEM, EC and TDS ranges from 273 to 5869 mg/L and 194 to 4159 mg/L and during POM is from 235 to 6850 mg/L and 233.8 to 6916 mg/L. The hydrogeochemical facies represents that Ca-HCO3 and mixed Ca-Mg-Cl facies are predominant during NEM and Na-Cl and mixed Ca-Mg-Cl are predominant during POM. The higher concentration of TDS and EC in the samples reflects the unsuitability of groundwater in both seasons.

Hydrogeology and origin of waters of the Panyam Volcanic Line springs, Jos Plateau, Nigeria

The PVL springs are used for both domestic and agricultural purposes. The seepage from the springs has resulted in producing a large expanse of wetlands and is therefore intensively use for dry season farming. The aim of this study was to determine the hydrogeological, hydrochemical characteristics, origin and their suitability for domestic and irrigation. The hydrogeology of the springs was determined by field mapping. The physico-chemical parameters were determined in the field and by laboratory methods. For the cation and anion analysis the ICP-MS and the wet methods were employed respectively. The stable isotope composition of oxygen (δ18O) and hydrogen (δ2H) were analyzed by Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometer. The hydrochemical analysis revealed that the PVL springs waters are generally neutral with an average pH value of 7.3. The average TDS and EC values are 127.8mg/l and 246µs/cm respectively. These values fall within fresh water class. The average Mg2+,Ca2+, Na+ and K+ cation concentration values are 16.3mg/l, 15.8mg/l, 10.8mg/l and 5.58mg/l respectively. The average anions concentration of HCO3-, SO4 and Cl- are 140mg/l, 8.6mg/l and 3.4mg/l respectively. Piper trilinear diagram show that the spring waters is predominantly Mg-Ca-HCO3 water type with potable qualities based on WHO drinking water standards. The sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR) and Sodium Soluble Percentage (SSP) values range between 0.44 to 0.84 and 26.4 to 54% respectively and falls within irrigation quality standards. Stable isotope compositions of δ18O and δ2H ranges from -3.60/00 to -4.90/00 and -200/00 to -280/00 respectively falls within the meteoric water composition. This is further affirmed by the δ2H versus δ18O plot on the correlation diagram with Standard Meteoric Water Line.

Hydrogeology and origin of waters of the Panyam Volcanic Line springs, Jos Plateau, Nigeria

The PVL springs are used for both domestic and agricultural purposes. The seepage from the springs has resulted in producing a large expanse of wetlands and is therefore intensively use for dry season farming. The aim of this study was to determine the hydrogeological, hydrochemical characteristics, origin and their suitability for domestic and irrigation. The hydrogeology of the springs was determined by field mapping. The physico-chemical parameters were determined in the field and by laboratory methods. For the cation and anion analysis the ICP-MS and the wet methods were employed respectively. The stable isotope composition of oxygen (δ18O) and hydrogen (δ2H) were analyzed by Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometer. The hydrochemical analysis revealed that the PVL springs waters are generally neutral with an average pH value of 7.3. The average TDS and EC values are 127.8mg/l and 246µs/cm respectively. These values fall within fresh water class. The average Mg2+,Ca2+, Na+ and K+ cation concentration values are 16.3mg/l, 15.8mg/l, 10.8mg/l and 5.58mg/l respectively. The average anions concentration of HCO3-, SO4 and Cl- are 140mg/l, 8.6mg/l and 3.4mg/l respectively. Piper trilinear diagram show that the spring waters is predominantly Mg-Ca-HCO3 water type with potable qualities based on WHO drinking water standards. The sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR) and Sodium Soluble Percentage (SSP) values range between 0.44 to 0.84 and 26.4 to 54% respectively and falls within irrigation quality standards. Stable isotope compositions of δ18O and δ2H ranges from -3.60/00 to -4.90/00 and -200/00 to -280/00 respectively falls within the meteoric water composition. This is further affirmed by the δ2H versus δ18O plot on the correlation diagram with Standard Meteoric Water Line.

Hydrochemical characteristics and irrigation quality of groundwater in the Sosnovskiy district of the Chelyabinsk region

