scholarly journals Water Recovery from Bioreactor Mixed Liquors Using Forward Osmosis with Polyelectrolyte Draw Solutions

Membranes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 61
Author(s):  
Calen R. Raulerson ◽  
Sudeep C. Popat ◽  
Scott M. Husson
Keyword(s):  
Water Purification ◽  
Water Flux ◽  
Forward Osmosis ◽  
Space Missions ◽  
Solute Flux ◽  
Water Recovery ◽  
Direct Flow ◽  
Draw Solution ◽  
Long Duration ◽  
Cake Layer

This paper reports on the use of forward osmosis (FO) with polyelectrolyte draw solutions to recover water from bioreactor mixed liquors. The work was motivated by the need for new regenerative water purification technologies to enable long-duration space missions. Osmotic membrane bioreactors may be an option for water and nutrient recovery in space if they can attain high water flux and reverse solute flux selectivity (RSFS), which quantifies the mass of permeated water per mass of draw solute that has diffused from the draw solution into a bioreactor. Water flux was measured in a direct flow system using wastewater from a municipal wastewater treatment plant and draw solutions prepared with two polyelectrolytes at different concentrations. The direct flow tests displayed a high initial flux (>10 L/m2/h) that decreased rapidly as solids accumulated on the feed side of the membrane. A test with deionized water as the feed revealed a small mass of polyelectrolyte crossover from the draw solution to the feed, yielding an RSFS of 80. Crossflow filtration experiments demonstrated that steady state flux above 2 L/m2·h could be maintained for 70 h following an initial flux decline due to the formation of a foulant cake layer. This study established that FO could be feasible for regenerative water purification from bioreactors. By utilizing a polyelectrolyte draw solute with high RSFS, we expect to overcome the need for draw solute replenishment. This would be a major step towards sustainable operation in long-duration space missions.

scholarly journals Investigating the performance of hydroponic nutrient solutions as potential draw solutions for fertilizer drawn forward osmosis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohamed Bassiouny ◽  
Peter Nasr ◽  
Hani Sewilam
Keyword(s):  
High Performance ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Water Flux ◽  
Forward Osmosis ◽  
Feed Solution ◽  
Solute Flux ◽  
Water Recovery ◽  
Salt Rejection ◽  
Draw Solution ◽  
Nutrient Solutions

Abstract This research project aims at investigating the performance of hydroponic nutrient solutions as draw solutions for desalination using the fertilizer drawn forward osmosis (FDFO) process. Six different lettuce and leafy greens hydroponic nutrient stock solutions were prepared according to the literature and used in this study and tested on a bench-scale forward osmosis unit as draw solutions for the process. The feed solution for the process was De-Ionized water mixed with NaCl in different concentrations, to represent different salinities of brackish groundwater. The draw efficiency of each solution was measured based on water flux, specific reverse solute flux, water recovery, and salt rejection. It was concluded that of the six tested nutrient solutions, the “Resh Florida, California” solution is the recommended solution to be used as draw solution for fertilizer drawn forward osmosis, due to its high performance in terms of water recovery (15.75%), flux (11 l/m2/h), salt rejection (92%) and SRSF (highest recorded SRSF for a specific ion (SO4 2−) was 7.3 g/l), as well as its low cost, relative to the other highly performing draw solution “Chekli” ($1.07/l vs. $3.73/l).

scholarly journals Urine volume reduction during long-duration cave exploration by a light-weight and portable forward osmosis system

2020 ◽  
Vol 49 (3) ◽  
pp. 229-234
Author(s):  
Sebastian Engelhardt ◽  
◽  
Katey Bender ◽  
Jörg Vogel ◽  
Stephen Duirk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hollow Fiber Membrane ◽  
Forward Osmosis ◽  
Urine Volume ◽  
Light Weight ◽  
Water Recovery ◽  
Nitrogenous Compounds ◽  
Draw Solution ◽  
Long Duration ◽  
Filtration System ◽  
Waste Handling

The preservation of caves is a challenge during long-duration cave expeditions where human waste can add significant nitrogen to the cave ecosystem. Since the removal of urine that accumulates during a multi-day caving trip is not always feasible due to weight and volume constraints, a light-weight and portable filtration system that is capable of reducing urine volume would be desirable. In this study we tested the Aquaporin Inside hollow fiber membrane in a forward osmosis (FO) setup to evaluate its capability to reduce urine volume while rejecting nitrogenous compounds using different draw solution chemistries and water recovery rates. As a result, we introduce a light-weight and portable FO prototype that was able to reduce urine volume by over 80%. Although total nitrogen (TN) rejection in this process did not exceed 70%, allowing some nitrogen to move across the membrane into the draw solution, evaporation allowed draw solution recycling without loss of nitrogenous compounds into the atmosphere. These data suggest that FO may be a suitable strategy to reduce urine volume and improve methods for nitrogenous waste handling during long-term cave exploration.

