A simplified risk-based approach for process screening in municipal wastewater reclamation and reuse

Reuse of municipal wastewater has become a promising solution to relieve the tension of increasing fresh water demand in many metropolitans. Although different advanced technologies are available to reclaim wastewater into premium quality, associated health effects are usually not properly assessed in reclamation process selection. A simplified risk-based approach developed for process screening and adaptation of health impacts as a consideration in reclamation process selection is discussed in this paper. This approach can be used to screen out unqualified processes and those with poor cost benefits. As a result, the design of wastewater reclamation could be enhanced to control the associated health impacts in wastewater reuse.

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Wastewater reclamation and reuse in Europe: a model-based potential estimation

Water Science & Technology Water Supply ◽

10.2166/ws.2005.0009 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 5 (1) ◽

pp. 67-75 ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

R. Hochstrat ◽

T. Wintgens ◽

T. Melin ◽

P. Jeffrey

Keyword(s):

Water Availability ◽

Mediterranean Region ◽

Municipal Wastewater ◽

Wastewater Reuse ◽

Current Status ◽

Wastewater Reclamation ◽

Reclaimed Wastewater ◽

Future Projection ◽

Treated Effluent ◽

Wastewater Reclamation And Reuse

The basic aim of this paper is to present an approach to quantitatively assess the potential of municipal wastewater reclamation and reuse in a European context. The model developed is based on the analysis and interrelation of water management data like water availability, water demand and treated effluent. In conjunction with information about the current status of wastewater reuse simple key figures are deduced, which allow future projection of wastewater reclamation and reuse. The simulation points out that there is a significant potential for an increased utilisation of reclaimed wastewater in many European countries, specifically in the Mediterranean region driven by different factors like increased wastewater treatment capacity and higher demand for irrigation and groundwater recharge.

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Evaluation of the California Wastewater Reclamation Criteria Using Enteric Virus Monitoring Data

Water Science & Technology ◽

10.2166/wst.1992.0595 ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 26 (7-8) ◽

pp. 1513-1524 ◽

Cited By ~ 52

Author(s):

T. Asano ◽

L. Y. C. Leong ◽

M. G. Rigby ◽

R. H. Sakaji

Keyword(s):

Municipal Wastewater ◽

Enteric Virus ◽

Monitoring Data ◽

Municipal Wastewater Treatment ◽

Wastewater Reclamation ◽

Food Crop ◽

Reclaimed Wastewater ◽

Ground Water Recharge ◽

Wastewater Reclamation And Reuse ◽

Crop Irrigation

The State of California's WastewaterReclamationCriteria is under review and will be revised and expanded to include several new regulations on the use of reclaimed municipal wastewater. To provide a scientific basis for the evaluation of the existing and proposed Criteria, enteric virus monitoring data from secondary and tertiary effluents were evaluated. These virus data were obtained from special studies and monitoring reports, covering the period from 1975 to 1989, including ten municipal wastewater treatment facilities in California. Based on the enteric virus data from these reports, and using the current Criteria as a guide, four exposure scenarios were developed to determine the risk of waterborne enteric virus infection to humans as a consequence of wastewater reclamation and reuse. The exposure assessments included food crop irrigation, landscape irrigation for golf courses, recreational impoundments, and ground water recharge. The virus enumeration and the resulting risk assessments described in this paper provide a comparative basis for addressing the treatment and fate of enteric viruses in wastewater reclamation and reuse. The analyses show that annual risk of infection from exposure to chlorinated tertiary effluent containing 1 viral unit/100 L in recreational activities such as swimming or golfing is in the range of 10−2 to 10−7, while exposures resulting from food-crop irrigation or groundwater recharge with reclaimed municipal wastewater is in the range of 10−6 to 10−11. The risk analyses are also used to demonstrate that the probability of infection can be further mitigated by controlling exposure to reclaimed wastewater in the use area.

