Appropriate Methods for Tropical Coastal Resource Inventory and Monitoring

1984 ◽  
Vol 16 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 541-550
Author(s):  
R M Watson
Keyword(s):  
Economic Status ◽  
Coastal Engineering ◽  
Matrix Analysis ◽  
Eastern Africa ◽  
Monitoring Methods ◽  
Aerial Surveillance ◽  
Tropical Regions ◽  
Multi Stage ◽  
Inventory And Monitoring ◽  
Engineering Projects

Most investments in research, development and management for coastal engineering projects have taken place in temperate zones, usually in areas of highly developed infrastructures. There is a need for more coastal engineering in poor tropical regions, and many contend that the economic status of this part of the world is a consequence of poorly developed infrastructures. The provision of appropriate information on resources and ecology in the tropics, against which coastal engineering projects can be evaluated, requires special techniques for inventory and monitoring. Methods are influenced by the particular biologies of tropical coastal ecosystems, and by the undeveloped state of economies and infrastructures. A selection of methods found suitable for tropical coastal studies in Eastern Africa is described, including remote sensing, multi-stage sampling, non-biased quantification techniques, fixed point monitoring, low-level aerial surveillance and reconnaissance, an aerial collecting drogue, and a matrix analysis for evaluating environmental consequences in valid economic terms.

PP103 A Comparative Study Of Catastrophic Health Expenditure In China

2019 ◽  
Vol 35 (S1) ◽  
pp. 57-57
Author(s):  
Xuemei Zhen ◽  
Hao Zhang ◽  
Xiaoqian Hu ◽  
Shuyan Gu ◽  
Yuanyuan Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Diseases ◽  
Health Expenditure ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Insurance Coverage ◽  
Health Insurance Coverage ◽  
Catastrophic Health Expenditure ◽  
Cluster Method ◽  
Chinese Government ◽  
Qinghai Province ◽  
Multi Stage

IntroductionChina has made great achievements in health insurance coverage and healthcare financing. Nonetheless, the rate of catastrophic health expenditure (CHE) in China was 13 percent in 2008, which is higher than in some other countries. There are differences among the provinces in China in terms of the lifestyles, customs, prevalent medical conditions, and health consciousness of their populations. This study aimed to compare the proportion of households with CHE and the factors influencing this expenditure between the Zhejiang and Qinghai province in China.MethodsData were derived from household surveys conducted in Zhejiang and Qinghai. Sampling was based on a multi-stage, stratified random cluster method. Households with CHE were defined as those with an out-of-pocket payment for health care that was at least 40 percent of the household income. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to identify the factors associated with CHE.ResultsA total of 1,598 households were included: 995 in Zhejiang and 603 in Qinghai. The average rates of CHE in Zhejiang and Qinghai were 10 percent and 31 percent, respectively. The economic status of a household influenced the likelihood of experiencing CHE; households headed by an employed person were less likely to experience CHE. In contrast, households that included outpatients or individuals with chronic diseases had a higher risk of experiencing CHE across the two provinces. Poorer or uninsured households in Zhejiang were more likely to experience CHE, as were households in Qinghai that included outpatients or were headed by a person from a minority nationality.ConclusionsThis study highlighted the importance of promoting economic development, expanding employment, and adjusting policies to better protect individuals with chronic diseases and outpatients from the risk of CHE. The Chinese government should pay more attention to actual conditions in different provinces to ensure that policy decisions incorporate local knowledge.

scholarly journals Empirical Evaluation of Social and Cultural Reproduction Theory in Acquiring Graduate Education

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 81
Author(s):  
Mohammad Pourdian ◽  
Mohammad Hassani ◽  
Afshar Kabiri
Keyword(s):  
Social Capital ◽  
Academic Success ◽  
Social Reproduction ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Pearson Correlation ◽  
Empirical Evaluation ◽  
Cultural Reproduction ◽  
Cluster Sampling ◽  
Multi Stage ◽  
West Azerbaijan

<p>The purpose of this study is to empirically evaluate social and cultural reproduction theory in the pursuit of education. Thus, the theory of social reproduction, cultural reproduction and social capital have been utilized to develop the theoretical framework. The research type in regard to its goal is applied and in regard to data collection method is survey research. A questionnaire has been used to collect data. Population of this research covered all graduate students of West Azerbaijan province universities in the academic year 1392-1393 (n=9352, according to available statistics) among them 132 students were selected randomly as research sample through multi stage cluster sampling. To test the research hypotheses, Pearson correlation, multiple regression and path analysis technique have been employed. Empirical findings indicate that independent variables including socio-economic status, social capital and cultural capital affect academic success of students in pursuing higher education.</p>

scholarly journals Complete Proceedings - Single PDF Download

1988 ◽  
Vol 1 (21) ◽  
Author(s):  
Billy L. Edge
Keyword(s):  
Civil Engineer ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
Wind Waves ◽  
Coastal Engineering ◽  
Coastal Processes ◽  
Ship Motions ◽  
Coastal Structures ◽  
Wave Characteristics ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Engineering Projects

