A software monitor for intermittent bacteria contamination in urban rivers

2003 ◽  
Vol 47 (2) ◽  
pp. 165-170 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Mietzel ◽  
T. Frehmann ◽  
W.F. Geiger ◽  
W. Schilling
Keyword(s):  
Historical Data ◽  
High Water ◽  
Coliform Bacteria ◽  
Quality Model ◽  
Bathing Water ◽  
Bathing Waters ◽  
Receiving Waters ◽  
Sampling Problems

Norwegian receiving waters are of such high water quality that authorities consider opening them for bathing. The leading parameter to monitor the quality of bathing waters is fecal coliform bacteria (FC). For this parameter no rapid detection method is available. The main objective of this case study was to find a way to quickly predict bacteria contamination by observing different online parameters such as flow, conductivity or spectral absorption coefficient (SAC). In this study historical data from 1994 to 2000 was analyzed, and over a period of five weeks water samples were taken and analyzed for bacteria. The analysis of the historical data revealed fundamental sampling problems, which made the data useless for the purpose of this study. The analysis of the data collected for this study showed that exceeding the bathing water standard for bacteria can be predicted by evaluating the SAC with an acceptable accuracy. Furthermore a simple river quality model was implemented, including bacteria as a load fraction. With the help of rain data and discharge predictions expected bacteria numbers exceeding the bathing water standard could also be forecast.

Emission-immission based design of combined sewer overflows and treatment plant - the dresden case study

1997 ◽  
Vol 36 (8-9) ◽  
pp. 355-359
Author(s):  
L. Fuchs ◽  
D. Gerighausen ◽  
S. Schneider
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Combined Sewer Overflows ◽  
Quality Model ◽  
Combined Sewer ◽  
Receiving Waters ◽  
Sewer Overflows ◽  
Set Up ◽  
The City

For the city of Dresden a general master plan was set up based on investigations of the hydraulic capacity of the sewer system, the loads from combined sewer overflow and the treatment plant. The total emission from combined sewer overflows and treatment plant was the main criteria for the analysis of the efficiency of different renovation alternatives. The effect of the different alternatives on the quality of the receiving waters was investigated with a water quality model and evaluated with different approaches.

scholarly journals Modeling of <i>E. coli</i> distribution for hazard assessment of bathing waters affected by combined sewer overflows

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (5) ◽  
pp. 1219-1232 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luca Locatelli ◽  
Beniamino Russo ◽  
Alejandro Acero Oliete ◽  
Juan Carlos Sánchez Catalán ◽  
Eduardo Martínez-Gomariz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Hazard Assessment ◽  
Health Hazard ◽  
Water Bodies ◽  
Combined Sewer Overflows ◽  
Bathing Water ◽  
Bathing Waters ◽  
Combined Sewer ◽  
Bathing Water Quality

Abstract. Combined sewer overflows (CSOs) affect bathing water quality of receiving water bodies by bacterial pollution. The aim of this study is to assess the health hazard of bathing waters affected by CSOs. This is useful for bathing water managers, for risk assessment purposes, and for further impact and economic assessments. Pollutant hazard was evaluated based on two novel indicators proposed in this study: the mean duration of insufficient bathing water quality (1) over a period of time (i.e., several years) and (2) after single CSO/rain events. In particular, a novel correlation between the duration of seawater pollution and the event rainfall volume was developed. Pollutant hazard was assessed through a coupled urban drainage and seawater quality model that was developed, calibrated and validated based on local observations. Furthermore, hazard assessment was based on a novel statistical analysis of continuous simulations over a 9-year period using the coupled model. Finally, a validation of the estimated hazard is also shown. The health hazard was evaluated for the case study of Badalona (Spain) even though the methodology presented can be considered generally applicable to other urban areas and related receiving bathing water bodies. The case study presented is part of the EU-funded H2020 project BINGO (Bringing INnovation to OnGOing water management – a better future under climate change).

Model maturity towards modeling and simulation: Concepts, index system framework and evaluation method

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (03) ◽  
pp. 2040001
Author(s):  
Lin Zhang ◽  
Ying Liu ◽  
Yuanjun Laili ◽  
Weicun Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Index System ◽  
Evaluation System ◽  
Evaluation Method ◽  
Quality Model ◽  
Simulation Fidelity ◽  
The Status ◽  
Hierarchical Evaluation ◽  
Quality Evaluation System

Simulation has become an essential way and sometimes the only way to study complex systems (e.g., system of systems, SoS). Simulation is the model-based activity. How to build a high-quality model is the first consideration in simulation. Fidelity and credibility are the two mostly used metrics to evaluate the quality of a model. However, the definitions and evaluation methods of fidelity and credibility vary from one research to another and it’s hard to evaluate the metrics precisely. More importantly, the evolution process of a model in use cannot be directly reflected by the two metrics. Therefore, this paper introduces the model maturity to track the status of a model during its life cycle, especially in the use and management phases, which will be an important supplement to the quality evaluation system of models. The concept of model maturity is given and a framework of index system for model maturity evaluation is established. Then, a hierarchical evaluation method based on qualitative and quantitative analysis (HEQQ) for model maturity is proposed. Finally, a case study is used to validate the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed method.

