Wastewater reclamation and reuse in Europe: a model-based potential estimation

2005 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-75 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Hochstrat ◽  
T. Wintgens ◽  
T. Melin ◽  
P. Jeffrey
Keyword(s):  
Water Availability ◽  
Mediterranean Region ◽  
Municipal Wastewater ◽  
Wastewater Reuse ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Wastewater Reclamation ◽  
Reclaimed Wastewater ◽  
Future Projection ◽  
Treated Effluent ◽  
Wastewater Reclamation And Reuse

The basic aim of this paper is to present an approach to quantitatively assess the potential of municipal wastewater reclamation and reuse in a European context. The model developed is based on the analysis and interrelation of water management data like water availability, water demand and treated effluent. In conjunction with information about the current status of wastewater reuse simple key figures are deduced, which allow future projection of wastewater reclamation and reuse. The simulation points out that there is a significant potential for an increased utilisation of reclaimed wastewater in many European countries, specifically in the Mediterranean region driven by different factors like increased wastewater treatment capacity and higher demand for irrigation and groundwater recharge.

Evaluation of the California Wastewater Reclamation Criteria Using Enteric Virus Monitoring Data

1992 ◽  
Vol 26 (7-8) ◽  
pp. 1513-1524 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Asano ◽  
L. Y. C. Leong ◽  
M. G. Rigby ◽  
R. H. Sakaji
Keyword(s):  
Municipal Wastewater ◽  
Enteric Virus ◽  
Monitoring Data ◽  
Municipal Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Wastewater Reclamation ◽  
Food Crop ◽  
Reclaimed Wastewater ◽  
Ground Water Recharge ◽  
Wastewater Reclamation And Reuse ◽  
Crop Irrigation

The State of California's WastewaterReclamationCriteria is under review and will be revised and expanded to include several new regulations on the use of reclaimed municipal wastewater. To provide a scientific basis for the evaluation of the existing and proposed Criteria, enteric virus monitoring data from secondary and tertiary effluents were evaluated. These virus data were obtained from special studies and monitoring reports, covering the period from 1975 to 1989, including ten municipal wastewater treatment facilities in California. Based on the enteric virus data from these reports, and using the current Criteria as a guide, four exposure scenarios were developed to determine the risk of waterborne enteric virus infection to humans as a consequence of wastewater reclamation and reuse. The exposure assessments included food crop irrigation, landscape irrigation for golf courses, recreational impoundments, and ground water recharge. The virus enumeration and the resulting risk assessments described in this paper provide a comparative basis for addressing the treatment and fate of enteric viruses in wastewater reclamation and reuse. The analyses show that annual risk of infection from exposure to chlorinated tertiary effluent containing 1 viral unit/100 L in recreational activities such as swimming or golfing is in the range of 10−2 to 10−7, while exposures resulting from food-crop irrigation or groundwater recharge with reclaimed municipal wastewater is in the range of 10−6 to 10−11. The risk analyses are also used to demonstrate that the probability of infection can be further mitigated by controlling exposure to reclaimed wastewater in the use area.

A simplified risk-based approach for process screening in municipal wastewater reclamation and reuse

2003 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 257-262 ◽  
Author(s):  
W.H. Chu ◽  
J.Y. Wang ◽  
C.M. Kao
Keyword(s):  
Water Demand ◽  
Municipal Wastewater ◽  
Wastewater Reuse ◽  
Health Impacts ◽  
Wastewater Reclamation ◽  
Process Selection ◽  
Advanced Technologies ◽  
Wastewater Reclamation And Reuse ◽  
Promising Solution ◽  
Reclamation Process

Reuse of municipal wastewater has become a promising solution to relieve the tension of increasing fresh water demand in many metropolitans. Although different advanced technologies are available to reclaim wastewater into premium quality, associated health effects are usually not properly assessed in reclamation process selection. A simplified risk-based approach developed for process screening and adaptation of health impacts as a consideration in reclamation process selection is discussed in this paper. This approach can be used to screen out unqualified processes and those with poor cost benefits. As a result, the design of wastewater reclamation could be enhanced to control the associated health impacts in wastewater reuse.

Technical-economic modelling of integrated water management: wastewater reuse in a French island

2001 ◽  
Vol 43 (10) ◽  
pp. 67-74 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Xu ◽  
F. Valette ◽  
F. Brissaud ◽  
A. Fazio ◽  
V. Lazarova
Keyword(s):  
Water Management ◽  
Water Resources ◽  
Potable Water ◽  
Public Attitudes ◽  
Wastewater Reuse ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Economic Modelling ◽  
Wastewater Reclamation ◽  
Management Scenarios ◽  
Wastewater Reclamation And Reuse

An integrated technical-economic model is used to address water management issues in the French island of Noirmoutier. The model simulates potable water production and supply, potable and non potable water demand and consumption, wastewater collection, treatment and disposal, water storage, transportation and reuse. A variety of water management scenarios is assessed through technical, economic and environmental evaluation. The scenarios include wastewater reclamation and reuse for agricultural and landscape irrigation as well as domestic non potable application, desalination of seawater and brackish groundwater for potable water supply. The study shows that, in Noirmoutier, wastewater reclamation and reuse for crop irrigation is the most cost-effective solution to the lack of water resources and the protection of sensitive environment. Some water management projects which are regarded as having less economic benefit in the short-term may become competitive in the future, as a result of tightened environmental policy, changed public attitudes and advanced water treatment technologies. The model provides an appropriate tool for water resources planning and management.

