scholarly journals Chemical, Physical and Biological Carwash Wastewater Treatments for Water Recycling: Critical and Comparative Analyses

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Reverse Osmosis ◽  
Water Conservation ◽  
Operating Cost ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Water Recycling ◽  
Wastewater Reclamation ◽  
Treatment Methods ◽  
Granular Filter ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages

The carwash industry uses large volumes of freshwater and release wastewater containing harmful chemicals into the environment. The type and quantity of cleaning chemicals and finish products used and the amount of dirt present on the vehicle affect the physical, chemical and biological characteristics of the carwash wastewater. The growing public concerns for water conservation and the environmental health of water waterways has led to several environmental regulations to encourage wastewater reclamation and reduction of pollution loads. The environmentally friendly carwash operation requires a good washing technology with compatible washing chemicals and advanced water treatment methods with proper water recycling system. The desire of professional carwash operators to conserve water and/or reduce discharges dictate the choice of approach and reclaim equipment to be installed. This study describes the treatment options for carwash wastewaters for recycling in order to achieve pollution reduction, water conservation and economic benefits for carwash operators. These treatments include chemical coagulation-flocculation, electrocoagulation, electrooxidation, granular filtration, microfiltration, ultrafiltration, nanofiltration, reverse osmosis, biofilters, bioreactors, wetlands and adsorption. The advantages and disadvantages of each method were determined. Each method was evaluated and compared with other methods using a standard set of criteria that included: cost, maintenance and control, efficiency, suitability, value added product, environmental and health impact and size and land requirement. These criteria were developed based of the advantages and disadvantages of the treatment methods. Each criterion was assigned a score based on its relative importance. A comparative analysis was performed on the 12 methods of carwash wastewater treatments using the eight criteria. The results indicated that granular filter treatment had the highest score (87) followed by reverse osmosis (84). It is therefore recommended that a combination of granular filter and reverse osmosis be used to treat carwash wastewater. The granular filter is used as a pre-treatment option to remove suspended solids, heavy metals and pathogenic microorganisms and the reverse osmosis unit is used as a final treatment for polishing the granular filter effluent and remove all remining organic molecules, cysts, bacteria, virus and all minerals including dissolved individual ions. The final product is a spotfree rinse water resulting in glass, chrome, and all painted surfaces to dry spot-free. Granular filter is easy to set up using locally available material, is economical and has a low capital and operating cost and a short residence time and can achieve reductions of up to 100% of COD, TSS and turbidity. Reverse osmosis results in complete removal of pathogens and virus and up to 99 % removal of dissolved solids.

The Development of Health Guidelines for Wastewater Reclamation

1991 ◽  
Vol 24 (7) ◽  
pp. 149-155 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hillel I. Shuval
Keyword(s):  
Water Conservation ◽  
Wastewater Reuse ◽  
Development Program ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Fecal Coliforms ◽  
World Health ◽  
Wastewater Reclamation ◽  
United Nations Development Program ◽  
Potential Health ◽  
The World

Wastewater reclamation has multiple benefits including water conservation and supplementing available water resources, while providing valuable nutrients to the soil. It also contributes to the reduction of environmental pollution, by reducing wastewater discharges to surface and underground water sources. However, potential health problems associated with reuse of wastewater must be carefully assessed and health guidelines developed which effectively reduce health risks and allow for the full social and economic benefits of wastewater reuse to be achieved. This paper reviews the major findings of a World Bank/United Nations Development Program study aimed at evaluating health guidelines for wastewater reuse in agricultural irrigation. This study concludes that early guidelines were often unjustifiably conservative and recommends for unrestricted irrigation of all crops including edible vegetable crops, a microbial quality of the effluent of 1000 fecal coliforms/100 ml and l or less helminth eggs/litre. This microbial standard can be achieved in well designed multi-celled stabilization pond systems which are low cost, robust and simple to operate and are particularly suited to developing countries in warm climates. Alternative advanced treatment technologies can also meet these guidelines. The World Health Organization has recently provided a new impetus to wastewater reclamation in agriculture throughout the world with its official approval of these guidelines.

scholarly journals A High-Yield Process for Production of Biosugars and Hesperidin from Mandarin Peel Wastes

Molecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (18) ◽  
pp. 4286
Author(s):  
Eun Jin Cho ◽  
Yoon Gyo Lee ◽  
Jihye Chang ◽  
Hyeun-Jong Bae
Keyword(s):  
Enzymatic Hydrolysis ◽  
Significant Influence ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Oil Removal ◽  
Treatment Methods ◽  
Mandarin Peel ◽  
High Yields ◽  
Processing Steps

In this research, novel biorefinery processes for obtaining value-added chemicals such as biosugar and hesperidin from mandarin peel waste (MPW) are described. Herein, three different treatment methods were comparatively evaluated to obtain high yields of biosugar and hesperidin from MPW. Each method was determined by changes in the order of three processing steps, i.e., oil removal, hesperidin extraction, and enzymatic hydrolysis. The order of the three steps was found to have a significant influence on the production yields. Biosugar and hesperidin production yields were highest with method II, where the processing steps were performed in the following order: oil removal, enzymatic hydrolysis, and hesperidin extraction. The maximum yields obtained with method II were 34.46 g of biosugar and 6.48 g of hesperidin per initial 100 g of dry MPW. Therefore, the methods shown herein are useful for the production of hesperidin and biosugar from MPW. Furthermore, the utilization of MPWs as sources of valuable materials may be of considerable economic benefits and has become increasingly attractive.

