The Effects of X-Ray Irradiation on Safety and Nutritional Value of Food: A Systematic Review Article

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (10) ◽  
pp. 919-926 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zakiyeh B. Zehi ◽  
Asma Afshari ◽  
Seyyed M.A. Noori ◽  
Behrooz Jannat ◽  
Mohammad Hashemi
Keyword(s):  
Gamma Rays ◽  
Food Industry ◽  
Nutritional Value ◽  
X Rays ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Iceberg Lettuce ◽  
Spoilage Bacteria ◽  
Effective Technology ◽  
Pros And Cons ◽  
Fresh Products

X-ray is a non-thermal technology that has shown good efficacy in reducing pathogenic and spoilage bacteria, viruses and parasites. X-ray hygiene technology resulted in a high microbial loss in numerous food products, such as dairy products, ready-to-eat shrimp, oysters, fresh products, strawberries, shredded iceberg lettuce, and spinach leaves. Some X-ray studies on food safety have shown that X-ray is an effective technology and is also an appropriate alternative to the electron beam and gamma rays, and can be used in the food industry without side effects on human health. Besides, we reviewed the X-ray effect on the nutritional value of food. Therefore in this study, we aimed to review the available pros and cons of current studies regarding X-rays’ effects on the food industry.

A Study of the Effect of Extended Hounsfield Unit Range and Voxel Size on Defect Detection in Friction Stir Welds

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmad M. R. Baydoun ◽  
Ramsey F. Hamade
Keyword(s):  
Gamma Rays ◽  
Dissimilar Materials ◽  
Hounsfield Unit ◽  
Ct Scanning ◽  
Ultrasonic Waves ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Internal Defects ◽  
Voxel Size ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Friction Stir

Abstract Friction stir welding (FSW) is a novel welding method that is garnering attention, in part, due to its ability to join dissimilar materials. One of the challenges in producing dissimilar friction welded joints is ensuring the welds are defect-free. Nondestructive testing (NDT) methods such as ultrasonic waves, gamma rays, X-rays, and X-ray CT, are gaining popularity as a method to detect internal defects in FSW joints. In this study, dissimilar AA1050-AA6061-T6 FSW lap welds are Manufactured and then examined using an NDT X-ray CT technique. The effects of two critical X-ray CT scanning parameters (voxel size and Hounsfield unit (HU)) on the detection of internal defects are investigated. The samples are scanned via X-ray CT at two different voxel sizes (2.457 E−02 and 1.420 E−03 mm3) and two HU ranges (12-bit and 16-bit depth). The generated Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine (DICOM) images are segmented based on a proper HU threshold found via the Otsu thresholding method. The findings show that Small voxel size (higher resolution) improves the ability of detecting internal defects and improves the effectiveness of the thresholding process. Higher HU range results in a wider separation between detected material peaks, thus enhancing the effectiveness of the thresholding process as well.

The neutron, gamma-ray, X-ray spectrometer (NGXS): A compact instrument for making combined measurements of neutrons, gamma-rays, and X-rays

2014 ◽  
Vol 93 ◽  
pp. 524-529 ◽  
Author(s):  
David J. Lawrence ◽  
William C. Feldman ◽  
Robert E. Gold ◽  
John O. Goldsten ◽  
Ralph L. McNutt
Keyword(s):  
Gamma Rays ◽  
Gamma Ray ◽  
X Rays ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Combined Measurements

scholarly journals Assessment of aerobic bacteria killing activity of low energry X-rays in potatoes

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. first
Author(s):  
Nguyễn An Sơn ◽  
Hai Van Cao ◽  
Trieu Ngoc Le ◽  
Giang Van Nguyen ◽  
Ha Thi Nguyet Nguyen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nutritional Value ◽  
Agricultural Products ◽  
Food Irradiation ◽  
Aerobic Bacteria ◽  
X Rays ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Bacteria Killing ◽  
Cover Up

