Risk assessment for the industrial facility impact on the atmosphere

Environmental pollution creates problems for health of people living in residential areas near pollution sources. Studies aimed at developing methods for investigating the impact of industrial facilities on the air is of interest. The purpose of this work is to analyze the methodology for assessing the risk of exposure of a technosphere object to the atmosphere. It was assumed that the enterprise in emergency mode emits pollutants through the source of emissions at the maximum single concentration of the substance exceeding the maximum permissible concentration. To calculate the impact on a human, various scenarios of an emergency situation are taken into account. These are constructing failure trees and using well-known health risk assessment techniques. The calculation took into account the wind rose for a specific enterprise location and wind speed projections obeying the normal distribution law. These assumptions allowed us to develop a method for calculating the risk of exceeding the concentration of a pollutant at a given point (x, y) during the year. Isolines of surface concentrations were built. Three toxic substances were taken for analysis. The method for calculating the dispersion of emissions of harmful (polluting) substances in the atmospheric airwas used; maps of the dispersion of isolines of pollutants in residential areas were constructed. When solving the inverse problem, emergency emission intensities at which excess of permissible concentrations occurred were determined. In the range of multiplicities exceeding the maximum single maximum permissible concentration from 1 to 5, the dependence was well approximated by a straight line. This technique can be used to determine the risk of diseases caused by carcinogenic and noncarcinogenic substances and minimize the risk of exposure to harmful substances.

Applications of ash аnd slag waste in agriculture

Environmental pollution creates problems for health of people living in residential areas near pollution sources. Studies aimed at developing methods for investigating the impact of industrial facilities on the air is of interest. The purpose of this work is to analyze the methodology for assessing the risk of exposure of a technosphere object to the atmosphere. It was assumed that the enterprise in emergency mode emits pollutants through the source of emissions at the maximum single concentration of the substance exceeding the maximum permissible concentration. To calculate the impact on a human, various scenarios of an emergency situation are taken into account. These are constructing failure trees and using well-known health risk assessment techniques. The calculation took into account the wind rose for a specific enterprise location and wind speed projections obeying the normal distribution law. These assumptions allowed us to develop a method for calculating the risk of exceeding the concentration of a pollutant at a given point (x, y) during the year. Isolines of surface concentrations were built. Three toxic substances were taken for analysis. The method for calculating the dispersion of emissions of harmful (polluting) substances in the atmospheric airwas used; maps of the dispersion of isolines of pollutants in residential areas were constructed. When solving the inverse problem, emergency emission intensities at which excess of permissible concentrations occurred were determined. In the range of multiplicities exceeding the maximum single maximum permissible concentration from 1 to 5, the dependence was well approximated by a straight line. This technique can be used to determine the risk of diseases caused by carcinogenic and noncarcinogenic substances and minimize the risk of exposure to harmful substances. Ash and slag wastes are the source of negative impact on the environment. This area is studied by a number of researchers. The article aims to systematize the data on possible applications, accumulated practical experience of using ash and slag waste in agriculture both in Russia and abroad. The analysis showed that waste from the fuel and energy industry can be widely used in various areas of agriculture. It can be used as ameliorants, zeolite-based mineral fertilizers, pesticides and insecticides for treating horticultural crops, microfertilizers, as well as for soil remediation and land reclamation. The use of ash and slag waste in agriculture and other sectors of the national economy can reduce the ecological load on the environment. The number of overfilled ash dumps can be reduced, and there will be no need to build new ones.

Związki manganu, niklu i żelaza. Metoda oznaczania w powietrzu na stanowiskach pracy

The aim of this study was to develop and validate a method for determining of inhalable and respirable fraction of compounds of manganese, nickel and iron in workplace air. The method is based on passing the tested air through a filter from the cellulose ester mixture placed in a specific sampler. The filter mineralizes in concentrated nitric acid (V) and makes a solution for analysis in diluted nitric acid (V). The use of different dilutions of the sample solution after mineralization makes it possible to use the ranges of standard curves for the determination of substances as manganese, nickel and iron. The addition of lanthanum salt (correction buffer) prevents the occurrence of chemical interference, the use of deuterium lamp eliminates background interference. The developed method enables the determination of selected substances in the air of the working environment in the concentration ranges corresponding to the range from 0.1 to 2 MACs values and also enables the determination of nickel and its compounds in the inhalable fraction for the currently proposed new value of the maximum permissible concentration. The developed method has been validated in accordance with the requirements of Standard No. PN-EN 482 and good validation results were obtained. The method can be used for assessing occupational exposure to compounds of manganese, nickel and iron and associated risk to workers’ health. The developed method of determining compounds of manganese, nickel and iron has been recorded as an analytical procedure (see Appendix). This article discusses the problems of occupational safety and health, which are covered by health sciences and environmental engineering.