scholarly journals Polymer Having Dicationic Structure in Dumbbell Shape for Forward Osmosis Process

Polymers ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 571 ◽  
Author(s):  
Taehyung Kim ◽  
Changha Ju ◽  
Chanhyuk Park ◽  
Hyo Kang
Keyword(s):  
Aqueous Solutions ◽  
Pure Water ◽  
Water Flux ◽  
Forward Osmosis ◽  
Feed Solution ◽  
Solution Temperature ◽  
Solute Flux ◽  
Responsive Polymers ◽  
Draw Solution ◽  
Efficient Recovery

The thermal-responsive polymers, poly(alkane-1,#-diylbis(tri-n-butylphosphonium) 4-vinylbenzenesulfonate) (PSSBP#, # = 8, 6, and 4), where # is the number of carbon atoms in the central bridge structure of the dicationic phosphonium moiety, were synthesized to examine their potential application as draw solutes in forward osmosis (FO). The polymers exhibited low critical solution temperature (LCST) characteristics in aqueous solutions, which is essential for recovering a draw solute from pure water. The LCSTs of the 20 wt% aqueous solutions of PSSBP8, PSSBP6, and PSSBP4 were confirmed to be approximately 30, 38, and 26 °C, respectively, which is advantageous in terms of energy requirements for the recovering draw solute. When the concentration of the PSSBP4 draw solution was 20 wt%, water flux and reverse solute flux were approximately 1.61 LMH and 0.91 gMH, respectively, in the active layer facing the draw solution (AL-DS) system when the feed solution was distilled water. The PSSBP# thermal-responsive draw solute has considerable potential for use as a next-generation draw solute because of its excellent osmotic performance and efficient recovery. Therefore, this study provides inspiration for novel ideas regarding structural transformations of polymers and their applicability as draw solutes.

scholarly journals Superparamagnetic Fe3O4@CA Nanoparticles and Their Potential as Draw Solution Agents in Forward Osmosis

Nanomaterials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 2965
Author(s):  
Irena Petrinic ◽  
Janja Stergar ◽  
Hermina Bukšek ◽  
Miha Drofenik ◽  
Sašo Gyergyek ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Osmotic Pressure ◽  
Magnetic Measurements ◽  
Water Flux ◽  
Forward Osmosis ◽  
Cross Flow ◽  
Solute Flux ◽  
Colloidal Solutions ◽  
Initial Water ◽  
Cross Flow Filtration ◽  
Draw Solution

In this study, citric acid (CA)-coated magnetite Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles (Fe3O4@CA MNPs) for use as draw solution (DS) agents in forward osmosis (FO) were synthesized by co-precipitation and characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), dynamic light scattering (DLS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and magnetic measurements. Prepared 3.7% w/w colloidal solutions of Fe3O4@CA MNPs exhibited an osmotic pressure of 18.7 bar after purification without aggregation and a sufficient magnetization of 44 emu/g to allow DS regeneration by an external magnetic field. Fe3O4@CA suspensions were used as DS in FO cross-flow filtration with deionized (DI) water as FS and with the active layer of the FO membrane facing the FS and NaCl as a reference DS. The same transmembrane bulk osmotic pressure resulted in different water fluxes for NaCl and MNPs, respectively. Thus the initial water flux with Fe3O4@CA was 9.2 LMH whereas for 0.45 M NaCl as DS it was 14.1 LMH. The reverse solute flux was 0.08 GMH for Fe3O4@CA and 2.5 GMH for NaCl. These differences are ascribed to a more pronounced internal dilutive concentration polarization with Fe3O4@CA as DS compared to NaCl as DS. This research demonstrated that the proposed Fe3O4@CA can be used as a potential low reverse solute flux DS for FO processes.

scholarly journals Process water recovery via forward osmosis: membrane and integrated process development

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Martin ◽  
G. Kolliopoulos ◽  
V. G. Papangelakis
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Process Development ◽  
Water Flux ◽  
Forward Osmosis ◽  
Solution Flow Rate ◽  
Structural Parameter ◽  
Water Recovery ◽  
Solution Flow ◽  
Draw Solution