Determinants of Individuals' Willingness to Pay for Perceived Reductions in Environmental Health Risks: A Case Study of Bathing Water Quality

1998 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 577-594 ◽  
Author(s):  
S Georgiou ◽  
I H Langford ◽  
I J Bateman ◽  
R K Turner
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Willingness To Pay ◽  
Health Risks ◽  
East Anglia ◽  
Environmental Health Risks ◽  
Bathing Water ◽  
Measures Of Risk ◽  
Bathing Water Quality

A contingent valuation (CV) study was undertaken to investigate individuals' stated willingness to pay (WTP) to reduce perceived risks of illness from the quality of bathing water at two beaches in East Anglia, United Kingdom. One beach, Great Yarmouth, failed to meet the EC (European Community) Bathing Water Quality Directive standard, whereas the other at Lowestoft passed. The analysis focuses on determinants of individuals' WTP, including measures of risk perception and attitudes to health not usually measured in CV studies. A conceptual model is then presented which sets the valuation of individual preferences in the context of personal worldviews, and external cultural, societal, and environmental factors which may influence, directly or indirectly, an individual's stated WTP.

scholarly journals Atoyac River pollution Dynamics. Case Study: Emilio Portes Gil, Puebla, México

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabriela Pérez Castresana ◽  
Víctor Tamariz Flores ◽  
Lucía López Reyes ◽  
Fernando Hernández Aldana ◽  
Rosalía Castelán Vega ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Metropolitan Area ◽  
Organic Pollution ◽  
River Pollution ◽  
Coliform Bacteria ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Time Dynamics ◽  
Large Populations

The Atoyac River crosses the metropolitan area of Puebla, Mexico, and presents a condition of severe degradation that has been poorly studied. The research was conducted in the year 2016 and analyzed the space-time dynamics of the water quality of the river, the increase in pollution in the period 2011&ndash;2016, and the water quality of the Atoyac River used for agricultural irrigation and human consumption in the population of Emilio Portes Gil, Ocoyucan, based on official Mexican standards (NOMs). The anoxic state of the river was demonstrated (~1.47 mgO2/L) and the high organic pollution, particularly in drought, as well as the presence of large populations of coliform bacteria, and 11 enterobacteries of pathogenic importance. The pollution recorded an average increase of 49% in the period 2011-2016, and the values of Fe, Al, Pb, and Cd in variable percentages. It was evidenced that water for irrigation and wells is contaminated with fecal bacteria (104&ndash;549 NMP/100 mL), including pathogenic. In wells, the concentration of heavy metals was 5 times higher in drought. These results represent a serious threat for the population of Emilio Portes Gil and the environment in the metropolitan area of Puebla.

scholarly journals Design Patterns as Laws of Quality

2011 ◽  
pp. 104-142 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yann-Gaël Gueheneuc ◽  
Jean-Yves Guyomarc’h ◽  
Khashayar Khosravi ◽  
Hourari Sahraoui
Keyword(s):  
Software Quality ◽  
Design Patterns ◽  
Object Oriented ◽  
Quality Characteristics ◽  
Quality Model ◽  
Quality Models ◽  
First Case ◽  
Software Quality Models

Software quality models link internal attributes of programs with external quality characteristics. They help in understanding relationships among internal attributes and between internal attributes and quality characteristics. Object-oriented software quality models usually use metrics on classes (such as number of methods) or on relationships between classes (for example coupling) to measure internal attributes of programs. However, the quality of object-oriented programs does not depend on classes solely: it depends on the organisation of classes also. We propose an approach to build quality models using patterns to consider program architectures. We justify the use of patterns to build quality models, describe the advantages and limitations of such an approach, and introduce a first case study in building and in applying a quality model using design patterns on the JHotDraw, JUnit, and Lexi programs. We conclude on the advantages of using patterns to build software quality models and on the difficulty of doing so.

scholarly journals Software Component Certification: A Component Quality Model

2006 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandre Alvaro ◽  
Silvio Lemos Meira
Keyword(s):  
Software Component ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Software Components ◽  
Quality Model ◽  
Component Selection ◽  
Formal Case ◽  
Technical Issues ◽  
Component Quality

