An enquiry into rainfall data measurement and processing for model use in urban hydrology

2002 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 147-152 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Einfalt ◽  
K. Arnbjerg-Nielsen ◽  
S. Spies
Keyword(s):  
Data Processing ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Daily Rainfall ◽  
National Standards ◽  
Urban Hydrology ◽  
First Results ◽  
Water Association ◽  
Radar Measurements ◽  
International Water ◽  
Rain Data

Rain data are collected all over the world because water is of paramount importance to all human life. WMO has provided standards for collection and standardized data processing of daily rainfall measurements. Currently no such standards are available for gauges with a resolution suitable for urban hydrology, where the resolution in time must not exceed a few minutes. The Group on Urban Rainfall under the International Water Association has made a comparison of national standards by means of a survey of 77 questions sent to 44 countries. The paper discusses the first results of the answers of the survey. Currently tipping bucket gauges are the dominating method of obtaining high resolution rain data, but the numbers of weighing gauges and radar measurements are rapidly growing. It is necessary to try to increase the awareness of documentation of current standards and to agree on standards for measurements and data processing on an international level in the future.

PENGARUH UPAH MINUMUM TERHADAP TENAGA KERJA DI NEGARA DENGAN TINGKAT PENGHASILAN RATA-RATA YANG RENDAH

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Veny Anindya Puspitasari
Keyword(s):  
Minimum Wage ◽  
Basic Needs ◽  
Wage Policy ◽  
Average Income ◽  
Income Per Capita ◽  
Unskilled Workers ◽  
Water Association ◽  
International Water ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Association Data

<p>The minimum wage is a macroeconomic issue that is still debated, Basically, the minimum wage policy aimed to protect workers, so that thet earn an adequate wages to finance the basic needs of their life. Practically, the minimum wage policy often encounters its purpose because it is regarged as miserable for those who have no expertise. This phenomenon is mainly happening in the low –avegrage- income countries that have many unskilled workers. Gahana, Indonesia, Costra Rica were used to be analyzed in this paper. According to International Water Association data year 2006, those countris earn income per capita less than US$ 9,200 and were categorized as low average – income countries. This research found that minimum wage impelentation in all three countries was not effective. When minimum wage policy was implemented, a lot of people felt aggrieved.</p><p>Keywords : Economic polict, Minimum wage, Income</p>

Advances in benchmarking to improve water utility operations: a review of six IWA books

Water Policy ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 325-333 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sanford V. Berg
Keyword(s):  
Best Practice ◽  
Water Utility ◽  
Quantitative Studies ◽  
Performance Patterns ◽  
Water Association ◽  
International Water ◽  
Sector Performance ◽  
Historical Developments ◽  
Key Indicators

Six recent publications by the International Water Association underscore the growing importance of quantitative studies of water utilities for identifying (1) performance patterns, (2) trends in key indicators and (3) best practice. Since each author takes a different approach to the problem of performance measurement and incentives for improvement, the books provide different perspectives on the decision-relevance of empirical analysis and cases for managers and policymakers. Key lessons from the volumes include the use of benchmarking as a tool for establishing better internal incentives, the importance of data collection and auditing and the role of transparency in helping stakeholders become more informed about utility operations. Analysts need to help stakeholders understand sector complexities, where hydrology, topology, historical developments outside current management's control, population income levels and the amount of skilled labor differ widely across and even within nations. The six books taken together underscore the value of quantifying relative performance and improving our awareness of production processes and the institutional arrangements that support strong water sector performance.

