scholarly journals Removal of agricultural wastewater pollutants by integrating two waste materials Fish scales and Neem leaves as novel potential adsorbent

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Veeravalli Preetham ◽  
Jagadish Vengala
Keyword(s):  
Kinetic Studies ◽  
Water Bodies ◽  
Complete Analysis ◽  
Fish Scale ◽  
Fish Scales ◽  
Equilibrium Studies ◽  
Wastewater Disposal ◽  
Neem Leaves ◽  
Freshwater Bodies ◽  
Chemical Wastes

Abstract Only 2.5 percent of the world's water is fresh, despite the fact that water covers approximately 70% of the planet. This water is used for several recreational purposes and gets polluted by wastewater disposal directly into freshwater bodies. Effluents dispersed into water bodies could be from various sources like industries, households, and agricultural activities. These effluents comprise heavy metals and chemical wastes directly released into water bodies without treatment and could include major contaminants like nitrates, nitrites, ammonia and phosphates. The present study mainly focuses on removal of four significant pollutants from agriculture wastes, i.e., nitrates, nitrites, ammonia, and phosphates. These pollutants are removed using adsorbents via a process known as adsorption. Adsorbents used in the study are fish scales and neem leaves. Several studies have been carried out to measure the efficiency of adsorbents in the removal of contaminants. These studies include equilibrium studies, kinetic studies and isotherm studies. Based on a complete analysis and results obtained, 95% to 99% of contaminants can be removed effectively with an adsorbent dosage of 0.4g (0.2 gms of fish scale and 0.2 gms of neem leaves powder), optimum pH of 6 and at 303K constant temperature. The dosage variance stems from changing the dosages of two adsorbents in three ways, i.e., by taking both adsorbents in equal dosages, and increasing the dosage of one adsorbent compared to the other and vice versa. The contact time varied from 0 to 140min and the Initial concentration of pollutants has also been varied from 30 to 70 mg/L. In addition to the above variations thermodynamic studies were also done and based on the negative values of ΔG, and positive value of ΔH and ΔS it is evident that the reaction of novel adsorbent (Combination of fish scales and neem leaves) is spontaneous and endothermic.

Scanning Electron Microscopy of Fish Scales as an Adjunctive Aid in Speciation

1972 ◽  
Vol 30 ◽  
pp. 394-395
Author(s):  
Edward D. DeLamater ◽  
Walter R. Courtenay ◽  
Cecil Whitaker
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽  
Lateral Line ◽  
Species Differences ◽  
Fish Scale ◽  
Fish Scales ◽  
Anterior Border ◽  
The University ◽  
Multiple Holes ◽  
Scanning Electron

Comparative scanning electron microscopy studies of fish scales of different orders, families, genera and species within genera have demonstrated differences which warrant elaboration. These differences in detail appear to be sufficient to act as “fingerprints”, at least, for family differences. To date, the lateral line scales have been primarily studied. These demonstrate differences in the lateral line canals; the pattern of ridging with or without secondary protuberances along the edges; the pattern of spines or their absence on the anterior border of the scales; the presence or absence of single or multiple holes on the ventral and dorsal sides of the lateral line canal covers. The distances between the ridges in the pattern appear likewise to be important.A statement of fish scale structure and a comparison of family and species differences will be presented.The authors wish to thank Dr. Donald Marzalek and Mr. Wallace Charm of the Marine and Atmospheric Laboratory of the University of Miami and Dr. Sheldon Moll and Dr. Richard Turnage of AMR for their exhaustive help in these preliminary studies.

SEM analysis of fish scale cross sections: A technique study

1992 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 744-745
Author(s):  
M.E. Lee ◽  
A. Moller ◽  
P.S.O. Fouche ◽  
I.G Gaigher
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽  
Cross Sections ◽  
Soft Tissues ◽  
Close Association ◽  
Sem Analysis ◽  
Fish Scale ◽  
Fish Scales ◽  
Micro Structures ◽  
Scanning Electron

Scanning electron microscopy of fish scales has facilitated the application of micro-structures to systematics. Electron microscopy studies have added more information on the structure of the scale and the associated cells, many problems still remain unsolved, because of our incomplete knowledge of the process of calcification. One of the main purposes of these studies has been to study the histology, histochemistry, and ultrastructure of both calcified and decalcified scales, and associated cells, and to obtain more information on the mechanism of calcification in the scales. The study of a calcified scale with the electron microscope is complicated by the difficulty in sectioning this material because of the close association of very hard tissue with very soft tissues. Sections often shatter and blemishes are difficult to avoid. Therefore the aim of this study is firstly to develop techniques for the preparation of cross sections of fish scales for scanning electron microscopy and secondly the application of these techniques for the determination of the structures and calcification of fish scales.