Artificial Recharge of Groundwater with Reclaimed Municipal Wastewater: Current Status and Proposed Criteria

1992 ◽  
Vol 25 (12) ◽  
pp. 87-92 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Asano
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Groundwater Recharge ◽  
Organic Contaminants ◽  
Municipal Wastewater ◽  
Artificial Recharge ◽  
Microbial Pathogens ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Water Supply Systems ◽  
Wastewater Reclamation ◽  
Trace Organic Contaminants

Current status and the proposed criteria for artificial recharge of groundwater with reclaimed municipal wastewater are discussed with special reference to controlling microbial pathogens and trace organic contaminants. The draft criteria have been developed by the State of California Interagency Water Reclamation Coordinating Committee, followed by the Groundwater Recharge Committee of the Department of Health Services (DHS). The proposed criteria are in the final review process and are expected to be adopted in late 1992 by the DHS as a part of the revised, state-wide Wastewater Reclamation Criteria. The discussions and the draft criteria presented in this paper facilitate the approval of groundwater recharge projects by identifying the nature and characteristics of groundwater recharge projects that do not jeopardize the public water supply systems including use of groundwater for potable water supply. These criteria are intended to provide uniform state-wide application of regulations on which to regulate and design groundwater recharge projects using reclaimed municipal wastewater as a source of recharge water.

Groundwater recharge in an endoreic basin with reclaimed municipal wastewater

2007 ◽  
Vol 55 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 449-457 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. De Feo ◽  
M. Galasso ◽  
V. Belgiorno
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Table ◽  
Municipal Wastewater ◽  
Karst Aquifer ◽  
Wastewater Reuse ◽  
Shallow Groundwater ◽  
Agricultural Practice ◽  
Reclaimed Wastewater ◽  
Research Activity ◽  
Deep Groundwater

The aim of this paper was to evaluate the groundwater pollution in an endoreic basin in southern Italy. The aquifer circulation was carried out on two different levels: a shallow groundwater, with a water table of about 10 m, and a deep groundwater in a karst aquifer, with a water table of 140–190 m. Reclaimed municipal wastewater and superficial water collected in the catchment area were both drained in a swallow hole linked with the deep groundwater. The agricultural practice conducted in the endoreic basin produced an excess of nitrate in the soil. Nitrate was subsequently washed out and displaced in the groundwater. With regard to the EU Drinking Water Directive (98/83/EC), the research activity conducted during 2003 showed the absence of pollution in the deep groundwater used for drinking water supply. The shallow groundwater, instead, was strongly influenced by agricultural and pasture activities, with detectable levels of nitrates and bacteria. In order to reduce the load of pollution entering the swallow hole and then in the deep groundwater, the realisation of a constructed wetland plant was proposed to improve the quality of reclaimed wastewater, as well as to pursue the wastewater reuse in agriculture.

Wastewater reclamation for use in snow-making within an alpine resort in Australia - resource rather than waste

2002 ◽  
Vol 46 (6-7) ◽  
pp. 297-302 ◽  
Author(s):  
Z. Tonkovic ◽  
S. Jeffcoat
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Nutrient Removal ◽  
Wastewater Treatment Plant ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Additional Treatment ◽  
Wastewater Reclamation ◽  
Reclaimed Wastewater ◽  
Pathogen Removal ◽  
Ski Resorts ◽  
Treated Effluent

The Mt Buller Alpine Resort is located approximately 200 km north of Melbourne, in Victoria, Australia. A wastewater treatment plant services the resort and currently treats to advanced nutrient removal standards. The treated effluent is presently discharged into the Howqua River. Most Australian ski resorts are not blessed with abundant snow cover on a regular basis. Artificial snow allows most of the popular ski runs to operate for the whole of the season. At the Mt Buller resort, snow-making is presently limited by lack of water supply in the catchment. The conditions at Mt Buller resort present a unique opportunity to utilise reclaimed wastewater to allow increased snow-making capacity. It is one of the unique opportunities where the wastewater is valued as a resource rather than merely viewed as a waste problem. Wastewater reclamation for snow-making will require additional treatment for pathogen removal. It is proposed that following advanced nutrient removal, the effluent will require further treatment, including membrane ultrafiltration, so as to ensure a minimum of four barriers for pathogen removal. Pilot plant operation of a membrane ultrafiltration system commenced in June 2000 and will continue until the end of 2001, to primarily demonstrate the extent of pathogen removal.