Potato is one of popular agricultural products grown and used in the world with high effective economic and nutritional value. In potatoes, there are always have some harmful bacteria species due to the sources of exposure from the seed, soil as well as the post-harvest environment which make deceasing the quality and quantity of potatoes. Usually, irradiation with gamma isotope sources is used in food irradiation, however, the disadvantage of the gamma source is the safe shielding reason even without the use of irradiation. Nowadays, X-ray irradiation in food is one of the methods interest to storage in long time. The first advantage of X-ray irradiation is that most of aerobic bacteria in food is killed, but does it not change the quality of the potato. Moreever, the advantage of an X-ray generator is that it does not have to cover up radiation when not in use. In this study, we have used low energy X-rays emitted from X-ray generator MBR-1618R-BE (Hitachi -Japan) to study the ability to kill aerobic bacteria in potatoes grown in Da Lat. After preparation, potato samples were irradiated at doses ranging from 50 Gy to 5000 Gy. The irradiated samples were homogenized and inoculated on Nutrient Agar and incubated at 370C in an incubator to check the changes of aerobic bacteria. The research showed that the number of aerobic bacteria decreased dramatically to a dose of 1000 Gy (the aerobic bacteria was only less than 0,6%), despite a sharp increase in the dose of irradiation, this number decreased a little. The results also showed that D10 dose was 471,34 Gy.

scholarly journals Solar X radiation

1965 ◽  
Vol 23 ◽  
pp. 45-52 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. de Jager
Keyword(s):  
Electromagnetic Radiation ◽  
Gamma Rays ◽  
Electronic Transitions ◽  
List Type ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Type Number ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Image Position ◽  
Electron Shells

X-ray bursts are defined as electromagnetic radiation originating from electronic transitions involving the lowest electron shells; gamma rays are of nuclear origin. Solar gamma rays have not yet been discovered.According to the origin we have : 1.Quasi thermal X-rays, emitted by (a) the quiet corona, (b) the activity centers without flares, and (c) the X-ray flares.2.Non-thermal X-ray bursts; these are always associated with flares.The following subdivision is suggested for flare-associated bursts :

scholarly journals NEEDLE DETECTOR OF X-RAY AND GAMMA RADIATION

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 121-124
Author(s):  
Grzegorz Domański ◽  
Roman Szabatin ◽  
Piotr Brzeski ◽  
Bogumił Konarzewski
Keyword(s):  
Energy Spectrum ◽  
Gamma Radiation ◽  
Gamma Rays ◽  
Proportional Counter ◽  
Incident Radiation ◽  
X Rays ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Direction Parallel ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Gas Detector

The article presents the developed structure of the novel needle proportional gas detector (NPC – Needle Proportional Counter) used for the detection of X-rays and gamma rays. The advantage of the detector is its simple mechanical construction and the possibility of detection of incident radiation in a direction parallel to the needle. The measured energy spectrum of the isotope Fe-55 by means of the developed detector is presented.

scholarly journals LSI +61°303: A Pulsar Wind Nebula in a Binary?

2004 ◽  
Vol 218 ◽  
pp. 219-220
Author(s):  
D. A. Leahy
Keyword(s):  
Radio Emission ◽  
Gamma Rays ◽  
Confining Pressure ◽  
Rapid Expansion ◽  
Photon Flux ◽  
Relativistic Electrons ◽  
X Rays ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Inverse Compton ◽  
Pulsar Wind

LSI +61°303 outbursts are modeled as a pulsar wind nebula expanding inside the environment provided by the Be companion star's stellar wind and photon flux. A set of equations describing the system is developed and solved numerically for representative sets of parameters. Emission in X-rays through gamma-rays is due to inverse Compton emission from relativistic electrons around the pulsar. The radio emission is due to synchrotron emission of varying optical depth, which yields a varying spectral index. The peak of X-ray emission is near periastron and the peak of the radio emission is near apastron, due to reduced confining pressure on the relativistic electron cloud and its subsequent rapid expansion.

scholarly journals Hard X-Rays and Gamma-Rays from SN 1987A

1988 ◽  
Vol 108 ◽  
pp. 446-447 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Itoh ◽  
S. Kumagai ◽  
T. Shigeyama ◽  
K. Nomoto ◽  
J. Nishimura
Keyword(s):  
Monte Carlo Simulation ◽  
Monte Carlo ◽  
Gamma Rays ◽  
Mass Fraction ◽  
Heavy Elements ◽  
X Rays ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Sn 1987A ◽  
Mass Fractions ◽  
Theoretical Predictions