Adsorptive Removal of Cd(II) by a Novel Extracellular Biopolymer Produced by Pseudomonas alcaligenes: Equilibrium and Kinetics

2010 ◽  
Vol 171-172 ◽  
pp. 15-18
Author(s):  
Zeng Quan Ji ◽  
Tian Hai Wang ◽  
Kai Hong Luo ◽  
Yao Qing Wang
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Interaction ◽  
Kinetic Studies ◽  
Maximum Adsorption Capacity ◽  
Metallic Ions ◽  
Equilibrium Studies ◽  
Kinetic Rates ◽  
Equilibrium And Kinetics ◽  
Potential Applications ◽  
Pseudo Second Order ◽  
Pseudomonas Alcaligenes

An extracellular biopolymer (PFC02) produced by Pseudomonas alcaligenes was used as an alternative biosorbent to remove toxic Cd(II) metallic ions from aqueous solutions. The effect of experimental parameters such as pH, Cd(II) initial concentration and contact time on the adsorption was studied. It was found that pH played a major role in the adsorption process, the optimum pH for the removal of Cd(II) was 6.0. The FTIR spectra showed carboxyl, hydroxyl and amino groups of the PFC02 were involved in chemical interaction with the Cd(II) ions. Equilibrium studies showed that Cd(II) adsorption data followed Langmuir model. The maximum adsorption capacity (qmax) for Cd(II) ions was estimated to be 93.55 mg/g. The kinetic studies showed that the kinetic rates were best fitted to the pseudo-second-order model. The study suggestted that the novel extracellular biopolymer biosorbent have potential applications for removing Cd(II) from wastewater.

scholarly journals Biosorption of Pb(II) Ions byKlebsiellasp. 3S1 Isolated from a Wastewater Treatment Plant: Kinetics and Mechanisms Studies

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonio Jesús Muñoz ◽  
Francisco Espínola ◽  
Manuel Moya ◽  
Encarnación Ruiz
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Wastewater Treatment Plant ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Kinetic Studies ◽  
Mechanism Study ◽  
Lead Uptake ◽  
Equilibrium Studies ◽  
Operating Variables ◽  
Biosorption Process ◽  
Central Composite Experimental Design

Lead biosorption byKlebsiellasp. 3S1 isolated from a wastewater treatment plant was investigated through a Rotatable Central Composite Experimental Design. The optimisation study indicated the following optimal values of operating variables: 0.4 g/L of biosorbent dosage, pH 5, and 34°C. According to the results of the kinetic studies, the biosorption process can be described by a two-step process, one rapid, almost instantaneous, and one slower, both contributing significantly to the overall biosorption; the model that best fits the experimental results was pseudo-second order. The equilibrium studies showed a maximum lead uptake value of 140.19 mg/g according to the Langmuir model. The mechanism study revealed that lead ions were bioaccumulated into the cytoplasm and adsorbed on the cell surface. The bacterium  Klebsiellasp. 3S1 has a good potential in the bioremoval of lead in an inexpensive and effective process.

Kinetic Studies on Antibody–Hapten Reactions. II. Reactions with Antibodies and their Polypeptide Chains

1973 ◽  
Vol 51 (10) ◽  
pp. 1355-1364 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. A. Kelly ◽  
A. H. Sehon ◽  
A. Froese
Keyword(s):  
Thin Layer ◽  
Rate Constant ◽  
Rate Constants ◽  
Kinetic Studies ◽  
Light Chains ◽  
Gel Chromatography ◽  
Equilibrium Studies ◽  
Polypeptide Chains

Kinetic and equilibrium studies were performed on the reactions of the hapten ε-dinitrophenyl-lysine with specific intact antibodies, reduced, alkylated, and polyalanylated antibodies, and reduced, alkylated, and polyalanylated γ-chains. No reaction was detected between the hapten and light chains. The γ-chains were found to have 0.5 combining sites per chain, and thin layer gel chromatography revealed that they existed as monomers. The rate constant of association for the reaction of γ-chains with hapten was found to be almost 1000 times lower than that for the corresponding reaction with the parent antibody. Differences in the rate constants of dissociation were much less pronounced. These results suggested that the combining site in the separated γ-chain had undergone a change in conformation.