The Evaluation of Decentralized Wastewater Reuse Based on Environmental Accounting

2014 ◽  
Vol 884-885 ◽  
pp. 170-173 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiao Jun Liu ◽  
Ying Jun Wei
Keyword(s):  
Evaluation System ◽  
Comprehensive Evaluation ◽  
Sewage Treatment ◽  
Water Environment ◽  
Wastewater Reuse ◽  
Fuzzy Comprehensive Evaluation ◽  
Financial Economic ◽  
Environmental Accounting ◽  
Wastewater Reclamation ◽  
Wastewater Reclamation And Reuse

Decentralized wastewater reclamation and reuse project as a useful complement of Centralized sewage treatment and reuse is a good way to solve water shortages and water environment pollution in urban and surrounding areas. Then the investors tend to focus on the projects financial economic effectiveness when making decisions, hindered the development of decentralized wastewater reclamation and reuse project. To promote decentralized wastewater reclamation and reuse projects rapid growth, proposed decentralized wastewater reclamation and reuse Evaluation System and Model based on environment accounting perspective. Through analyze a project by using fuzzy comprehensive evaluation model in university in Xi'an. The result shows that this project not only has a good economic benefit, but also they can improve the environment and promote sustainable development of society.

Water Recycling Systems

1982 ◽  
Vol 14 (9-11) ◽  
pp. 1393-1429 ◽  
Author(s):  
R D Heaton
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Protection Agency ◽  
Water Reuse ◽  
Municipal Wastewater ◽  
Wastewater Reuse ◽  
Water Recycling ◽  
Wastewater Reclamation ◽  
Unit Process ◽  
Additional Information ◽  
Recycling Systems ◽  
Water District

Water recycling systems implies the initial treatment requirements for various water reuse schemes including unit process descriptions, performance and cost data. Several volumes of text are required for adequate coverage of the above subject and this paper will only attempt to highlight important areas, provide guidelines and give needed direction. Cost functions of one important U.S. Research/ Demonstration Facility (Water Factory 21) are given in more detail. Much of the data has been summarized from four important publications shown below and the reader seeking additional information is encouraged to examine these in detail.1.Water Reuse and Recycling - Volume 2 - Evaluation of Treactment Technology, 1979, U.S. Office of Water Research & Technology (OWRT). Report by Culp/Wesner/Culp Engineers, NTIS #PB 80-131469.2.Guidelines for Water Reuse, August 1980, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Report by Camp Dresser & McKee Engineers, NTIS #PB 81-105017.3.Evaluation of, Membrane. Processes and Their Role in Wastewater Reclamation, 1981. OWRT sponsored report by Orange County Water District, Fountain Valley, California, USA.4.Municipal Wastewater Reuse News. OWRT sponsored monthly newsletter by AWWA Research Foundation, Denver, Colorado, USA.

Reclaimed wastewater to irrigate olive groves and vineyards: effects on soil properties

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pilar Mañas Ramírez ◽  
Jorge De las Heras Ibañez ◽  
Esther Peña Molina
Keyword(s):  
Water Resources ◽  
Municipal Wastewater ◽  
Wastewater Treatment Plants ◽  
Wastewater Reuse ◽  
Treated Wastewater ◽  
Water Type ◽  
Reclaimed Wastewater ◽  
The Sustainable Development ◽  
Joint Activities ◽  
Primary Water

<p>Having drinking water is one of the sustainable development goals (SDG no. 6) that is not always easy to ensure, especially in countries like Spain or arid regions marked by water deficit. The reuse of treated water should be considered when planning water resources, but it is necessary to conduct experiments to verify that this effectiveness is applicable to real situations. Our field trial was carried out in several study areas distributed in agricultural parcels of SE Spain. Three olive grove and vineyard plantations were monitored for 3 years. Two irrigation water types were considered: freshwater from conventional wells (controls) and treated wastewater (TW). The treated wastewater came from three different wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) that employ a biological secondary treatment without disinfection and different numbers of Inhabitants Equivalent (IE) as a measure of pollutant load. They were located in Valdeganga (3,000 IE), Fuenteálamo (5,600 IE) and Ontur (1,500 IE). All the study plots were watered by drip irrigation using 16 mm-diameter polyethylene pipelines.</p><p>Several soil and water parameters were analysed to determine the main differences among them. Increasing of soil salinity is a real risk after irrigating with wastewater as is reflected in higher electrical conductivity values. However, this fact was compensated by the greater contribution of organic matter and nutrients, which allowed crops to adequately develop. Moreover, no microbiological, metal content, toxicity or organic compounds in the studied water samples were detected and reclaimed municipal wastewater was comparable in quality to the conventional sources at all the demonstration sites. Hence adopting this water type for irrigation for grapes and olives could help save primary water resources. The future of water resources management policies involves sustainable wastewater reuse within a circular economy frame because this is the only way to guarantee everyone solidarity access to water.</p><p>Fundings provided by the ERA-NET WaterWorks2014 Cofunded Call. This ERA-NET is an integral part of the 2015 Joint Activities developed by the Water Challenges for a Changing World Joint Programme Initiative (Water JPI).</p>

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