This book contains over 220 papers presented at the 21st International Conference on Coastal Engineering. The book is divided into six parts: theoretical and observed wave characteristics; coastal processes and sediment transport; coastal structures and related problems; coastal, estuarine and environmental problems; case studies; and ship motions. The individual papers include such topics as the effects of wind, waves, storms and currents, erosion, sedimentation, and beach nourishment. Special emphasis is given to case studies of completed engineering projects. With the inclusion of both the theoretical and the practical, these papers provide the civil engineer with a broad range of information on coastal engineering.

scholarly journals A Multivariate Multilevel Analysis of the Risk Factors Associated with Anthropometric Indices in Iranian mid-adolescents

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seyyed Taghi Heydari ◽  
Marizeh Alamolhoda ◽  
Seyyed Mohammad Taghi Ayatollahi ◽  
Reza Tabrizi ◽  
Maryam Akbari
Keyword(s):  
Economic Status ◽  
Sampling Procedure ◽  
Overweight And Obesity ◽  
Predictor Variables ◽  
Anthropometric Indices ◽  
Anthropometric Measures ◽  
Significance Level ◽  
Multi Stage ◽  
Multivariate Multilevel Model ◽  
History Of Obesity

Abstract Background The present study was conducted to assess some specific factors related to anthropometric indices in a representative sample of Iranian mid-adolescents. It also aimed to investigate the relationship between three anthropometric indices using a multivariate multilevel approach.Methods This study was conducted among 2538 students (1286 boys) aged 14 - 20 years old, who were randomly selected among 16 high schools by multi-stage random sampling procedure from 4 education districts of Shiraz, Iran. Data on demographic characteristics and anthropometric measures were collected. Anthropometric indices were estimated by the calibrated tools. A multivariate multilevel model was used to assess the predictor variables associated with obesity measures of the triceps (TST), abdominal (AST), and subscapular (SST) skinfold thickness.Results In this study, the prevalence of overweight and obesity was estimated to be 10.2 and 5.1%, respectively. Hierarchical models showed that, the outcome variables were correlated at the child and district levels. Positive associations were observed between the sex, family history of obesity, and moderate and high Socio-Economic Status (SES) with three anthropometric indices. Moreover, there were positive associations between moderate to vigorous physical activities with AST and SST, but they were not statistically significant at a significance level of 0.05.Conclusions Our findings revealed that, TST, AST, and SST could be useful indices for measuring the adiposity in mid-adolescents. In addition, the effect of the district level on the predictor variables highlights the important role of the environmental factors on the childhood obesity.

scholarly journals THE INDIAN COMMUNITY AND ITS ECONOMIC ACTIVITY IN ZANZIBAR DURING THE 19th CENTURY

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 54-58
Author(s):  
Ahmed Al-Nasiri Abedalrazak
Keyword(s):  
Economic Activity ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Eastern Africa ◽  
Commercial Activity ◽  
Main Category ◽  
Reading And Writing ◽  
Seasonal Wind ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Large Farms

The Indians were considered the main category working in trade in Zanzibar during the reign of Sultan Saeed Bin Sultan, the founder of the modern state of Zanzibar (1806-1856). The Indian traders got the appreciation and respect of Saeed Bin Sultan and they were allowed to work in trade in the region and he treated them as local traders in order to establish a commercial empire. Hence most of the Indian traders came during his rule, and in 1835, as the case with others, they came with the seasonal wind. The Indian traders were Muslims and Hindu, but they didn’t consider Zanzibar as their homeland, they used to travel to India and come back. Among them, the Moslem Bahara became prominent, most of them were rich traders, who lived in Zanzibar and took it as their homeland. The Indian traders succeeded in supporting the economics of Zanzibar and financing the Arab commercial projects and developing the internal trade. Some of them succeeded in possessing large farms of cloves. And because of their commercial activity and their economic status they succeeded in establishing an excellent social position and they taught their children reading and writing. On the other side Britain encouraged the Indians to migrate to Eastern Africa because of its need for the technical Indian working class and handcraft to make use of their experience. Hence the important role of the Indian merchants in the trade of Eastern Africa came.