Agrarian receipts as a tool for the structural transformation of financial and credit relations in the agrarian business of the region

2019 ◽  
pp. 40-53
Author(s):  
Yuliia Nehoda
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Retrospective Analysis ◽  
Structural Transformation ◽  
Pilot Project ◽  
Bank Lending ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
New Instrument ◽  
Agricultural Business ◽  
Business Entities

The subject of the research – is a set of organizational-economic relations arising in the process of structural transformation of financial and credit relations in the agricultural business. The purpose of the article is a retrospective analysis of structural transformations of financial and credit relations in the agricultural business, evaluation of the effectiveness and feasibility of the introduction of agricultural receipts as a new instrument of lending to the agricultural business of the regions. Methodology of work – system-structural and comparative analyzes (to determine the effectiveness of the crediting mechanism according to the agricultural receipts of the farmers of the region); monographic (when studying the problems of the functioning of the mechanism of lending to agrarians by agrarian receipts) economic analysis (when carrying out a comparative analysis of the mechanism of classical bank lending to the agrarian business and the mechanism of lending to agrarians according to agrarian receipts); modeling and forecasting (when determining ways to overcome the existing deficiencies in the mechanism of lending to agrarian business entities of the region according to agrarian receipts). The results of the work – a retrospective analysis of the structural transformation of financial and credit relations in the agricultural business was carried out. The mechanism of crediting agrarians according to agrarian receipts and the scale of its distribution in the agrarian business of the region are considered. A comparative analysis of the mechanism of classical bank lending to the agrarian business and the mechanism of lending to agrarians according to agrarian receipts was carried out. In the framework of the pilot project “Agrarian receipts in Ukraine” of the international financial corporation (IFC) in partnership with the Swiss Confederation in Ukraine, the example of the Poltava region defined the effectiveness of the crediting mechanism according to the agrarian receipts of the agrarians of the region. The advantages and disadvantages of the mechanism of crediting the subjects of the agrarian business on agrarian receipts are noted. The ways to overcome the existing shortcomings of the mechanism of crediting the subjects of the agrarian business of the region according to agricultural receipts are determined. Conclusions – according to the results of the conducted research, the effectiveness of the mechanism of lending to the agricultural business of the regions according to agricultural receipts was proved, its advantages and disadvantages were noted, and attention was also focused. Proposed in Art. 7 of Law No. 5479-VI clearly delineate cases and restrictions on the debtor’s reimbursement of expenses incurred by the lender with the acquisition of the right to grow and harvest the pledged crop of agricultural products, which will ensure the principle of equality of parties on economic benefits and distribution of credit risks according to agricultural receipts.

scholarly journals Analysis of the Effect of Payment Mechanism on Exploitation of Polymetallic Nodules in the Area

Minerals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 221
Author(s):  
Yan Li ◽  
Chang Liu ◽  
Sihan Su ◽  
Mengdan Li ◽  
Shaojun Liu
Keyword(s):  
Deep Sea ◽  
Mineral Resources ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Rate Of Return ◽  
Internal Rate Of Return ◽  
Financial Model ◽  
Payment Mechanism ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Internal Rate ◽  
Payment Mechanisms

The international seabed area (i.e., the “Area”) is rich in mineral resources. According to the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) and the relevant implemented agreements, in 2012, the International Seabed Authority (ISA) began to develop the regulations for the exploitation of mineral resources in the Area. The most important part of the regulations involves determining the distribution of benefits from the exploitation of mineral resources in the Area between the ISA and the contractors. The establishment of a financial model to evaluate the economic benefits and compare the distribution scheme was the basic method relied on in the current study of payment mechanism. According to the characteristics of the exploitation project of mineral resources in the Area, the discounted cash flow method was selected to construct the financial model. Taking China’s deep-sea mineral resources development project in the Area as the background, the main parameters of the model were determined. A comparative study of similar financial models with Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and other foreign countries was carried out, in addition to a sensitivity analysis of parameters. On the basis of the assurance that the contractor’s internal rate of return was not lower than the level of the land mining enterprise, the financial model was used to calculate the internal rate of return and the revenue of royalty under different payment mechanisms and rates. The advantages and disadvantages of different payment mechanisms in the exploitation of mineral resources in the area were analyzed. Lastly, the possible impacts of deep-sea polymetallic nodule mining on Terrestrial metal markets were highlighted.