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Technical-economic modelling of integrated water management: wastewater reuse in a French island

Water Science & Technology ◽

10.2166/wst.2001.0583 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 43 (10) ◽

pp. 67-74 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

P. Xu ◽

F. Valette ◽

F. Brissaud ◽

A. Fazio ◽

V. Lazarova

Keyword(s):

Water Management ◽

Water Resources ◽

Potable Water ◽

Public Attitudes ◽

Wastewater Reuse ◽

Cost Effective ◽

Economic Modelling ◽

Wastewater Reclamation ◽

Management Scenarios ◽

Wastewater Reclamation And Reuse

An integrated technical-economic model is used to address water management issues in the French island of Noirmoutier. The model simulates potable water production and supply, potable and non potable water demand and consumption, wastewater collection, treatment and disposal, water storage, transportation and reuse. A variety of water management scenarios is assessed through technical, economic and environmental evaluation. The scenarios include wastewater reclamation and reuse for agricultural and landscape irrigation as well as domestic non potable application, desalination of seawater and brackish groundwater for potable water supply. The study shows that, in Noirmoutier, wastewater reclamation and reuse for crop irrigation is the most cost-effective solution to the lack of water resources and the protection of sensitive environment. Some water management projects which are regarded as having less economic benefit in the short-term may become competitive in the future, as a result of tightened environmental policy, changed public attitudes and advanced water treatment technologies. The model provides an appropriate tool for water resources planning and management.

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Wastewater reuse in Italy

Water Science & Technology ◽

10.2166/wst.2001.0576 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 43 (10) ◽

pp. 43-50 ◽

Cited By ~ 23

Author(s):

S. Barbagallo ◽

G. L. Cirelli ◽

S. Indelicato

Keyword(s):

Water Demand ◽

Municipal Wastewater ◽

Southern Italy ◽

Central Italy ◽

Wastewater Reuse ◽

Irrigation Water Demand ◽

Viable Solution ◽

Long Time ◽

Civil Sector ◽

Italian Legislation

In many parts of Italy, particularly in the South, it has become ever more difficult to meet the water demand. The recent years of drought and the constant increase of water demand for the civil sector have made irrigation supply more problematic. Wastewater reuse could represent a viable solution to meet water demand. The focus of this paper is on the regulation problems, hampering the development of wastewater reuse for irrigation, and on the potentials for reuse, particularly in Southern Italy. Planned exploitation of municipal wastewater could help meeting the irrigation water demand particularly in Southern Italy, where farmers have been practising uncontrolled wastewater reuse for a long time. In Northern and Central Italy, where available water resources generally meet water needs for different purposes, wastewater reuse could play an important role in controlling the pollution of water bodies. Despite the fact that Italian legislation is extremely strict and outdated, for several years in some regions, such as Sicily, wastewater reuse systems have been in operation; furthermore, several projects of wastewater reuse are currently in progress.

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The role of free water surface constructed wetlands as polishing step in municipal wastewater reclamation and reuse

The Science of The Total Environment ◽

10.1016/j.scitotenv.2006.12.038 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 380 (1-3) ◽

pp. 247-258 ◽

Cited By ~ 54

Author(s):

A. Ghermandi ◽

D. Bixio ◽

C. Thoeye

Keyword(s):

Constructed Wetlands ◽

Water Surface ◽

Municipal Wastewater ◽

Free Water ◽

Wastewater Reclamation ◽

Free Water Surface ◽

Wastewater Reclamation And Reuse

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The Evaluation of Decentralized Wastewater Reuse Based on Environmental Accounting

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.884-885.170 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 884-885 ◽

pp. 170-173 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Xiao Jun Liu ◽

Ying Jun Wei

Keyword(s):

Evaluation System ◽

Comprehensive Evaluation ◽

Sewage Treatment ◽

Water Environment ◽

Wastewater Reuse ◽

Fuzzy Comprehensive Evaluation ◽

Financial Economic ◽

Environmental Accounting ◽

Wastewater Reclamation ◽

Wastewater Reclamation And Reuse

Decentralized wastewater reclamation and reuse project as a useful complement of Centralized sewage treatment and reuse is a good way to solve water shortages and water environment pollution in urban and surrounding areas. Then the investors tend to focus on the projects financial economic effectiveness when making decisions, hindered the development of decentralized wastewater reclamation and reuse project. To promote decentralized wastewater reclamation and reuse projects rapid growth, proposed decentralized wastewater reclamation and reuse Evaluation System and Model based on environment accounting perspective. Through analyze a project by using fuzzy comprehensive evaluation model in university in Xi'an. The result shows that this project not only has a good economic benefit, but also they can improve the environment and promote sustainable development of society.