Abstract This work reports on efforts to develop an integrated continuous forward osmosis system for the recovery of water from wastewater streams, highlighting critical process parameters to minimize energy consumption. Forward osmosis experiments were performed using NaCl draw solutions of various concentrations and the intrinsic membrane parameters (water permeability, draw solution permeability, and structural parameter) were then determined via nonlinear regression using MATLAB. The experimental data was then used to validate a theoretical water flux model, which was subsequently applied to simulate the forward osmosis performance under different hydrodynamic conditions using both NaCl and TMA-CO2-H2O (TMA: trimethylamine) draw solutions. Analysis of the energy efficiency of the TMA-CO2 draw solution regeneration stage revealed that the draw solution flow rate has a significant impact on energy consumption. Also, increasing the feed flow rate was found to slightly enhance the water flux up to 2.5%, while having a negligible impact on the downstream regeneration process energy consumption.

scholarly journals Evaluation of polyvinylpyrrolidone as draw solute for desalination forward osmosis systems

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Quang Trung Nguyen ◽  
Minh Tao Hoang ◽  
Tuan Hung Trinh ◽  
Ngoc Tung Nguyen ◽  
Truong Giang Le
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Water Flux ◽  
Forward Osmosis ◽  
Feed Solution ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Solute Flux ◽  
Initial Concentration ◽  
Draw Solution ◽  
Material Cost ◽  
Solution Parameters

Abstract In this study, polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) was evaluated as a potential draw solute for desalination forward osmosis (FO) systems. The effect of various draw solute and draw solution parameters on the efficiency of FO operation was investigated, including PVP molecular weight, PVP concentration in solution, and the salinity of feed solution. Experiment results showed that at draw solution initial concentration of 200 g/L and feed solution initial salinity up to 15 g/L, the PVP-based draw solution can offer water flux up to 14.23 LMH in FO mode with raw material cost only at 0.61 USD/m3. PVP K17 was proven to be an effective draw solute for FO systems, providing good water flux and low reverse draw solute flux; while also being relatively non-toxic, non-corrosive, cheap and widely available compared to other types of novel draw solutes.

scholarly journals Structural investigation and application of Tween 80-choline chloride self-assemblies as osmotic agent for water desalination

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yasamin Bide ◽  
Marzieh Arab Fashapoyeh ◽  
Soheila Shokrollahzadeh
Keyword(s):  
Nonionic Surfactant ◽  
Choline Chloride ◽  
Water Flux ◽  
Forward Osmosis ◽  
Tween 80 ◽  
Average Diameter ◽  
Feed Solution ◽  
Water Desalination ◽  
Draw Solution ◽  
Osmotic Agent

AbstractForward osmosis (FO) process has been extensively considered as a potential technology that could minimize the problems of traditional water desalination processes. Finding an appropriate osmotic agent is an important concern in the FO process. For the first time, a nonionic surfactant-based draw solution was introduced using self-assemblies of Tween 80 and choline chloride. The addition of choline chloride to Tween 80 led to micelles formation with an average diameter of 11.03 nm. The 1H NMR spectra exhibited that all groups of Tween 80 were interacted with choline chloride by hydrogen bond and Van der Waals’ force. The influence of adding choline chloride to Tween 80 and the micellization on its osmotic activity was investigated. Despite the less activity of single components, the average water flux of 14.29 L m‒2 h‒1 was obtained using 0.15 M of Tween 80-choline chloride self-assembly as draw solution in the FO process with DI water feed solution. Moreover, various concentrations of NaCl aqueous solutions were examined as feed solution. This report proposed a possible preparation of nonionic surfactant-based draw solutions using choline chloride additive with enhanced osmotic activities that can establish an innovative field of study in water desalination by the FO process.

scholarly journals Using Reverse Osmosis Membrane at High Temperature for Water Recovery and Regeneration from Thermo-Responsive Ionic Liquid-Based Draw Solution for Efficient Forward Osmosis

Membranes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 588
Author(s):  
Eiji Kamio ◽  
Hiroki Kurisu ◽  
Tomoki Takahashi ◽  
Atsushi Matsuoka ◽  
Tomohisa Yoshioka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ionic Liquid ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Energy Saving ◽  
Osmotic Pressure ◽  
Reverse Osmosis ◽  
Forward Osmosis ◽  
Solution Temperature ◽  
Water Recovery ◽  
Temperature Dependent ◽  
Draw Solution