The “Surge Phenomenon” of Macro Economy in Developing Countries from the Perspective of Tobacco Economy

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 663-673
Author(s):  
Lulu Liu
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Tobacco Industry ◽  
Investment Decision ◽  
Relevant Literature ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Social Costs ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Impact

Objectives: Starting from the tobacco economy, this paper studies the “surge phenomenon” of macro-economy in developing countries. Methods: This paper studies the impact of tobacco industry on Anhui economy by using the relevant theories of industrial economics, econometrics and regulatory economics, combined with the actual situation of tobacco industry. Based on the analysis of the overall development of tobacco industry, this paper empirically analyzes the relationship between tobacco industry and Anhui economic growth. This paper combs the relevant literature of the existing research results of this theory. Combined with the special fact that government investment accounts for a large proportion in China’s current economic construction, this paper redefines the hypothesis of the investor in the theory of principles. On this basis, the expected equilibrium results of enterprise investment decision-making under government led and market led modes are compared and analyzed by using incomplete information static game model. Results: When the output value of tobacco industry increases by 1%, it will drive the GDP to increase by 0.373%. Secondly, by comparing the economic benefits of tobacco with the social costs of tobacco, it is found that with the economic development, the social costs caused by tobacco increase year by year, but the economic benefits are slightly greater than the social costs. The difference between the two is also increasing year by year. Conclusion: In the context of tobacco control, we should fully consider the advantages and disadvantages of developing the tobacco industry. Under the excessive intervention of the government, the manifestation of the surge phenomenon is more intense, and the final consequence of overcapacity is more serious than that under the market-oriented mode..

scholarly journals A feasibility study on UV pretreatment for microfiltration and reverse osmosis membrane processes in wastewater reclamation

2013 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 260-267
Author(s):  
Ho-Young Jeong ◽  
Yoon-Jin Kim ◽  
Ji-Hee Han ◽  
Dong-Ha Kim ◽  
Jinsik Sohn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reverse Osmosis ◽  
Membrane Fouling ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Feed Water ◽  
Reverse Osmosis Membrane ◽  
Wastewater Reclamation ◽  
Important Place ◽  
Quality Water ◽  
Small Footprint

Wastewater reclamation is where wastewater from various sources is purified so the water can be used by human consumption. Among many treatment options, membranes have gained an important place in wastewater reclamation. It allows the production of high quality water from wastewater, with a small footprint and affordable energy consumption. Nevertheless, membrane fouling is regarded as a serious problem due to the high fouling potential of wastewater. In this study, we applied ultraviolet (UV) processes as a pretreatment for membrane systems that are used for wastewater reclamation. Low pressure UV (LUV) and pulsed UV (PUV) were used to decompose or alter the organics in the feed water of the membranes. Effluent organic matter was characterized by total organic carbon (TOC) and UV absorbance (UVA). Also the effect of UV pretreatment on membrane fouling was investigated for microfiltration (MF) and reverse osmosis (RO) processes. The pretreatment of membranes using LUV or PUV was effective to control fouling of hollow fiber MF membranes. This is probably because of the reduction and modification of organics after UV treatments. However, the effect of UV pretreatment on RO flux was less significant, which is attributed to low fouling prophecy after MF treatment.

scholarly journals Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of a Large-Scale Crèche Intervention to Prevent Child Drowning in Rural Bangladesh

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Natalia Alfonso ◽  
Adnan A Hyder ◽  
Olakunle Alonge ◽  
Shumona Sharmin Salam ◽  
Kamran Baset ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effectiveness ◽  
Societal Perspective ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Operating Cost ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Program Cost ◽  
Rural Bangladesh ◽  
Life Years ◽  
The Cost

Abstract Drowning is the leading cause of death among children 12-59 months old in rural Bangladesh. This study evaluated the cost-effectiveness of a large-scale crèche intervention in preventing child drowning. Estimates of the effectiveness of the crèches was based on prior studies and the program cost was assessed using monthly program expenditures captured prospectively throughout the study period from two different implementing agencies. The study evaluated the cost-effectiveness from both a program and societal perspective. Results showed that from the program perspective the annual operating cost of a crèche was $416.35 (95%C.I.: $222 to $576), the annual cost per child was $16 (95%C.I.: $9 to $22) and the incremental-cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) per life saved with the crèches was $17,803 (95%C.I.: $9,051 to $27,625). From the societal perspective (including parents time valued) the ICER per life saved was -$176,62 (95%C.I.: -$347,091 to -$67,684)—meaning crèches generated net economic benefits per child enrolled. Based on the ICER per disability-adjusted-life years averted from the societal perspective (excluding parents time), $2,020, the crèche intervention was cost-effective even when the societal economic benefits were ignored. Based on the evidence, the creche intervention has great potential for reducing child drowning at a cost that is reasonable.

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