scholarly journals Dynamics of Cyanobacteria and Related Environmental Drivers in Freshwater Bodies Affected by Mitten Crab Culturing: A Study of Lake Guchenghu, China

Water ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 2468
Author(s):  
Hongmin Li ◽  
Huihui Chen ◽  
Xiaohong Gu ◽  
Zhigang Mao ◽  
Qingfei Zeng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Variables ◽  
Phytoplankton Biomass ◽  
Dominant Species ◽  
N:P Ratio ◽  
Water Bodies ◽  
Environmental Drivers ◽  
Mitten Crab ◽  
Total Phytoplankton ◽  
Freshwater Bodies ◽  
Harmful Species

Mitten crab aquaculture is prevalent in China, however, knowledge about the threat of cyanobacteria in mitten crab aquaculture-impacted water bodies is limited. Here, seasonal variations of cyanobacteria and their relationships with environmental factors were investigated for Lake Guchenghu area. Results suggested the changes of cyanobacteria community in crab ponds distinguished from the adjacent lake. In the lake, cyanobacterial biomass (3.86 mg/L, 34.6% of the total phytoplankton) was the highest in autumn with the dominance of Oscillatoria, Aphanocapsa and Pesudanabaena. By contrast, in crab ponds, cyanobacteria (46.80 mg/L, 97.2% of the total phytoplankton biomass) were the most abundant in summer when Pesudanabaena and Raphidiopsis were the dominant species. Of particular note was that obviously higher abundance of filamentous and potentially harmful species (e.g., Raphidiopsis raciborskii and Dolichospermum circinale) were observed in ponds compared to the lake. Specifically, water depth (WD), permanganate index (CODMn), total phosphorus (TP), N:P ratio, and NO 2 −-N were the key environmental variables affected cyanobacteria composition. For crab ponds, N:P ratio, water temperature (WT) and TP were the potential environmental drivers of cyanobacteria development. This study highlighted the fact that mitten crab culture had non-negligible influences on the cyanobacteria community and additional attention should be paid to the cyanobacteria dynamics in mitten crab culture-impacted water bodies, especially for those potentially harmful species.

scholarly journals Denaturation studies on natural and recombinant bovine prochymosin (prorennin)

1990 ◽  
Vol 271 (2) ◽  
pp. 541-547 ◽  
Author(s):  
R Sugrue ◽  
F A O Marston ◽  
P A Lowe ◽  
R B Freedman
Keyword(s):  
Inclusion Bodies ◽  
Kinetic Studies ◽  
Order Rate Constant ◽  
Slow Process ◽  
Equilibrium Studies ◽  
First Order ◽  
Denaturant Concentration ◽  
Recombinant Product ◽  
Stabilization Energies ◽  
Solubilization Of Inclusion Bodies

1. Prochymosin in solution in the presence of 8 M-urea is fully unfolded, as indicated by its fluorescence spectrum, fluorescence quenching behaviour and far-u.v.c.d. spectrum. 2. Equilibrium studies on the unfolding of prochymosin and pepsinogen by urea were carried out at pH 7.5 and pH 9.0. The results indicate that the stabilization energies of the two proteins are identical at pH 7.5, but that at pH 9.0 pepsinogen is significantly less stable than prochymosin. 3. Kinetic studies on the unfolding of prochymosin and pepsinogen indicate that the processes can be described by a single first-order rate constant, and that at any given value of denaturant concentration and pH the rate of unfolding of prochymosin is significantly greater than that of pepsinogen. 4. Unfolding of prochymosin by concentrated urea is not fully reversible, unlike that of pepsinogen. Kinetic analysis of the refolding of the proteins suggests the presence of a slow process following unfolding in urea; for pepsinogen this process leads to a slowly refolding form, whereas for prochymosin the slow process in urea leads to a form that cannot refold on dilution of the denaturant. 5. The results provide a rationale for an empirical process for recovery of recombinant prochymosin after solubilization of inclusion bodies in concentrated urea. 6. In all respects studied here, natural and recombinant bovine prochymosin were indistinguishable, indicating that the refolding protocol yields a recombinant product identical with natural prochymosin.

scholarly journals Cyanobacteria and cyanotoxins in Polish freshwater bodies

2013 ◽  
Vol 42 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Justyna Kobos ◽  
Agata Błaszczyk ◽  
Natalia Hohlfeld ◽  
Anna Toruńska-Sitarz ◽  
Anna Krakowiak ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fresh Water ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
General Pattern ◽  
Water Bodies ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Total Water ◽  
Freshwater Bodies ◽  
Distribution Frequency