The purpose of the study was to assess the quality of groundwater used for irrigation of individual plots of land, belonging to the residents of the Sosnovskiy district of the Chelyabinsk region. Material: 73 samples taken in wells and boreholes on the territory of private land plots, villages, villa communities and garden non-profit partnerships. Methods: 30 indicators of water composition were determined (common indicators – 6, major ions and carbonate ion – 8, compounds of nitrogen, phosphorus and organic matter – 5, heavy metals and silicon – 11) using capillary electrophoresis, atomic absorption, potentiometry, spectrophotometry and conductometry. Statistical analysis included: estimation of means with 95 % confidence intervals (95 % CI) calculated by bootstrap (Kaplan – Meier method was used for censored observations), relative frequencies (in percent) with 95 % CI (Jeffreys method and simultaneous CI by Wilson). Data was visualized using Piper’s and Gibbs’ diagrams. Software: PAST, Scout 2008, R, DescTool, GW_Chart, KyPlot, QGIS. Results. On the territory of the Sosnovsky district of the Chelyabinsk region, (Ca2+–Mg2+ and HCO3––CO32–) type groundwater prevails with a pH 7.39 (95 % CI: from 7.30 to 7.48) and a TDS 651 mg/dm3 (95 % CI: from 598 to 720). Using Piper and Gibbs diagrams, it was established that the leading processes of the water chemical composition formation are: 1) the dissolution of the calcite-dolomite series’ minerals of sedimentary rocks, 2) the dissolution and the ion exchange of feldspars in the composition of granites with calcite. For mineralization and risks of chloride salinization, sodium salinization, magnesium salinization and soda formation, the proportion of samples with quality for irrigation purposes I and II category is 65.7 %. There are excesses of standards in the concentration of NO3- (24.7 % of samples), Ba (68.3 %), Cd (30.4 %), Fe (15.3 %), Mn (12.9 %), Pb (6.3 %).

Evaluation of Irrigation Quality of Groundwater in Wamba Sheet 210, North Central Nigeria

An evaluation of irrigation quality of groundwater from shallow aquifers within Wamba Sheet 210 in Nasarawa State, North Central Nigeria was carried out. The area is located between Latitudes 8°30’N and 9°00’N, and Longitudes 8°30’E and 9°00’E, covering about 3,025 Km2. It is underlain by rocks belonging to the Basement Complex, the Younger Granites, and Cretaceous sedimentary rocks. The results of field tests and laboratory analysis were used in assessing the suitability of groundwater found in the area for irrigation. Values obtained for Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR), Soluble Sodium Percentage (SSP), Magnesium Adsorption Ratio (MAR) and Kellys Ratio (KR) were 0.97 - 3.43, 8.18 - 81.76%, 8.03 - 80.22 and 0.04 - 3.43 respectively. These indices are largely within the safe limits for irrigation with very little likelihood that salinity hazards will develop.

EVASOR, an Integrated Model to Manage Complex Irrigation Systems Energized by Photovoltaic Generators

The carbon footprint and energy cost of irrigation are increasing due to the modernization of irrigation systems, which also necessitates highly efficient use of water resources. Alternatives to conventional energy sources to power irrigation systems are renewable sources, primarily photovoltaic energy. Photovoltaic energy has the main disadvantage of producing a highly variable amount of energy, which affects the irrigation uniformity. Modeling irrigation systems in an integrated manner generates useful information about system performance for technicians that helps in the decision-making process. The EVASOR (EVAluation of SOlar iRrigation systems) model integrates different modules to simulate the whole solar irrigation system using a holistic approach: (1) I-Solar, which simulates the instantaneous power generated by the photovoltaic system, (2) AS-Solar, which simulates the variable speed pumping system, (3) Solar-Net, which simulates the hydraulic performance of the water distribution network, and (4) PRESUD-Irregular, which determines the discharge and pressure of all the emitters of the subunits together with irrigation quality parameters (coefficient of uniformity (CU), emission uniformity (EU), and coefficient of variation of the emitter discharge in the subunit (CVq) for any pressure at the subunit inlet. The integrated model EVASOR determines the irrigation quality parameters of complex irrigation systems with information on irradiance, air temperature, wind speed, and water table level for any combination of open subunits. To validate the model, results are presented regarding a case study located in southeast Spain.

ASSESSMENT OF GROUNDWATER QUALITY FOR IRRIGATION AT MALAMAWI ISLAND, BASILAN, PHILIPPINES

The assessment of groundwater quality for agricultural purposes was conducted in Malamawi Island, Isabela City, Basilan. Groundwater quality wasevaluated based on the FAO irrigation quality standards (1994)which include salinity and alkalinity, sodium, magnesium, bicarbonate hazards and chloride hazards. Spatial delineation of groundwater quality parameters was carried out using QGIS software. Results revealed that the use of groundwater from two separate sampling wells (SW4 and SW6) in Lukbuton area require slight to moderate restrictionbased on the parameters of electrical conductivity and magnesium hazard. This means that its groundwater can still be safe for irrigation but with little salinity hazard on sensitive crops.Also, the chloride concentration in SW4 indicates that groundwater was slightly poor in quality but generally suitasble for irrigation while in SW6, the calcium concentration was considered unsuitable for irrigation. In the same way, the sampling wells 1 and 3 in Santa Barbara and Lukbuton were considered unsafe and unsuitable for irrigation in terms of magnesium hazard. Also, the calcium content of groundwater in some part of the island was considered unsuitable for irrigating high-value crops. Therefore, this study suggests that some management is needed in the northeastern part of Lukbuton because of its poor ground water quality for irrigation in terms of salinity.