Drinking water contaminants as risk factors for the health of the Ulyanovsk region population

The main goal of health risk analysis is to obtain and generalize information about the possible influence of environmental factors on human health. As a result of hydrochemical analysis of drinking water supply sources in the Ulyanovsk region, a list of main contaminants has been established. It includes ammonium, iron, copper, phosphates, sulfates, chlorides, nitrates, zinc, manganese and chromium. Among them three pollutants - iron, manganese and sulfates – had surpassed maximum permissible concentration. The concentration of iron at the level of threshold chronic effects was found in drinking water of Baryshsky (0.13), Melekessky (0.16), Sengileevsky (0.13) districts. Severe chronic effects can be caused by the concentration of iron and manganese in the drinking water of the Staromainsky (0.4 and 0.3) and Cherdaklinsky (0.9 and 0.27) districts. Assessment of health risks led us to the conclusion that drinking water can serve as an additional risk factor and provoke disease development. Key words: risk factors, morbidity, maximum permissible concentration, pollutants, relative conditional risk, average daily dose.

VETERINARY AND SANITARY EXAMINATION OF SHEEP MEAT AND THE CONTENT OF HEAVY METALS IN IT WHEN USING A MODERN FEED ADDITIVE

The purpose of the study was to conduct a veterinary and sanitary assessment of sheep meat and to study the quantitative analysis of the content of heavy metals in animal meat. To do this, experiments were conducted in LLC "SHP Lukoz" of the Sernursky district of the RME on sheep. Experienced yarkas received an experimental feed additive UVMC "VITA-Balance" for 45 days. By the end of the experiment, the animals were slaughtered. The results of the study found that the sheep meat when using a modern feed additive meets the requirements of GOST 7269-2015. The data obtained indicate that no excess of the maximum permissible concentration of heavy metals was detected in sheep meat when using an experimental feed additive.

On elevating the reliability of the hygienic assessment of water quality of natural sources of drinking water supply

Introduction. As new toxic substances accumulate in water bodies, improving the reliability of the hygienic assessment of water quality is put forward in the first place. For the correct solution of this problem, it is relevant to use the direct comparison of deterministic quantities such as the maximum permissible concentration (MPC) of toxic pollutants with the result of its measurements (C) and methods of approach for evaluating the results of research. Material and methods. To improve the reliability of hygienic assessment of water quality in the proposed method tolerance control, envisaging the elucidation of the implementation type inequality and estimation of the probability of this event: where is the risk of false imprisonment. The number of concurrent measurements of water quality parameters guaranteeing an acceptable level of risk of error of research results is established by the authority of sanitary-epidemiological supervision, receiving a limited level of tolerable error taking into account the possibilities of metrological assurance of conformity assessment/quality of water and its normative level. Results. It is shown that in cases when the compliance of controlled safety indicators is evaluated, the values of which are limited on both sides, as is the case when studying the physiological usefulness of water, it is necessary to establish a two-way range of values of the permissible probability of violation of the specified requirements. Conclusion. First installed: the rule “if it is impossible to argue that controlled water quality indicators do not meet hygienic requirements. Thus requirements are met” is not equivalent to the law “if the indicators meet the requirements, then they can’t be inappropriate”, which more reliably indicates compliance with these requirements.

