THE PEOPLES OF THE NORTH CAUCASUS IN RUSSIA'S FOREIGN POLICY IN THE 40-50S OF THE XIX CENTURY

2021 ◽  
Vol 66 (1) ◽  
pp. 50-59
Author(s):  
DANIYAL S. KIDIRNIYAZOV ◽  

Based on documentary material and scientific literature, the article highlights the place of the North Caucasus in Russia's foreign policy at the time under review. The progressive decline of Shah's Iran and Sultan's Turkey, and the active entry of Peter's Russia into the international arena put the question of the fate of the Caucasus, in particular the North Caucasus, in the circle of important problems of world politics in the period under study. Having become one of the main sources of contradictions in relations between Russia, Persia and the Ottoman Porte, the Caucasus, due to its important geostrategic positions, attracted the attention of the European leading powers - Britain and France. In addition, the role of Ottoman and Western emissaries in Russia's foreign policy during the period under study is considered. Western States, along with the implementation of the "Eastern barrier" policy in Europe, incited the confrontation of Iran and Turkey with the Russian Empire in the Caucasus in order to prevent the advance of St. Petersburg to the Caspian and Black seas, and Russia's exit to the middle East. To this end, the European powers sought to use the support b ases of the Ottoman Sultan and the Crimean Khan, created on the approaches to the North Caucasus in the XVI-XVII centuries. The contradictions between Britain and France on European Affairs, on the one hand, and between Iran and Turkey, on the other, did not exclude the possibility of temporary compromises between the rival States, which was also facilitated by the obvious anti - Russian orientation of their policy in the Caucasus. The Pro-Russian attitude of the local population in the Crimean war and their active desire to fight on the side of the Russian troops are also shown.

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (8) ◽  
pp. 287-300
Author(s):  
A. Kh. Abazov ◽  
I. R. Nakhusheva

The article considers the evolution and suggests the periodization of the activities of local judicial and administrative control institutions in the North Caucasus in the last third of the 18th — first half of the 19th centuries on the example of bailiffs’ offices. Four stages are highlighted: 1) the establishment of the first private bailiff in Kabarda (1769) and the formation of the Main Caucasian bailiff’s office (1800); 2) its separation from the Main Kalmyk bailiff’s office structure (1801); 3) adoption of an Institution for the administration of the Caucasus region (1827); 4) reorganization of the Chechen bailiff (1852) and replacement of bailiffs by institutions of military popular administration (1858). The functions of the main and local bailiffs’ offices within the framework of the proposed periodization are considered. The features of administrative subordination of local and main bailiff offices and their staff structure are studied. Attention is drawn to the difficulties of organizing the activities of bailiffs’ offices related to their subordination, on the one hand, to the Board (Ministry) of Foreign Affairs, on the other — to the provincial or linear authorities. It is concluded that the proposed periodization allows to present the dynamics of the activity of the bailiffs in the North Caucasus in the last third of the 18th — first half of the 19th centuries as a complex phenomenon aimed at finding optimal forms of governance of the peoples included in the political and legal space of the Russian Empire.


2006 ◽  
pp. 145-153
Author(s):  
Liudmyla M. Shuhayeva

In the first decades of the XIX century. the territory of the Russian Empire from Western Europe is beginning to penetrate chiliastic ideas. The term "chiliism" refers to the well-known doctrine of the millennial kingdom of Icyca Christ on earth, dating to the first centuries of Christianity. The ideas of chilias became especially popular during the reign of Alexander I, who himself was sympathetic to the mystical-chiliatic teachings. Chilias in the Russian Empire spread in two ways. On the one hand, chiliastic ideas penetrated with the works of German mystics of the late eighteenth - early twentieth centuries. On the other hand, in anticipation of the fast approaching of the millennial kingdom of Christ, the German cultists of the Hiliists moved large parties across southern Russia to the Caucasus, thereby facilitating the spread of their ideas. The religious formations of the Orthodox sectarianism of the chiliastic-eschatological orientation are represented by the Jehovah-Hlinists ("Right Brotherhood"), the Ioannites, and the Malavans.