Component-based software development is becoming more generalized, representing a considerable market for the software industry. However, several technical issues remain unsolved before the software components industry reaches the maturity as other software industries. Problems such as component selection and the uncertain quality of third-party developed components bring new challenges to the software engineering community. In contrast, software component certification is still immature and much research is needed in order to create well-defined standards for certification. This paper introduces a component quality model, based upon consistent and well-defined quality characteristics, and describes a formal case study that was used in order to analyze the viability of the model usage.

scholarly journals A Case Study on Defining a “Quality Algorithm” Based on Correlation between ‘Existing Quality Model, Different Attributes of Defects & Tests’

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (3.4) ◽  
pp. 235
Author(s):  
Abhishek Anurag ◽  
R Kamatchi
Keyword(s):  
Software Systems ◽  
User Requirements ◽  
Software System ◽  
Improve Quality ◽  
Quality Model ◽  
Cause Analysis ◽  
Root Cause ◽  
Analysis Technique

Usage and nature of software systems have changed significantly. Due to this complexity of software systems has also grown exponentially. In these ever-changing requirements and environment in which software system is being used, maintaining quality of software system is very challenging and difficult. If user requirements are not met as expected, it’s called defect. To improve quality, it’s critical to understand and analyze these defects. In this study root cause analysis technique is used to analyze defects and their attributes, root cause of defects and corrective actions of defects. A quality model is designed based on defects, root cause of defects and tests. A quality algorithm is designed in this study depending on existing quality model, defects, tests and their attributes. This quality algorithm is executed on a software system to validate quality model. The results obtained are analyzed to understand the quality of the software system and how it’s different than existing quality model. 

Fylde Coast Bathing Water Improvements – Storm Water Management for Compliance with Bathing Water Directive

1990 ◽  
Vol 22 (10-11) ◽  
pp. 223-230
Author(s):  
P. C. Head ◽  
D. H. Crawshaw ◽  
S. K. Rasaratnam
Keyword(s):  
Water Management ◽  
Storm Water ◽  
Dispersion Modelling ◽  
Flow Measurements ◽  
Rainfall Events ◽  
Storm Water Management ◽  
Bathing Water Directive ◽  
Bathing Water ◽  
Bathing Waters ◽  
Receiving Waters

As part of the investigations to determine the most appropriate scheme to bring the Fylde Coast bathing waters up to the quality required by the EC Bathing Water Directive, mathematical models have been used to examine the hydraulic behaviour of the sewerage system and the subsequent dispersion of effluent in the receiving waters. The discharge characteristics of the existing sewerage systems were examined by means of an extensive WASSP model, validated by means of flow measurements gathered from critical points of the sewer network. This model was then used, in conjunction with a time series rainfall record for the area, to investigate the effect of the intensity and duration of rainfall events on the volume of storm sewage to be discharged. Because the area is drained by a combined system, the management of storm water is of utmost importance and the output of the WASSP model was used to determine the input to the coastal dispersion model for rainfall events. A preliminary examination of the possible sites for sewage treatment works and sea outfalls, for sewage and storm water, suggested four possible schemes involving either inland treatment, marine treatment or a combination of the two. All options required the discharge of storm water to the sea. Extensive dispersion modelling was carried out to examine the probable effects of various storm-water management strategies on bacterial concentrations in the receiving waters. From this it was apparent that storage of storm flows, with controlled discharge, at the state of tide when environmental impact would be minimal, was required to achieve compliance with the provisions of the Directive. By integrating the WASSP modelling of various base-flow and storm-water storage options with dispersion modelling, it was possible to establish appropriate design criteria.

Probability analysis of historical ice jam flood data for a complex reach: a case study

1992 ◽  
Vol 19 (5) ◽  
pp. 875-885 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. J. Stanley ◽  
R. Gerard
Keyword(s):  
Probability Distribution ◽  
Historical Data ◽  
High Water ◽  
Probability Analysis ◽  
Ice Jams ◽  
Ice Jam ◽  
Flood Zone ◽  
Systematic Collection

Two obstacles are encountered in the probability analysis of ice jam floods: the first is the general lack of long-term hydrometric records in cold regions; the second, which compounds the first, is that the few records that are available for ice jam floods are difficult to transpose to even nearby sites. This means there must be heavy reliance placed on local historical data.A good illustration of the effort required and the rewards obtained in collecting and analyzing such data is provided by the situation at Hay River, N.W.T. The flood population at this site is completely dominated by ice jam floods for which there is no standard hydrometric data.This paper describes the approach used in the collection and analysis of the historical data at this site to define the flood probability distribution. A comparison of the resulting probability distribution with the previously designated flood zone, which was defined simply on the basis of the historical high water level, reveals the risk involved in designation based on the latter approach and demonstrates that even in the complex and apparently data-limited situation at Hay River, the systematic collection, collation, and probability analysis of historical data is well worthwhile. Key words: ice jams, historical flood analysis, probability analysis, hydrology, river floods, river ice.

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