PLANTS AND MAXIMUM PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS OF HEAVY METALS IN SOIL

The tentative permissible concentrations and the maximum permissible concentration of heavy metals do not always give a complete adequate assessment of the effect on plants. Plant growth inhibition can be at concentrations below the maximum permissible concentrations and tentative permissible concentrations. We studied the effect of copper, zinc, cadmium, and lead concentrations on plants. The object of the research is the lawn grass, the Agrostis stolonifera used in urban greening. According to the data obtained, Agrostis stolonifera showed a low degree of resistance to copper, lower than the tentative permissible concentration and the maximum permissible concentration. Consequently, the tentative permissible concentration and the maximum permissible concentration do not fully reflect the real phytotoxicity of copper. Plants of Agrostis stolonifera demonstrated a relatively high sensitivity to zinc in comparison with the maximum permissible concentration and the tentative permissible concentration. The content of cadmium and lead corresponding to the tentative permissible concentrations did not have a significant effect on the plants.

Probabilistic nature of water and environmental standards

Determination of permissible concentrations of pollutants in relation to water bodies and water quality is the basis for further measures to form technological approaches to water treatment and wastewater treatment, to determine the standards of permissible exposure and technological indicators. The main standard, which is the basis for such calculations - the maximum permissible concentration (MPC) of pollutants or the approximate safe level of exposure (S), are threshold (deterministic) values. It is assumed that the establishment, for example, of the MPC for fisheries water bodies is based on the analysis of toxicological indicators. However, in fact, rationing is carried out on the basis of selective toxicological studies [1], which do not provide such determinism. The obtained data characterize only the influence of the selected levels of toxicant concentration on the studied organisms.

On Issue of Permissible Content of Ammonium Ions in Chemical Additives for Concrete

Nitrogen-containing compounds that enter concrete together with raw materials, in particular with chemical modifiers of concrete mixture and concrete, as well as those present in Portland cement, are capable of forming ammonia as a result of decomposition. The processes of formation and emission of ammonia cause both a deterioration of the atmosphere of residential premises and are the reason for a decrease in the strength and operational safety indicators of reinforced concrete structures. These circumstances necessitate research and development of methods for determining the safe amount of ammoniumcontaining additives in concrete. Most often, nitrogen-containing compounds contain plasticizing additives, antifreeze and complex additives, as well as setting and hardening accelerators. According to Amendment No 2 STB (Standards of the Republic of Belarus) 1112–98 “Additives for Concrete. General Requirements”, the content of ammonium ions in additives should not exceed 100 mg/kg (except for antifreeze). At the same time, some additives, including plasticizers, which have been successfully used for more than one year without identified problems with ammonia emission, do not fit into the established norm. To determine the maximum permissible concentration (MPC) of ammonium salts in concrete, it is necessary to know the dependence of the emission of ammonia from concrete on various factors, in particular, on the mass content of salts in concrete, the surface area from which ammonia is emitted, the mass of concrete structures, temperature, humidity and air exchange rate in the room. To a lesser extent, the ammonia emission will be affected by the characteristics of the concrete and the reaction conditions for the hydrolysis of salts in the concrete. The paper provides formulas for calculating the emission of ammonia from concrete with the introduction of various ammonium-containing additives. It is shown that, in spite оf the above-standard content of ammonium ions in additives C-3, LST and UP-4, the emission of ammonia from concrete in some cases does not exceed the established maximum permissible concentration (MPC). The volume of ammonia emission from concrete is determined not only by the amount of ammonium ions in the additives, but also to a large extent by the structural and technological scheme of the building and the parameters of the concrete loading of the room. With the known MPC in the air of the room, the given parameters of loading the room with concrete, the formula allows you to calculate the maximum concentration of the additive in the concrete mixture, not exceeding which will ensure compliance with the MPC for ammonia in the air of the premises.

THE IMPACT OF COVID-19 QUARANTINE MEASURES ON THE LEVEL OF AIR POLLUTION IN THE SHCHUCHINSK-BOROVSKAYA RESORT AREA

In this study, changes in air quality were quantified before and during the introduction of COVID-19 quarantine measures in the Shchuchinsk-Borovskaya resort area. During 2020, there were only 49 resolutions "On strengthening restrictive quarantine measures in the territory of the Akmola region"on the territory of the resort zone. The maximum permissible concentration of sulfur dioxide in the atmospheric air has been exceeded. We have revealed that in the entire territory of the resort area for 2018-2019. atmospheric air pollution, according to the standard index, was elevated and high (3.38 to 6.4), according to the highest frequency (16.6 to 100%), there was a very high degree of pollution, and in 2020, the indicators of the standard index and the highest frequency were within the norm.