Gamma-rays originating from radioactive decays of 56Ni and 56Co and hard X-rays due to Compton degradation of γ-rays have been predicted to emerge when the supernova becomes sufficiently thin. The X-ray detections by Ginga (Dotani et al. 1988) and Kvant (Sunyaev et al. 1988) and more recent report of γ-ray detections by SMM (Matz et al. 1988) were much earlier than the theoretical predictions. (See Itoh et al. 1987 and references therein.)These observations would give important constraints on the distribution of the heavy elements and 56Co in the ejecta. We adopted the hydrodynamical model 11E1Y6 (Nomoto et al. 1988) and carried out Monte Carlo simulation for photon transfer. A step-like distribution of 56Co was assumed where the mass fraction of 56Co in the layers at Mr ≤ 4.6 M⊙, 4.6 − 6 M⊙, 6 − 8 M⊙, and 8 − 10 M⊙ are XCo = 0.0128, 0.0035, 0.0021, and 0.0011, respectively. Other heavy elements were distributed with mass fractions in proportion to 56Co.

scholarly journals Centaurus A at Hard X-Rays and Soft Gamma-Rays

2010 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 431-438 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Steinle
Keyword(s):  
Energy Range ◽  
Spatial Resolution ◽  
Gamma Rays ◽  
Gamma Ray ◽  
Spectral Energy Distribution ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Spectral Energy ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Satellite Mission ◽  
X Ray

AbstractCen A, at a distance of less than 4 Mpc, is the nearest radio-loud AGN. Its emission is detected from radio to very-high energy gamma-rays. Despite the fact that Cen A is one of the best studied extragalactic objects the origin of its hard X-ray and soft gamma-ray emission (100 keV <E< 50 MeV) is still uncertain. Observations with high spatial resolution in the adjacent soft X-ray and hard gamma-ray regimes suggest that several distinct components such as a Seyfert-like nucleus, relativistic jets, and even luminous X-ray binaries within Cen A may contribute to the total emission in the MeV regime that has been detected with low spatial resolution. As the Spectral Energy Distribution of Cen A has its second maximum around 1 MeV, this energy range plays an important role in modeling the emission of (this) AGN. As there will be no satellite mission in the near future that will cover this energies with higher spatial resolution and better sensitivity, an overview of all existing hard X-ray and soft gamma-ray measurements of Cen A is presented here defining the present knowledge on Cen A in the MeV energy range.

An Examination of Neutron Induced Autoradiography and Gamma Spectroscopy for the Study of Paintings

1988 ◽  
Vol 123 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.S. Olin ◽  
D.W. Von Endt ◽  
Y.T. Cheng ◽  
M. Ligeza
Keyword(s):  
Gamma Rays ◽  
Gamma Spectroscopy ◽  
Close Contact ◽  
Charged Particles ◽  
Distribution Patterns ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Radiographic Film ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Radioactive Nuclides ◽  
The Subject

Neutron-induced autoradiography is a further step in the development of techniques for the examination of paintings that complements x-ray radiography and often yields unique information that cannot be obtained by other means. After exposure to a field of thermal neutrons (<0.3eV), selected elements in the painting form radioactive nuclides that in turn decay at known half-lives with the emission of gamma rays and charged particles. The charged particles, mainly electrons, expose radiographic film that is held in close contact with the painting by a very slight vacuum. Unlike x-ray radiography, which involves detecting x-rays that have passed through the painting to expose a film, autoradiography uses one activation with neutrons followed by sequential film exposures to capture the images of activated elements that have different half-lives. The autoradiographs show the distribution patterns of the pigments in which the elements occur. These pigments may be on the surface and visible in the painting or they may be beneath the surface. Often autoradiography uncovers the preliminary sketch or underpainting preceding the rough blocking in of the subject and the subsequent paint layers that create the final image. X-rays reveal almost exclusively the presence of pigments containing heavy elements such as lead and barium; autoradiography identifies the presence of activated pigments and distinguishes the fine details of paint application as well as changes in composition.

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