Forward osmosis (FO) membrane process is expected to realize energy-saving seawater desalination. To this end, energy-saving water recovery from a draw solution (DS) and effective DS regeneration are essential. Recently, thermo-responsive DSs have been developed to realize energy-saving water recovery and DS regeneration. We previously reported that high-temperature reverse osmosis (RO) treatment was effective in recovering water from a thermo-responsive ionic liquid (IL)-based DS. In this study, to confirm the advantages of the high-temperature RO operation, thermo-sensitive IL-based DS was treated by an RO membrane at temperatures higher than the lower critical solution temperature (LCST) of the DS. Tetrabutylammonium 2,4,6-trimethylbenznenesulfonate ([N4444][TMBS]) with an LCST of 58 °C was used as the DS. The high-temperature RO treatment was conducted at 60 °C above the LCST using the [N4444][TMBS]-based DS-lean phase after phase separation. Because the [N4444][TMBS]-based DS has a significantly temperature-dependent osmotic pressure, the DS-lean phase can be concentrated to an osmotic pressure higher than that of seawater at room temperature (20 °C). In addition, water can be effectively recovered from the DS-lean phase until the DS concentration increased to 40 wt%, and the final DS concentration reached 70 wt%. From the results, the advantages of RO treatment of the thermo-responsive DS at temperatures higher than the LCST were confirmed.

scholarly journals Evaluating Fertilizer-Drawn Forward Osmosis Performance in Treating Anaerobic Palm Oil Mill Effluent

Membranes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 566
Author(s):  
Ruwaida Abdul Wahid ◽  
Wei Lun Ang ◽  
Abdul Wahab Mohammad ◽  
Daniel James Johnson ◽  
Nidal Hilal
Keyword(s):  
Palm Oil ◽  
Pure Water ◽  
Water Flux ◽  
Forward Osmosis ◽  
Salt Flux ◽  
Palm Oil Mill Effluent ◽  
Performance Ratio ◽  
Water Recovery ◽  
Flux Decline ◽  
Palm Oil Mill

Fertilizer-drawn forward osmosis (FDFO) is a potential alternative to recover and reuse water and nutrients from agricultural wastewater, such as palm oil mill effluent that consists of 95% water and is rich in nutrients. This study investigated the potential of commercial fertilizers as draw solution (DS) in FDFO to treat anaerobic palm oil mill effluent (An-POME). The process parameters affecting FO were studied and optimized, which were then applied to fertilizer selection based on FO performance and fouling propensity. Six commonly used fertilizers were screened and assessed in terms of pure water flux (Jw) and reverse salt flux (JS). Ammonium sulfate ((NH4)2SO4), mono-ammonium phosphate (MAP), and potassium chloride (KCl) were further evaluated with An-POME. MAP showed the best performance against An-POME, with a high average water flux, low flux decline, the highest performance ratio (PR), and highest water recovery of 5.9% for a 4-h operation. In a 24-h fouling run, the average flux decline and water recovered were 84% and 15%, respectively. Both hydraulic flushing and osmotic backwashing cleaning were able to effectively restore the water flux. The results demonstrated that FDFO using commercial fertilizers has the potential for the treatment of An-POME for water recovery. Nevertheless, further investigation is needed to address challenges such as JS and the dilution factor of DS for direct use of fertigation.

scholarly journals EVALUATION OF BACTERIAL CELLULOSE-SODIUM ALGINATE FORWARD OSMOSIS MEMBRANE FOR WATER RECOVERY

2018 ◽  
Vol 80 (3-2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ngan T. B. Dang ◽  
Liza B. Patacsil ◽  
Aileen H. Orbecido ◽  
Ramon Christian P. Eusebio ◽  
Arnel B. Beltran
Keyword(s):  
Contact Angle ◽  
Bacterial Cellulose ◽  
Sodium Alginate ◽  
Water Flux ◽  
Forward Osmosis ◽  
Composite Membranes ◽  
Membrane Thickness ◽  
Water Recovery ◽  
Sem Images ◽  
Salt Rejection

Water resources are very important to sustain life. However, these resources have been subjected to stress due to population growth, economic and industrial growth, pollution and climate change. With these, the recovery of water from sources such as wastewater, dirty water, floodwater and seawater is a sustainable alternative. The potential of recovering water from these sources could be done by utilizing forward osmosis, a membrane process that exploits the natural osmotic pressure gradient between solutions which requires low energy operation. This study evaluated the potential of forward osmosis (FO) composite membranes fabricated from bacterial cellulose (BC) and modified with sodium alginate. The membranes were evaluated for water flux and salt rejection. The effect of alginate concentrations and impregnation temperatures were evaluated using 0.6 M sodium chloride solution as feed and 2 M glucose solution as the draw solution. The membranes were characterized by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), and Contact Angle Meter (CAM). The use of sodium alginate in BC membrane showed a thicker membrane (38.3 μm to 67.6 μm), denser structure (shown in the SEM images), and more hydrophilic (contact angle ranges from 28.39° to 32.97°) compared to the pristine BC membrane (thickness = 12.8 μm and contact angle = 66.13°). Furthermore, the alginate modification lowered the water flux of the BC membrane from 9.283 L/m2-h (LMH) to value ranging from 2.314 to 4.797 LMH but the improvement in salt rejection was prominent (up to 98.57%).

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