scholarly journals The Azerbaijan Democratic Republic and Its Policy Towards the Terek and Dagestan (the Second Half of 1919 – the beginning of 1920)

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 1140-1173
Author(s):  
Arsen M. Kambiev
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
Democratic Republic ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
The Political ◽  
North Caucasus ◽  
The Caucasus ◽  
Complex Issue ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
The North ◽  
The Russian Empire

The article examines the little-studied and complex issue of relations between the new Caucasian state entities during the collapse of the Russian Empire and the following Civil War. The Revolution of 1917 led to the appearance on the political map of the Caucasus and Transcaucasia of a number of new state entities that fought for the recognition of their sovereignty. However, the political and military chaos in the region hindered both the internal process of consolidation of the self-proclaimed states, the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic and the Mountainous Republic of the North Caucasus in particular, and their entry into the international community. The civil war in Russia and the confrontation between the Red and the White forces instigated even more contradictions. Transcaucasian countries, primarily Azerbaijan and Georgia, support both the insurrectionary movement in the Terek-Dagestan region and the leaders of the overthrown Mountainous Republic who stayed in their territory. However, any attempts to create stable allied military, political and economic relations, undertaken by the leaders of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic and the Mountainous Republic, were not successful.

The North Caucasus Within the Russian Empire

2018 ◽  
pp. 75-102
Author(s):  
Jeronim Perović
Keyword(s):  
Russian Empire ◽  
Historical Research ◽  
North Caucasus ◽  
The Caucasus ◽  
Western Literature ◽  
The North ◽  
Detailed Treatment ◽  
Historical Investigation ◽  
Post War ◽  
The Russian Empire

This chapter traces the trajectories in the North Caucasus from the end of the Caucasus wars of conquest in the mid-19th century until the outbreak of revolution in 1917. A detailed treatment of this epoch is necessary due to the fact that historical investigation of the post-war period, as opposed to the Caucasus wars themselves, has been rudimentary to date. While Russian historical research has begun to study this period systematically based on new sources, albeit without reaching any kind of consensus in assessing Russian policy, the Western literature has only dealt with this epoch in cursory overviews. This chapter remedies some of these deficiencies by looking more closely at the nature of Russian rule in the Caucasus after the end of formal military conquest. It also takes into account the societal responses and changes that took place during this period.

scholarly journals Bailiffs’ Offices in the North Caucasus in the Last Third of the 18th — First Half of the 19th Centuries: Evolution of Activity

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (8) ◽  
pp. 287-300
Author(s):  
A. Kh. Abazov ◽  
I. R. Nakhusheva
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Affairs ◽  
The Political ◽  
North Caucasus ◽  
The Caucasus ◽  
Caucasus Region ◽  
Administrative Control ◽  
The North ◽  
Legal Space ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
The One

The article considers the evolution and suggests the periodization of the activities of local judicial and administrative control institutions in the North Caucasus in the last third of the 18th — first half of the 19th centuries on the example of bailiffs’ offices. Four stages are highlighted: 1) the establishment of the first private bailiff in Kabarda (1769) and the formation of the Main Caucasian bailiff’s office (1800); 2) its separation from the Main Kalmyk bailiff’s office structure (1801); 3) adoption of an Institution for the administration of the Caucasus region (1827); 4) reorganization of the Chechen bailiff (1852) and replacement of bailiffs by institutions of military popular administration (1858). The functions of the main and local bailiffs’ offices within the framework of the proposed periodization are considered. The features of administrative subordination of local and main bailiff offices and their staff structure are studied. Attention is drawn to the difficulties of organizing the activities of bailiffs’ offices related to their subordination, on the one hand, to the Board (Ministry) of Foreign Affairs, on the other — to the provincial or linear authorities. It is concluded that the proposed periodization allows to present the dynamics of the activity of the bailiffs in the North Caucasus in the last third of the 18th — first half of the 19th centuries as a complex phenomenon aimed at finding optimal forms of governance of the peoples included in the political and legal space of the Russian Empire.

Organization of volunteer forces of the Ottoman Empire from representatives of the peoples of the North Caucasus during the Russian-Ottoman war of 1877-1878 on the Caucasus-Asia Minor Front

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 186-202
Author(s):  
Vladimir A. Pankin
Keyword(s):  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
Armed Forces ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Asia Minor ◽  
North Caucasus ◽  
The Caucasus ◽  
The North ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
Military Units