AbstractIn this work, the authors examined the presence of cyanobacteria and cyanotoxins in 21 samples collected from fresh water bodies located in 5 provinces in Poland: Lublin (2), Podlasie (1), Pomerania (6), Warmia-Masuria (1) and Wielkopolska (11). In addition, to determine the general pattern of geographical distribution, frequency of cyanobacteria occurrence, and cyanotoxins production, the published data from 238 fresh water bodies in Poland were reviewed. On the basis of these collected results, we concluded that Planktothrix, Aphanizomenon, Microcystis and Dolichospermum were dominant. The general pattern in geographical distribution of the identified cyanobacterial genera was typical of other eutrophic waters in Europe. The production of cyanotoxins was revealed in 18 (86%) of the 21 samples analyzed in the present work and in 74 (75%) of the 98 total water bodies for which the presence of toxins had been examined. Among the 24 detected microcystin variants, [Asp3]MC-RR was most common. These results can be verified when more data from the less explored water bodies in the southern and eastern parts of Poland are available.

Rate and equilibrium studies of the deprotonation of benzylic ketones bearing pyridinium cations

1989 ◽  
Vol 67 (3) ◽  
pp. 428-432 ◽  
Author(s):  
John W. Bunting ◽  
Dimitrios Stefanidis
Keyword(s):  
Activation Parameters ◽  
Kinetic Studies ◽  
Similar Data ◽  
Equilibrium Studies ◽  
Hydroxide Ion ◽  
Pyridinium Cation ◽  
Carbon Acids ◽  
Entropy Of Activation ◽  
Pyridinium Cations ◽  
Conjugate Base

Rates and equilibria for the deprotonation of four benzylic ketones containing pyridinium substituents (1, 2, 5, and 6) have been investigated in basic aqueous solution (ionic strength 0.1) over the range 15–45 °C, and thermodynamic and activation parameters have been evaluated. Similar data are also reported for the deprotonation of nitroethane. The kinetic preference for hydroxide ion addition to the carbonyl group in competition with the thermodynamically preferred enolate ion formation, which was previously reported for the 1-methyl-4-phenylacetylpyridinium cation (1) and its 3-phenylacetyl isomer (2), is also found for the 1-(1-methyl-2-oxo-2-phenylethyl)pyridinium cation (6). Rates of equilibration of the 1-(2-oxo-2-phenylethyl)-pyridinium cation (5) with its enolate ion conjugate base are too rapid to allow investigation by stopped-flow spectrophotometry. For the hydroxide ion catalyzed deprotonation of each of 1, 2, 6, and nitroethane, [Formula: see text] is more negative than ΔS0. This difference, which represents the entropy of activation for protonation of the conjugate base of each of these carbon acids by water, is approximately constant at [Formula: see text] = −4.9 ± 0.5 cal deg−1 mol−1. Keywords: carbon acids, kinetic studies, deprotonation, activation parameters, pKa values.

Fe3O4-CS-L: a magnetic core-shell nano adsorbent for highly efficient methyl orange adsorption

2017 ◽  
Vol 77 (3) ◽  
pp. 628-637 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shuangzhen Guo ◽  
Jian Zhang ◽  
Xianlong Li ◽  
Fan Zhang ◽  
Xixi Zhu
Keyword(s):  
Methyl Orange ◽  
Adsorption Capacity ◽  
Thermo Gravimetric Analysis ◽  
Kinetic Studies ◽  
Magnetic Core ◽  
Infrared Spectrometry ◽  
Core Shell ◽  
Maximum Adsorption Capacity ◽  
Gravimetric Analysis ◽  
Equilibrium Studies

Abstract A novel core-shell bio-adsorbent was fabricated by using biological materials for removing methyl orange (MO) from aqueous solution. The structure characteristics results of scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FT-IR), thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA), vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM), and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) shows that Fe3O4-CS-L has been successfully prepared. The effects of contact time, pH, temperature and initial concentration were explored. The results suggested pH was a negligible factor in adsorption progress. Kinetic studies showed that the experiment data followed pseudo-second-order model. Boyd mode suggested that external mass transfer showed a rather weak rate control for MO adsorption onto Fe3O4-CS-L. Equilibrium studies showed that isotherm data were the best described by Langmuir model. The maximum adsorption capacity of MO estimated to be 338.98 mg/g at 298 K. Moreover, the adsorption capacity of Fe3O4-CS-L can keep about 74% in the fifth adsorption–regeneration cycle. Thus, the Fe3O4-CS-L could be a kind of promising material for removing MO from wastewater.

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