2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 1140-1173
Author(s):  
Arsen M. Kambiev

The article examines the little-studied and complex issue of relations between the new Caucasian state entities during the collapse of the Russian Empire and the following Civil War. The Revolution of 1917 led to the appearance on the political map of the Caucasus and Transcaucasia of a number of new state entities that fought for the recognition of their sovereignty. However, the political and military chaos in the region hindered both the internal process of consolidation of the self-proclaimed states, the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic and the Mountainous Republic of the North Caucasus in particular, and their entry into the international community. The civil war in Russia and the confrontation between the Red and the White forces instigated even more contradictions. Transcaucasian countries, primarily Azerbaijan and Georgia, support both the insurrectionary movement in the Terek-Dagestan region and the leaders of the overthrown Mountainous Republic who stayed in their territory. However, any attempts to create stable allied military, political and economic relations, undertaken by the leaders of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic and the Mountainous Republic, were not successful.


Istoriya ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (10 (108)) ◽  
pp. 0
Author(s):  
Amiran Urushadze

The article examines the history of transfers (displacements) of the population during the years of the Caucasian War. Transfers are analyzed in the context of the Russian Empire's policy of establishing military and political control in the region. The article is based on the materials of several federal and regional archives, as well as published historical evidence and research literature. The author concludes that the history of colonization of the North Caucasus, which is widely represented in historiography, needs revision. The history of Russian colonization is a narrative about the adaptation of the Cossacks and peasants to the new conditions of life and interaction with the local population. However, new settlers came to the territories previously occupied by the indigenous population forced to leave them. In this respect, it is the history of transfers that allows us to understand the motives of the imperial administration, the mechanisms of organization of relocations, and the resettlement reflection of the population. Another conclusion of the article is that during the course of the Caucasian War, population transfers became one of the standard mechanisms of the Russian administration, and the large-scale eviction of the Adygs in 1862—1864 was a continuation of this policy.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruslan Shangaraev ◽  
Aidamir Valiev

Turkey offers itself to be a regional leader for the Middle East, North Africa, partly for the Balkans and the Caucasus, while pursuing its own interests, not least economic ones. Turkey's foreign policy activation, and not only in the South, but also in the North Caucasus, is probably intended to create an additional platform for foreign policy bargaining with Moscow on issues of interest to Ankara. When analyzing the foreign policy of Turkey during the rule of the ruling Justice and Development Party, of course, you need to pay special attention to the foreign policy concept of neo-Ottomanism, the architect of which is Ahmet Davutoglu. The developed new approach "strategic depth" means that for Turkish diplomacy, Turkey's deep historical and cultural roots in the Balkans, the Middle East, the Greater Caucasus and Central Asia (former territories of the Ottoman Empire) are more important than the existing state borders. The pragmatism of Ankara's foreign policy is also manifested in a sober assessment of the popularity in the Caucasus of such ideas as Great Turan (a pan-Turkic project of a single state for all ethnic Turks) and neo-Ottomanism. For Caucasians, the times of the rule of the Ottoman Empire are the golden age of prosperity. Turanism is more aimed at awakening "kindred feelings" based on the common Turkic heritage. "They are implementing practical humanitarian projects, identifying leaders of public opinion who are ready to cooperate. Ankara is pursuing a policy of small steps in order to change the social and cultural image of the region in the long term. In general, Turkish leader is confident that due to historical reasons and the realities of modern politics The Caucasus is a zone of direct strategic interests of Turkey. Ankara, relying on the support of the United States and NATO, takes an active part in most regional political and economic projects, actively intervenes in the affairs of the Middle East, South Caucasus, Central Asian and North African regions, tries to strengthen its role beyond their borders, which often overlaps with the national interests of Russia.


2021 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 23-26
Author(s):  
R. A. Bogdanov ◽  

The article is devoted to information on the history of the Kurin Khanate and Dagestan, especially in the XIX century, about the orders that reigned in the khanates, about the mountain rulers and their power. Along with administrative reforms, tsarism also implemented judicial reform in the North Caucasus, which was completely subordinated to the interests of Russia and its policies in the region. This reform was carried out, gradually replacing the centuries-old judicial system in Cure, based on customary law. The reform of the rural government occupies a prominent place in the administrative reform of the Dagestan region. The need for its implementation stemmed from the need to create a unified system of rural administration: rural (aul) public administration was the lowest step of the administrative ladder. The main issues of the social life of rural society were solved by the village (aul) assembly. Administrative-territorial transformations of the 60-70s of the XIX century were practically aimed at strengthening control over the local population.