scholarly journals Ethnic Variation and its Association with Malaria Awareness: A Cross-sectional Study in the East Nusa Tenggara Province (Indonesia)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robertus Dole Guntur ◽  
Jonathan Kingsley ◽  
Fakir M A Islam
Keyword(s):  
Economic Status ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Education Level ◽  
Ethnic Variation ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Multi Stage ◽  
Education Levels ◽  
Logistic Regression Method

Objectives: This study aims to investigate ethnic variation and its association with malaria awareness in the East Nusa Tenggara Province (ENTP), Indonesia. Methods: A community–based cross–sectional study was conducted upon 1495 adults recruited by multi –stage cluster random sampling technique. A malaria awareness related questionnaire was used to collect data alongside a malaria awareness index (MAI). A logistic regression method was applied to quantify the strength of associations of factors associated with the awareness index. Results: Of total participants, 33% were from Manggarai, 32.3% were from Atoni, 30.2% from Sumba ethnicity. The level of MAI was significantly different between these groups with the highest in Manggarai ethnicity (65.1%, 95% confidence interval (CI): 59.9 — 70.3) and the lowest in Sumba ethnicity (35%, 95% CI: 27.6 — 42.4). The most prominent factors influencing the MAI in Sumba and Manggarai ethnicity were education level, whilst it was socio–economic status (SES) in Atoni ethnicity. The level of MAI was significantly higher for adults with diploma or above education level (adjusted odds ratio (AOR): 21.4, 95% CI: 3.59 — 127.7- for Manggarai; AOR: 6.94, 95% CI: 1.81 — 26.6 for Sumba). The level of MAI was significantly higher for adults living in high SES in Atoni (AOR 24.48, 95% CI: 8.79 — 68.21). Conclusions. Poorer education levels and low SES were more prominent factors contributing to lower levels of MAI in rural ENTP. Interventions should focus on improving malaria awareness to these groups to support the national commitment of the Indonesian government to achieve a malaria elimination zone by 2030.

Explaining the Western Cape Performance Paradox

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabrielle Wills ◽  
Debra Shepherd ◽  
Janeli Kotzé
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Learning Outcomes ◽  
System Performance ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Eastern Africa ◽  
Western Cape ◽  
Primary School Students ◽  
School Students ◽  
Socio Economic Status ◽  
Hierarchical Governance

In this chapter we consider how well primary school students perform in the Western Cape when compared with their peers in other provinces and countries across Southern and Eastern Africa. We find that while the Western Cape is a relatively efficient education system within South Africa, particularly in serving the poorest students, a less-resourced country such as Kenya produces higher Grade 6 learning outcomes at every level of student socio-economic status. The system performance differentials are not explained away by differences in resourcing, teacher, school inputs, or indicators of hierarchical governance. The results point to the limits of strong Weberian bureaucratic capabilities for raising learning outcomes.

Associations Between Uncertainty Stress, Life Stress and Internet Addiction Among Medical Students (Preprint)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yang Qian ◽  
Zhihua Wu ◽  
Tingzhong Yang ◽  
Shuhan Jiang ◽  
Dan Wu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Medical Students ◽  
Internet Addiction ◽  
Life Stress ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Population Attributable Risk ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Multi Stage ◽  
Medical Programs ◽  
High Uncertainty

BACKGROUND Internet Addiction (IA) is a growing issue predominate in adolescents and young adults. The effects of diverse stressors on IA have been highlighted though there is little consensus about the specific underpinnings of IA. OBJECTIVE The current study aims to investigate associations between uncertainty stress, life stress and IA among Chinese university medical students. METHODS A cross-sectional survey employing multi-stage sampling was used. Data were collected from 6061 students from 27 university medical programs across China. Associations between uncertainty stress, life stress, and IA were examined by means of multiple linear regression and indirect effect models. RESULTS After controlling for respondents’ demographics (i.e., age, sex, and monthly expenses), the findings showed that the overall IA prevalence was 11.8% (95% CI: 11.7 - 12.43 %). Uncertainty stress (adjusted OR: 2.56, 95% CI: 2.11 – 3.10) and life stress (adjusted OR: 1.70, 95% CI: 1.31 – 2.21) were positively associated with IA. Population Attributable Risk (PAR) of uncertainty stress associated with IA was 25%, and life stress was 5%. CONCLUSIONS The contribution of uncertainty stress to IA is significantly higher than that of life stress. High uncertainty stress, being male and higher socio-economic status were associated with IA.

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