This article, based on a wide range of sources, primarily of foreign origin (Turkish, English, French and Austrian), examines the issue of an attempt by immigrants from the North Caucasus to integrate into Ottoman society by forming voluntary military units on the eve of and during the years of the Russian-Ottoman war of 1877-1878 The author conducted a study of issues that were practically not studied in domestic and world historiography related to the legislative support of the volunteer movement during the preparation of the armed forces for the expected military conflict with the Russian Empire, the number of formed military units from representatives of the peoples of the North Caucasus, their ethnicity, and command staff and a number of other issues, including uniforms of irregular parts of the Ottoman Empire, weapons and sources staffing. Based on an analysis of the sources available to us, the author concludes that the leadership of the Ottoman Empire is inevitable to seek help from the North Caucasus Muhajir, to form irregular cavalry units from them. The author also concludes that, for the conduct of hostilities on the Caucasus-Asia Minor Front, units formed from the peoples of the Central and Eastern Caucasus were sent: Dagestanis, Kabardins, Ossetians, Chechens and Kumyks, who, after resettlement from the Russian Empire, were settled by the Ottoman government in the territory Sivas and Erzurum vilayets, as well as Samsun (Djanik) sanjak.

scholarly journals SECTARIAN COLONIZATION OF THE NORTH CAUCASUS IN THE CONTEXT OF INTEGRATIVE PRACTICES OF THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE IN THE 19TH - EARLY 20TH CENTURIES (ON THE EXAMPLE OF DAGESTAN)

2019 ◽  
pp. 38-46
Author(s):  
Olga B. Khalidova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Russian Empire ◽  
North Caucasus ◽  
Russian Government ◽  
Political Field ◽  
The North ◽  
The Social ◽  
Main Factors ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
Demographic Background ◽  
Religious Aspect

The article analyzes one of the aspects of the domestic Caucasian policy of the Russian Empire which facilitates the involvement of the territory and the population in the all-Russian socio-political field in this article. Resettlement policy became one of the forms of integration. The result of this practice was not only economic development of the region, but also a change in its socio-demographic background by resettling mainly the East Slavic population with the aim of strengthening the Russian component in the social structure of the population. Russian policy of settlement of the prairies regions of the North Caucasus, having the colonization in nature, has not only become one of the main factors of national, social and religious variegation of the region. One of the key components of migration was the religious aspect. Focusing on the religion of immigrants, the Russian government has contributed to the spread of not only the Orthodox religion in the region, but also the appearance here of the sectarians...

scholarly journals Civil War in the North Caucasus in the Reflection of the Mountainous Bourgeoise-Democratic Print (On the Materials of “Volnyy Gorets” Newspaper)

2020 ◽  
pp. 109-119
Author(s):  
Timur Matiev
Keyword(s):  
Functional Analysis ◽  
Civil War ◽  
Analysis Method ◽  
North Caucasus ◽  
Mountain Regions ◽  
The Caucasus ◽  
The Real ◽  
The North ◽  
Main Emphasis ◽  
Method Analysis

Introduction. The article attempts to analyze the attitude of the Mountainous government in exile and the Union of Mountaineers of the North Caucasus and Dagestan in a broader sense to the events of the Civil War in the North Caucasus in 1919–1920 based on local printing. Methods and materials. The main emphasis is placed on the analysis of materials of “Volny Gorets” newspaper of the Mountainous government. The authors use the problemchronological, historical-systemic method and the system-functional analysis method. Analysis. The article analyzes the attitude of the mountainous democrats, expressed on the pages of the newspaper, to such aspects of the Civil War as the union of mountain peoples with the Bolsheviks, the assessment of the white and red plans for the mountain regions, the real policy of the warring parties in 1917–1920, the prospects for a confederative structure of the Caucasus. The split of mountain unity by the Bolsheviks is considered by their prosecutors the main reason why the North Caucasus was not able to resist the Denikin invasion. Results. “Volny Gorets” publication is an important and extremely informative source on the events in the North Caucasus during the Civil War of 1919–1920. The newspaper’s publications are both purely informational and analytical. The analysis given by the newspaper’s authors is deep and sober. The events of the civil war in the North Caucasus attracted the closest attention of the editors and, on the whole, remained the priority topic of publications in each issue of “Volny Gorets” during 1919–1920. The analysis of the publication is relatively free from ideological press and bias that distinguishes both purely “white” and “red” publications of that time.

scholarly journals Католический врач для калмыцкого хана: к характеристике вероисповедной политики на южных окраинах Российской империи (начало 60-х гг. XVIII в.)

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 248-259
Author(s):  
Andrey S. Ryazhev ◽  
Keyword(s):  
18Th Century ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
North Caucasus ◽  
Genetic Method ◽  
The North ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
The Times ◽  
Specific Interests