GRACE-FO radio occultation data processing – First result

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Torsten Schmidt ◽  
Patrick Schreiner ◽  
Byron Iijima ◽  
Chi Ao
Keyword(s):  
Data Processing ◽  
Radio Occultation ◽  
Temperature Data ◽  
Gps Satellites ◽  
Weather And Climate ◽  
First Results ◽  
Software Updates ◽  
Occultation Data ◽  
Radio Occultation Data

&lt;p&gt;An objective of the GRACE-FO mission is the continuation of GRACE radio occultation measurements successfully performed between 2006 and 2017.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;GRACE and GRACE-FO radio occultations contribute to the overall radio occultation dataset used in weather and climate applications.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Since mid-2019 rising occultations from GF1 are available while setting radio occultations from GF2 are still disabled. After several on-board software updates and raw data reader improvements about 280 daily GF1 radio occultations are available since March 2020.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Currently GF1 radio occultation data are processed on the basis of different measured variables: For different GPS satellites a combination of L1CA/L2P, L1CA/L2C, or L1CA/L5 is available.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;In this study first results of GF1 processing are presented. Refractivity and temperature data up to an altitude of 60 km will be compared with ECMWF operational analyses and the quality of the different measured variables will be evaluated.&lt;/p&gt;

scholarly journals Palomar Gattini-IR: Survey Overview, Data Processing System, On-sky Performance and First Results

2020 ◽  
Vol 132 (1008) ◽  
pp. 025001 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kishalay De ◽  
Matthew J. Hankins ◽  
Mansi M. Kasliwal ◽  
Anna M. Moore ◽  
Eran O. Ofek ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Data Processing ◽  
Processing System ◽  
Data Processing System ◽  
First Results

scholarly journals Microtomography data processing methods for cryogenic target characterization

1999 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 729-740 ◽  
Author(s):  
I.V. ALEKSANDROVA ◽  
E.R. KORESHEVA ◽  
I.E. OSIPOV ◽  
V.I. GOLOV ◽  
V.I. CHTCHERBAKOV
Keyword(s):  
Data Processing ◽  
High Precision ◽  
Processing Methods ◽  
Cryogenic Target ◽  
First Results ◽  
Target Characterization ◽  
Data Processing Methods

Determining the cryogenic target parameters with high precision calls for the development of a new direction in the area of target characterization based on microtomography methods of data processing. In this report we present our first results in this area.

scholarly journals Bacteriological Assessment of Bottled Drinking Water Available at Major Transit Places in Mangalore City of South India

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nitin Joseph ◽  
Sevitha Bhat ◽  
Subhani Mahapatra ◽  
Ayush Singh ◽  
Sajal Jain ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Viable Count ◽  
Bottled Water ◽  
National Standards ◽  
Ozone Treatment ◽  
Floating Bodies ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Batch Number

Introduction. Safe drinking water is essential for human life. It is generally considered that bottled water is safe for usage by people. For long-distance travelers, it serves as the only source of reliable drinking water. But, several studies have reported that bottled water does not always meet the acceptability standards. Objectives. To assess the bacteriological and physical quality of bottled water marketed in major transit areas and to check its compliance with national standards. Methods. The investigating team visited retail shops at three main transit sites for long-distance travelers in Mangalore city. A total of 24 water bottles of 12 brands were randomly selected. The analysis of total viable count (TVC) was done to assess the bacteriological quality of samples. Results. In 3(12.5%) samples, all of which were of local brands, batch number, the period of manufacture, and the period of expiry were not mentioned. Odor and floating bodies were present in one sample each. Five (20.8%) water bottles had been enriched with minerals. Ozone treatment was the most commonly 22(91.7%) used method for disinfection of water. In only 15(62.5%) samples, the bacterial contamination was within acceptable limits certified for drinking purposes. Water samples manufactured by multinational companies (p=0.018), those with batch number mentioned (p=0.042), the best period of manufacture (p=0.036), and long expiry dates (p=0.028) were acceptable for usage. Conclusion. Surveillance of bottled water manufacturing industries in the settings on a regular basis needs to be done by regulatory agencies. These measures will ensure safe and wholesome bottled water for public usage.

