Source water impact model (SWIM) - a watershed guided approach as a new planing tool for indirect potable water reuse

2001 ◽  
Vol 43 (10) ◽  
pp. 267-275 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. E. Drewes ◽  
P. Fox
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Water Reuse ◽  
Reclaimed Water ◽  
Water Sources ◽  
Distribution Data ◽  
Source Water ◽  
Impact Model ◽  
Water Impact ◽  
Potable Reuse ◽  
The Impact

The scope of this study was to develop a model to assess the impact of source water quality on reclaimed water used for indirect potable reuse. The source water impact model (SWIM) considered source water qualities, water supply distribution data, water use and the impact of wastewater treatment to calculate reclaimed water quality. It was applied for sulfate, chloride, and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) at four water reuse sites in Arizona and California. SWIM was able to differentiate between the amount of salts derived by drinking water sources and the amount added by consumers. At all sites, the magnitude of organic residuals in reclaimed water was strongly effected by the concentration of organics in corresponding water sources and effluent-derived organic matter. SWIM can be used as a tool to predict reclaimed water quality in existing or planned water reuse systems.

Potable Reuse: Defining Source Water Quality Requirement

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 (11) ◽  
pp. 5505-5520
Author(s):  
Allegra da Silva ◽  
Eileen Navarrete ◽  
Katherine Bell
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Source Water ◽  
Quality Requirement ◽  
Potable Reuse ◽  
Source Water Quality

scholarly journals Organik Tavukçulukta İçme Suyu Özellikleri, Beslemedeki Önemi ve Su Kalitesini Artırmaya Yönelik Uygulamalar

2013 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hasan Eleroğlu ◽  
Arda Yıldırım ◽  
Ahmet Şekeroğlu
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Water Sources ◽  
Organic Production ◽  
Poultry Production ◽  
Water Contaminants ◽  
Quality Of Water ◽  
Quality Of Products ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
The Impact

The source of water, the content and quality is very important used in every stage of poultry production. The birds must have continuous access and supply of quality water without any antibiotic and bacteriological residues. Sensory, physiochemical properties and chemical composition must be taken into consideration while assessing water quality. The quality of water used in the production of conventional or organic poultry has impacts on the poultry health, quality of products and human health. The impact of water quality is higher on the functionality of water in live organism and the consumption amount varies depending on many factors. A source of water which is used in organic production is also important with their characteristics. Different water sources may be used for animal consumption, such as springs, shallow wells, deep and artesian wells, lakes and creeks. Organic farms should regularly submit water samples to a laboratory for testing of water quality against the possibility of contamination of water sources. Water contaminants could create equipment problems and restrict the amount of water available for consumption therefore affects the quality of products. There are many aspects to the broad problems of water quality and different physical and chemical applications used to ensure sustainability of water quality for human and animal use. In this review, it will be focused on the quality of the water to be used in the organic poultry production and quality enhancing physical and chemical applications.

Long-Range Planning for Water Reuse in the City of Los Angeles

1991 ◽  
Vol 24 (9) ◽  
pp. 11-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bahman Sheikh
Keyword(s):  
Los Angeles ◽  
Groundwater Recharge ◽  
Water Reuse ◽  
Potable Water ◽  
Reclaimed Water ◽  
Potable Reuse ◽  
Water Demands ◽  
San Fernando ◽  
Near Term

While new sources of affordable potable water for Los Angeles will likely decrease or be unavailable in the future, sources of readily usable reclaimed water will double over the next decade. For many non-potable uses (e.g., landscape irrigation, industrial cooling, toilet flushing), reclaimed water can replace potable water, thereby making equivalent volumes of potable water available. Groundwater recharge with reclaimed water can further augment potable water supplies in significant volumes. Quantitative goals for water reuse were derived by comparing projected water demands with predicted dependable supplies. These goals are to reuse 40, 70, and 80 percent of the total effluent by the years 2010, 2050, and 2090, respectively. In this planning study, several water reuse concepts were evaluated for near-, mid-, and long-term application. For the near-term, several immediately implementable water reuse projects are recommended, involving landscape irrigation, industrial cooling and groundwater recharge. For the mid-term, massive groundwater recharge in San Fernando Valley and in Central and West Coast Basins is recommended. For the long-term, potable reuse and/or groundwater recharge appear to be the best options.

Quality Criteria for Reclaimed Water

1991 ◽  
Vol 24 (9) ◽  
pp. 109-121 ◽  
Author(s):  
James Crook
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Chemical Constituents ◽  
Reclaimed Water ◽  
Microbiological Quality ◽  
Quality Criteria ◽  
Water Quality Criteria ◽  
Who Guidelines ◽  
Wastewater Reclamation ◽  
Potable Reuse ◽  
Health Related

The applicability of reclaimed water for any particular use depends on its physical, chemical, and microbiological quality. The effects of physical and chemical parameters for nonpotable uses of reclaimed water are, for the most part, well understood and criteria have been established. Health-related microbiological limits are more difficult to quantify, as evidenced by widely varying standards and guidelines throughout the world. This paper presents existing reclaimed water quality limits for various uses, and compares the California Wastewater Reclamation Criteria, which are typical of health-related standards in industrialized countries, to WHO guidelines, which are directed principally at developing countries. The California regulations are considerably more restrictive than the WHO guidelines. Because of unknowns concerning the presence, identification, concentration, and health significance of many chemical constituents that may be in reclaimed water, quality criteria for potable reuse are not well developed and are not addressed in this paper.