2020 ◽  
Vol 36 (4) ◽  
pp. 37-40
Author(s):  
Z.M. Suleymanov ◽  

The author of the famous two-volume book “Law and Custom in the Caucasus” MM Kovalevsky focused on the judicial life of the mountaineers of the North-Eastern Caucasus. Being several times in a scientific expedition to the Caucasus, the scientist collected a great deal of customary law, including monuments of the rights of the peoples of Dagestan. In addition, he himself described adats, for example “Bezhit's adats” and gave an excellent scientific analysis of the “Decisions of Rustem-Khan and Utsmia Kaytag” under the original name “Dagestan people's truth”. His professional opinion is also interesting because he is in control of the situation in the judicial sphere, not only in Russia, but also in a number of Western European countries. The article focuses specifically on assessing the state of the judicial system in different regions of the North Caucasus and Dagestan.


Author(s):  
К.Р. Дзалаева

В статье рассматривается проблема русификации народов Северного Кавказа в процессе их интеграции в российское государственное пространство во второй половине XIX начале XX вв. В центре внимания оказывается интеграционная политика Российской империи, направленная на формирование единой социальнокультурной, экономической, политической общероссийской идентичности и утверждение российской государственности в северокавказском регионе. На основе изучения ряда работ разных авторов предпринимается краткий анализ содержания понятия русификация , определяются основные факторы, векторы и показатели эффективности русификаторской деятельности властей. Определено, что важнейшим механизмом на пути русификации северокавказских горцев стала колонизация, которую Российская империя расценивала как наиболее эффективный способ утверждения своего присутствия в крае. Процесс заселения северокавказской территории казачеством и переселенцами из внутренних губерний России выступил не только условием, но и важным фактором русификации региона. Регулируя наполнение Северного Кавказа русским элементом , государство строило большие ожидания относительно русифицирующего влияния поселенцев, способных оказать культурное и идеологическое воздействие на местное население. Предполагалось, что, вступая во взаимодействие с русскими мигрантами, народы Северного Кавказа смогут увидеть для себя определенную практическую ценность такого взаимодействия и проявят интерес к русской культуре и русской модели общественного устройства с единым государственным центром. Установлено, что мощный русифицирующий потенциал содержали русский язык, образовательные и культурные учреждения, формирующие благоприятную для аккультурации северокавказского населения своеобразную культурноисторическую среду. Проведенное исследование позволило заключить, что интеграционная политика Российской империи, основанная на идее русификации, способствовала мощному цивилизационному импульсу в развитии экономической, социальнополитической и культурной сферах жизнедеятельности северокавказских народов и ускорила их успешное интегрирование в полиэтничный российский социум. The article considers the problem of Russification of the North Caucasian peoples in the process of their integration into the Russian state in the second half of the XIX early XXth centuries. In the centre of attention is the integration policy of the Russian Empire aimed at the formation of a single sociocultural, economic, political allRussian national identity and the assertion of Russian statehood in the North Caucasus region. The study of several works of different authors enables to makea brief analysis of the notion of Russification, identify the main factors, vectors and effectiveness of Russificationconducted by the authorities. It is determined that the most important mechanism on the way of Russification of the North Caucasian highlanders was colonization, which the Russian Empire regarded as the most effective way to assert its presence in the region. The process of settlement of the North Caucasian territory by Cossacks and immigrants from the inner provinces of Russia was not only a condition, but also an important factor in the Russification of the region. The state was regulating the influx of the Russian element into theNorth Caucasus and had high expectations of the russifying influence of the settlers, who could have a cultural and ideological impact on the local population. It was assumed that the peoples of the North Caucasus interacting with Russian settlers will be able to see for themselves some practical benefitof such cooperation and will be interested in Russian culture and Russian model of centralized social organization. It is established that the Russian language, educational and cultural institutions, forming a kind of cultural and historical environment favorable for acculturation of the North Caucasian population, contained a powerful potential. The study concluded that the integration policy of the Russian Empire, based on the idea of Russification, contributed to a powerful civilizational impulse in the development of economic, sociopolitical and cultural spheres of life of the North Caucasian peoples and accelerated their successful integration into the multiethnic Russian society.


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