Good modelling practice in applying computational fluid dynamics for WWTP modelling

2015 ◽  
Vol 73 (5) ◽  
pp. 969-982 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward Wicklein ◽  
Damien J. Batstone ◽  
Joel Ducoste ◽  
Julien Laurent ◽  
Alonso Griborio ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fluid Dynamics ◽  
Computational Fluid Dynamics ◽  
Working Group ◽  
Companion Paper ◽  
Cfd Modelling ◽  
Cfd Models ◽  
Water Association ◽  
Computational Fluid Dynamics Cfd ◽  
Cfd Applications ◽  
International Water

Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modelling in the wastewater treatment (WWT) field is continuing to grow and be used to solve increasingly complex problems. However, the future of CFD models and their value to the wastewater field are a function of their proper application and knowledge of their limits. As has been established for other types of wastewater modelling (i.e. biokinetic models), it is timely to define a good modelling practice (GMP) for wastewater CFD applications. An International Water Association (IWA) working group has been formed to investigate a variety of issues and challenges related to CFD modelling in water and WWT. This paper summarizes the recommendations for GMP of the IWA working group on CFD. The paper provides an overview of GMP and, though it is written for the wastewater application, is based on general CFD procedures. A forthcoming companion paper to provide specific details on modelling of individual wastewater components forms the next step of the working group.

scholarly journals Implementation of the anaerobic digestion model (ADM1) in the PHREEQC chemistry engine

2017 ◽  
Vol 76 (5) ◽  
pp. 1090-1103 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick Huber ◽  
Christophe Neyret ◽  
Eric Fourest
Keyword(s):  
Anaerobic Digestion ◽  
Ionic Composition ◽  
Simulation Software ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Programming Effort ◽  
Water Association ◽  
Full Power ◽  
International Water ◽  
Multiple Mineral ◽  
Precipitation Phenomena

Anaerobic digestion is state-of-the-art technology to treat sludge and effluents from various industries. Modelling and optimisation of digestion operations can be advantageously performed using the anaerobic digestion model (ADM1) from the International Water Association. The ADM1, however, lacks a proper physico-chemical framework, which makes it difficult to consider wastewater of complex ionic composition and supersaturation phenomena. In this work, we present a direct implementation of the ADM1 within the PHREEQC chemistry engine. This makes it possible to handle ionic strength effects and ion-pairing. Thus, multiple mineral precipitation phenomena can be handled while resolving the ADM1. All these features can be accessed with very little programming effort, while retaining the full power and flexibility of PHREEQC. The distributed PHREEQC code can be easily interfaced with process simulation software for future plant-wide simulation of both wastewater and sludge treatment.

scholarly journals Observations of tropical rain with a polarimetric X-band radar: first results from the CHUVA campaign

2012 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 1717-1761
Author(s):  
M. Schneebeli ◽  
J. Sakuragi ◽  
T. Biscaro ◽  
C. F. Angelis ◽  
I. Carvalho da Costa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Continuous Wave ◽  
Radar Data ◽  
Rain Attenuation ◽  
Fmcw Radar ◽  
X Band ◽  
Rain Drop ◽  
First Results ◽  
Radar Measurements ◽  
Drop Size Distributions ◽  
Set Up

Abstract. A polarimetric X-band radar has been deployed during one month (April 2011) for a field campaign in Fortaleza, Brazil, together with additional sensors like a Ka-band vertically pointing frequency modulated continuous wave (FMCW) radar and three laser disdrometers. The disdrometers as well as the FMCW radar are capable of measuring the rain drop size distributions (DSDs), hence making it possible to forward-model theoretical polarimetric X-band radar observables at the point where the instruments are located. This set-up allows to thoroughly test the accuracy of the X-band radar measurements as well as the algorithms that are used to correct the radar data for radome and rain attenuation. In the first campaign in Fortaleza it was found that radome attenuation dominantly affects the measurements. With an algorithm that is based on the self-consistency of the polarimetric observables, the radome induced reflectivity offset was estimated. Offset corrected measurements were then further corrected for rain attenuation with two different schemes. The performance of the post-processing steps is being analyzed by comparing the data with disdrometer-inferred polarimetric variables that were measured in a distance of 20 km to the radar.

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