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Water Recycling Systems

Water Science & Technology ◽

10.2166/wst.1982.0174 ◽

1982 ◽

Vol 14 (9-11) ◽

pp. 1393-1429 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

R D Heaton

Keyword(s):

Environmental Protection Agency ◽

Water Reuse ◽

Municipal Wastewater ◽

Wastewater Reuse ◽

Water Recycling ◽

Wastewater Reclamation ◽

Unit Process ◽

Additional Information ◽

Recycling Systems ◽

Water District

Water recycling systems implies the initial treatment requirements for various water reuse schemes including unit process descriptions, performance and cost data. Several volumes of text are required for adequate coverage of the above subject and this paper will only attempt to highlight important areas, provide guidelines and give needed direction. Cost functions of one important U.S. Research/ Demonstration Facility (Water Factory 21) are given in more detail. Much of the data has been summarized from four important publications shown below and the reader seeking additional information is encouraged to examine these in detail.1.Water Reuse and Recycling - Volume 2 - Evaluation of Treactment Technology, 1979, U.S. Office of Water Research & Technology (OWRT). Report by Culp/Wesner/Culp Engineers, NTIS #PB 80-131469.2.Guidelines for Water Reuse, August 1980, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Report by Camp Dresser & McKee Engineers, NTIS #PB 81-105017.3.Evaluation of, Membrane. Processes and Their Role in Wastewater Reclamation, 1981. OWRT sponsored report by Orange County Water District, Fountain Valley, California, USA.4.Municipal Wastewater Reuse News. OWRT sponsored monthly newsletter by AWWA Research Foundation, Denver, Colorado, USA.

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Performance improvement of hybrid membrane bioreactor with PAC addition for water reuse

Water Science & Technology ◽

10.2166/wst.2005.0715 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 52 (10-11) ◽

pp. 383-391 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Y. Liu ◽

L. Wang ◽

B. Wang ◽

H. Cui ◽

J. Zhang

Keyword(s):

Water Temperature ◽

Water Reuse ◽

Membrane Bioreactor ◽

Municipal Wastewater ◽

Membrane Surface ◽

Wastewater Reclamation ◽

Oil Exploitation ◽

Wastewater Reclamation And Reuse ◽

Pollutants Removal ◽

Coat Layer

A study was carried out on a hybrid (AS-SBF) membrane bioreactor (HMBR) for the municipal wastewater reclamation and reuse at Chengfengzhuang WWTP in Daqing City, Heilongjiang Province. It was found that the effects of DO and water temperature on performance of the HMBR was significant. Under the conditions of water temperature in range of 10–14°C, pH of 6.6–7.0, DO of 4–6mg/l and HRT of 7h, the HMBR exhibited removal efficiencies for CODcr, BOD5, NH3-N and TN of 96.7%, 98.9%, 93.7% and 60.5% respectively. The turbidity of effluent from HMBR was below 1NTU. The effluent of HMBR meets the standard of wastewater reclamation for oil exploitation. PAC was added into the bioreactor at the second operating stage, in order to further research parameters variation. The flux was improved by 53.2%, compared to the membrane without PAC-addition, due to formation of a PAC pre-coat layer on the membrane surface, with lots of advantages such as larger granules, higher porosity, non-compressibility, higher filterability and easy removal, compared with pure biomass layer. In addition, the performance of HMBR was further improved, due to adsorption and degradation of SMPs, the average removal of CODcr and TN was further improved by 5.1% and 13.5% respectively. Biomass in the HMBR was quantitatively measured, of which the biofilm played a major role in pollutants removal.

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