Introduction. The article concentrates on the religious policy of the Russian Empire in the Early Modern Time. For the first time in historiography, a study was carried out concerning the activities of Catholic missionaries in relation to the Kalmyk Khanate, the attempts of the Capuchin Order to establish contacts with the Kalmyk Khan Donduk-Dashi. Materials and methods. The study is based on mostly unpublished materials from the political and diplomatic correspondence of the Collegium of Foreign Affairs and the legislation of the first half of the 1760s, characterizing the methods and territorial scope of the missionaries activity, in particular, their penetration into the Kalmyk steppe. The methodology of the study has been determined by the structural and functional approach to the system of state bodies of Russia. In combination with this approach, a historical-genetic method was used, which is optimal for the study of changes in the power system of the Russian Empire from the beginning of the 18th century through the first half of the 1760s. Results. The section demonstrates the reasons for the aspiration of the Capuchin Order to the North Caucasus and the place of the Kalmyk Khanate in missionary plans, describes the standard epoch-specific missionary techniques for influencing the non-Catholic population. It has been determined that the Capuchins, relying on the support of Austrian diplomacy, bypassed the formal restrictions on missionary activity in the studied region, which could not but cause religious friction. The activity of Russian institutions to resolve differences of this kind is traced, the difficulties encountered by the authorities in the capital and especially at the local level in connection with the need for an appropriate settlement are shown. At the same time, it is emphasized that the specific interests of secular and spiritual bodies in such cases did not coincide, which had a long-standing and stable character in the south. The dynamics of the attitude of the Russian authorities towards missionaries in the Russian south is outlined. If under the conditions of the “Austrian system” — orientation towards the Austrian court, which had been in Russian diplomacy since the times of Peter the Great and under Empress Elizaveta Petrovna, their position was favorable, then after the accession of Catherine II and the crisis in Russian-Austrian relations, the possibilities of missionaries in the North Caucasus and the Kalmyk steppes were significantly limited. The author states that in the process of settling religious tensions, the Russian authorities in the early 1760s faced a weak legal framework both in relation to non-Orthodox religions and in general. The solution to the problem was outlined with the accession of Catherine II and in connection with the empress’s policy in the spheres of religion and law.

scholarly journals Ethnic Unrest and Its Determinants in Terms of the Irkutsk Society of the Pre-Soviet Time

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Aleksey Sysoev
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
Social Relations ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Comprehensive Analysis ◽  
Direct Impact ◽  
Siberian Population ◽  
North Caucasus ◽  
The North ◽  
Soviet Time ◽  
The Russian Empire

Specific criminal associations formed along ethnic lines on the territory of the Irkutsk Province had a direct impact on aggravation of social relations between various ethnic groups of the Siberian population. The article examines the features of implementing the corrective policy of autocracy in the context of development of the Eastern outskirts of the Russian Empire. On the basis of previously unpublished archival sources, the article reconstructs the events that accompanied the movement of criminals and socially unstable people from the territories of the North Caucasus to the Irkutsk Province and their further integration into the Siberian society. It contains a comprehensive analysis of the ethnic crime causes in Siberia, and the consequences of its manifestation in major administrative centers of the region.

scholarly journals The Issue Of The Central Asian Northern Pilgrimage Route In The Russian-Bukhara Diplomatic Relations In The XVIII Century (On The Example Of The Activities Of Ambassador Ernazar Maqsud Oglu)

2020 ◽  
Vol 02 (11) ◽  
pp. 99-104
Author(s):  
Tanieva Guldona Mamanovna ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Extensive Study ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
Xviii Century ◽  
The North ◽  
Central Direction ◽  
Central Asian ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Russian Empire

In the Middle Ages, Central Asian pilgrims traveled to Mecca in three directions: the North direction ‒ through the Russian Empire, the central direction‒ through the territory of Persia, and the south direction ‒ along roads through India and the Arabian Sea. Therefore, the question of the directions of the Hajj was reflected in the diplomatic correspondence of the Central Asian khanates with Persia, India, the Russian and Ottoman empires тоо. Depending on the political, economic and ideological interests of these states, sometimes pilgrims were given permits to be sent to Mecca through their territories, and sometimes not. The degree of intensity of pilgrimage movements, in most cases, depended on the activities of interstate ambassadors. On the issue of eliminating various prohibitions and obstacles in the movements of pilgrimage roads, the Central Asian ambassadors were active and historical documents reveal these data to us. In this period the Central Asian ambassadors, who were sent to the reception of the governors those neighbor states on other issues, in most cases negotiated precisely on the direction of the Hajj of the Central Asian pilgrims also. One of such far-sighted ambassadors was a rich merchant from Bukhara, who lived in the XVIII c. Ernazar Maksud ogli officially sent several times by the Central Asian rulers to the Russian Empire. In this article analyzes the question of how the problems of the Hajj road were solved at the international diplomatic level by the example of the activities this ambassador. The history of negotiations between Ernazar and the Russian emperors on matters of the northern direction of the Hajj road and their results illuminated on base documents on this issue, which stored in the fund of the Archive of Foreign Policy of the Russian Empire (AFPRE). The scientific conclusions of this article serve for an extensive study of the issues of diplomatic and economic relations between the Central Asian khanates and the Russian Empire in the XVIII century, revealing the history of the embassy relations of the khanates and the history of the pilgrimage of the Hajj of the Central Asian people and the features of the directions of roads from Central Asia to Mecca.

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