scholarly journals A risk-based evaluation of onsite, non-potable reuse systems developed in compliance with conventional water quality measures

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 331-344
Author(s):  
Mary E. Schoen ◽  
Michael A. Jahne ◽  
Jay Garland
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Water Reuse ◽  
Wastewater Reuse ◽  
Quality Measures ◽  
Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment ◽  
Fecal Indicator ◽  
Adequate Treatment ◽  
Potable Reuse ◽  
Risk Levels ◽  
Treatment Performance

Abstract Water quality standards (WQSs) based on water quality measures (e.g., fecal indicator bacteria (FIB)) have been used by regulatory agencies to assess onsite, non-potable water reuse systems. A risk-based approach, based on quantitative microbial risk assessment, was developed to define treatment requirements that achieve benchmark levels of risk. This work compared these approaches using the predicted annual infection risks for non-potable reuse systems that comply with WQSs along with the benchmark risk levels achieved by the risk-based systems. The systems include a recirculating synthetic sand filter or an aerobic membrane bioreactor (MBR) combined with disinfection. The greywater MBR system had predicted risks in the range of the selected benchmark levels. However, wastewater reuse with systems that comply with WQSs had uncertain and potentially high predicted risks (i.e., >10−2 infections per person per year) in residential applications, due to exposures to viruses and protozoa. The predicted risks illustrate that WQSs based on FIB treatment performance do not ensure adequate treatment removal of viruses and protozoa. We present risk-based log10 pathogen reduction targets for intermediate-sized non-potable systems, which are 0.5 log10 less than those previously proposed for district-sized systems. Still, pathogen treatment performance data are required to better manage non-potable reuse risk.

scholarly journals A post-implementation evaluation of ceramic water filters distributed to tsunami-affected communities in Sri Lanka

2012 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 209-220 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisa M. Casanova ◽  
Adam Walters ◽  
Ajith Naghawatte ◽  
Mark D. Sobsey
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Sri Lanka ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Water Sources ◽  
Indian Ocean Tsunami ◽  
Source Water ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Ceramic Water Filters ◽  
Water Filters

Sri Lanka was devastated by the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami. During recovery, the Red Cross distributed approximately 12,000 free ceramic water filters. This cross-sectional study was an independent post-implementation assessment of 452 households that received filters, to determine the proportion still using filters, household characteristics associated with use, and quality of household drinking water. The proportion of continued users was high (76%). The most common household water sources were taps or shallow wells. The majority (82%) of users used filtered water for drinking only. Mean filter flow rate was 1.12 L/hr (0.80 L/hr for households with taps and 0.71 for those with wells). Water quality varied by source; households using tap water had source water of high microbial quality. Filters improved water quality, reducing Escherichia coli for households (largely well users) with high levels in their source water. Households were satisfied with filters and are potentially long-term users. To promote sustained use, recovery filter distribution efforts should try to identify households at greatest long-term risk, particularly those who have not moved to safer water sources during recovery. They should be joined with long-term commitment to building supply chains and local production capacity to ensure safe water access.

scholarly journals A study on the corrosion index of Tap Water(TW) and Reclaimed Water(RW) using KWI(Korea Water Index) and KRWI(Korea Reclaimed Index Water) method

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (3.33) ◽  
pp. 209
Author(s):  
Usman Rasheed ◽  
Hyundong Lee ◽  
Myeongsik Kong ◽  
Pilljae Kwak
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Reclaimed Water ◽  
Assessment Method ◽  
Index Method ◽  
Water Index ◽  
Inhibiting Factors ◽  
Corrosion Assessment ◽  
Chlorine Ion ◽  
The Impact

This study aim to find the corrosion index of Tap water and Reclaimed water using KWI (Korea Water Index) and KRWI (Korea Reclaimed Water Index) method. The impact of corrosion inhibiting factors (pH ,hardness, alkalinity) and corrosion accelerating facor (TDS, chlorine ion, sulphate ion) has studied. The corrosion assessment method based on the corrosion index is used in predicting corrosion and offering information on the control of corrosive water quality.   

Maximizing the Benefits of Reclaimed Water for Irrigating the Landscape and Protecting the Environment

EDIS ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 (11) ◽  
Author(s):  
George Hochmuth ◽  
Laurie Trenholm ◽  
Don Rainey ◽  
Esen Momol ◽  
Claire Lewis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Environmental Protection Agency ◽  
Water Reuse ◽  
Municipal Wastewater ◽  
Reclaimed Water ◽  
Water Efficiency ◽  
Protection Agency ◽  
National Leader ◽  
Soil And Water

Reclaimed water is water that has been treated in municipal wastewater facilities and is safe to use for designated purposes, including residential landscape irrigation. “Water reuse” is the term used to describe the beneficial application of reclaimed water. Approximately 663 million gallons of reclaimed water are used daily in Florida. Florida is a national leader in using reclaimed water, and in 2006 Florida’s reuse program received the first U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Water Efficiency Leader Award. Using reclaimed water in Florida meets a state objective for conserving freshwater supplies, and preserves the water quality of rivers, streams, lakes, and aquifers. This publication discusses the benefits of using reclaimed water to irrigate the landscape and explains how using reclaimed water helps to protect the environment. This 4-page fact sheet was written by George Hochmuth, Laurie Trenholm, Don Rainey, Esen Momol, Claire Lewis, and Brian Niemann, and published by the UF Department of Soil and Water Science, November 2013. http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/ss587

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